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Ziel der Arbeit war es, die objektiven elektrophysiologischen Untersuchungsmethoden des Binokular- und Stereosehens zu verbessern, da nur durch eine frühzeitige Diagnose und Therapie der Verlust binokularer Neurone und somit des Stereosehens verhindert, und dadurch ein Strabismus vermieden werden kann. Die Experimente und deren Ergebnisse lassen sich folgendermaßen zusammenfassen: Mittels Ableitung aller VEPs über zwei Referenzelektroden war es einerseits möglich, bei einer Ableitung über Oz-Fpz Antworten großer Amplitudenhöhe zu erhalten. Durch eine Verbesserung des Signal-Rausch-Verhältnisses wurden andererseits über Oz-Pz auch noch bei geringer Reizstärke hochsignifikante Antworten herausgefiltert. Beim Binokularitäts-VEP (BVEP) wurde mithilfe einer Rot-Grün-Brille beiden Augen das gleiche Schachbrettmuster in verschieden Frequenzen umkehrend (invertierend) gezeigt. Dabei fanden sich bei fast 80 % der Probanden hochsignifikante Antworten bei den zum Nachweis des Binokularsehens entscheidenden Intermodulations(IM)-Frequenzen. Das dreidimensionale Sehen untersuchten wir durch unterschiedlich stark invertierende Schachbrettmuster (dynamische Random-Dot-Stereogramme, dRDS). Diese können nur bei binokularer Betrachtung mit einer Rot-Grün-Brille als dreidimensionale Muster wahrgenommen und als Stereo-VEP abgeleitet werden. Bei den Stereo-VEPs zeigte sich mit zunehmender räumlicher Tiefe und Disparität neben einer Veränderung der zeitlichen Verarbeitung der Reize auch eine deutliche Amplitudenzunahme. Dies deutet mit den Ergebnissen von Wesemann et al. (1987) darauf hin, dass bis zu Disparitäten von über 10 min eine steigende Sensibilität für querdisparate Reize vorliegt, was gleichzeitig mit einer zunehmenden Dichte an spezifischen Neuronen einhergehen könnte. Durch psychophysische Verfahren mit dRDS unterschiedlicher Disparität wurden sub-jektive räumliche Wahrnehmungsschwellen ermittelt. Diese lagen annähernd im Bereich etablierter klinischer Testmethoden und waren teilweise deutlich besser als die Schwellen, die andere Versuchsgruppen (Norcia et al., 1985; Wesemann et al., 1987) gefunden haben. Untersuchungen mit standardisierten schwarz-weiß Schachbrettmustern (Kontrast-VEP) ergaben über sechs mal so hohe VEP Amplituden wie bei dRDS-Musterreizung. Zusammen mit Experimenten von Skrandies (1991; 2001) bestätigt sich damit die Vermutung, dass durch räumliche dRDS-Muster nicht nur weniger, sondern andere Neuronengruppen erregt werden als durch vergleichbare Kontrastmuster. Das ursprüngliche Ziel dieser Arbeit war das Stereo-VEP bei Kindern zu erproben, um zukünftig eine objektive Untersuchung des Stereosehens entwickeln zu können. Da wegen starken Rauschens zu wenig signifikante Amplituden generiert werden konnten, verlagerten wir den Schwerpunkt der Studie auf die Optimierung des Versuchsaufbaus und der Reizparameter. Unsere Ergebnisse dienen als Baustein auf dem Weg zu einer ausgereiften, klinisch anwendbaren Untersuchungsmethode zur objektiven Beurteilung des Binokularsehens und somit zum frühzeitigen Nachweis eines möglicherweise korrigierbaren Strabismus.
Mechanical cues such as extracellular matrix stiffness and movement have a major impact on cell differentiation and function. To replicate these biological features in vitro, soft substrata with tunable elasticity and the possibility for controlled surface translocation are desirable. Here we report on the use of ultra-soft (Young's modulus <100 kPa) PDMS-based magnetoactive elastomers (MAE) as suitable cell culture substrata. Soft non-viscous PDMS (<18 kPa) is produced using a modified extended crosslinker. MAEs are generated by embedding magnetic microparticles into a soft PDMS matrix. Both substrata yield an elasticity-dependent (14 vs. 100 kPa) modulation of alpha-smooth muscle actin expression in primary human fibroblasts. To allow for static or dynamic control of MAE material properties, we devise low magnetic field (approximate to 40 mT) stimulation systems compatible with cell-culture environments. Magnetic field-instigated stiffening (14 to 200 kPa) of soft MAE enhances the spreading of primary human fibroblasts and decreases PAX-7 transcription in human mesenchymal stem cells. Pulsatile MAE movements are generated using oscillating magnetic fields and are well tolerated by adherent human fibroblasts. This MAE system provides spatial and temporal control of substratum material characteristics and permits novel designs when used as dynamic cell culture substrata or cell culture-coated actuator in tissue engineering applications or biomedical devices.
Neben dem Basaliom gibt es eine Vielzahl von gut- und bösartigen Tumoren im Bereich der Lidregion. Während die Literatur dieser Hauttumoren weitläufig ist, sind diese Tumoren im Bereich der Augenlider schlechter untersucht. Ziel der Arbeit war es, Eigenschaften, Behandlungsmethoden und Therapieergebnisse von Lidtumoren darzustellen.
To investigate trabeculopuncture (TP) for predicting the outcome of ab interno trabeculectomy (AIT). Ex vivo porcine anterior segments were perfused and sequentially underwent two procedures, TP and AIT. We concluded that a 10% reduction in IOP after TP can be used to predict the success (>20% IOP decrease) of AIT in porcine eyes. As porcine eyes share many similarities with human eyes, our findings may have implications on the validity of this test as a predictor for surgical outcomes of AITs in humans.
We investigated whether trabeculopuncture (TP) could detect distal outflow resistance to predict the outcome of canal-based glaucoma surgery such as ab interno trabeculectomy (AIT). These procedures have a high utilization in open angle glaucoma, but fail in eyes with an unidentified distal outflow resistance. We assigned 81 porcine eyes to two groups: trial (n = 42) and control (n = 39). At 24 h, four YAG-laser trabeculopunctures were placed nasally, followed by a 180° AIT at the same site at 48 h. The proportion of TP responders between both AIT groups was compared. Histology and outflow canalograms were determined. Both post-TP and post-AIT IOPs were lower than baseline IOP (p = 0.015 and p < 0.01, respectively). The success rates of TP and AIT were 69% and 85.7%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity values of TP as predictive test for AIT success were 77.7% and 83.3%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 96.6% and 38.5%, respectively. We conclude that a 10% reduction in IOP after TP can be used as a predictor for the success (> 20% IOP decrease) of 180° AIT in porcine eyes.
Purpose: To compare the outcomes of canaloplasty and trabeculectomy in open-angle glaucoma.
Methods: This prospective, randomized clinical trial included 62 patients who randomly received trabeculectomy (n = 32) or canaloplasty (n = 30) and were followed up prospectively for 2 years. Primary endpoint was complete (without medication) and qualified success (with or without medication) defined as an intraocular pressure (IOP) of ≤18 mmHg (definition 1) or IOP ≤21 mmHg and ≥20% IOP reduction (definition 2), IOP ≥5 mmHg, no vision loss and no further glaucoma surgery. Secondary endpoints were the absolute IOP reduction, visual acuity, medication, complications and second surgeries.
Results: Surgical treatment significantly reduced IOP in both groups (p < 0.001). Complete success was achieved in 74.2% and 39.1% (definition 1, p = 0.01), and 67.7% and 39.1% (definition 2, p = 0.04) after 2 years in the trabeculectomy and canaloplasty group, respectively. Mean absolute IOP reduction was 10.8 ± 6.9 mmHg in the trabeculectomy and 9.3 ± 5.7 mmHg in the canaloplasty group after 2 years (p = 0.47). Mean IOP was 11.5 ± 3.4 mmHg in the trabeculectomy and 14.4 ± 4.2 mmHg in the canaloplasty group after 2 years. Following trabeculectomy, complications were more frequent including hypotony (37.5%), choroidal detachment (12.5%) and elevated IOP (25.0%).
Conclusions: Trabeculectomy is associated with a stronger IOP reduction and less need for medication at the cost of a higher rate of complications. If target pressure is attainable by moderate IOP reduction, canaloplasty may be considered for its relative ease of postoperative care and lack of complications.
Tissue-engineered anterior segment eye cultures demonstrate hallmarks of conventional organ culture
(2023)
Background
Glaucoma is a blinding disease largely caused by dysregulation of outflow through the trabecular meshwork (TM), resulting in elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). We hypothesized that transplanting TM cells into a decellularized, tissue-engineered anterior segment eye culture could restore the outflow structure and function.
Methods
Porcine eyes were decellularized with freeze–thaw cycles and perfusion of surfactant. We seeded control scaffolds with CrFK cells transduced with lentiviral vectors to stably express eGFP and compared them to scaffolds seeded with primary TM cells as well as to normal, unaltered eyes. We tracked the repopulation behavior, performed IOP maintenance challenges, and analyzed the histology.
Results
Transplanted cells localized to the TM and progressively infiltrated the extracellular matrix, reaching a distribution comparable to normal, unaltered eyes. After a perfusion rate challenge to mimic a glaucomatous pressure elevation, transplanted and normal eyes reestablished a normal intraocular pressure (transplanted = 16.5 ± 0.9 mmHg, normal = 16.9 ± 0.9). However, eyes reseeded with eGFP-expressing CrFK cells could not regulate IOP, remaining high and unstable (27.0 ± 6.2 mmHg) instead.
Conclusion
Tissue-engineered anterior segment scaffolds can serve as readily available, scalable ocular perfusion cultures. This could reduce dependency on scarce donor globes in outflow research and may allow engineering perfusion cultures with specific geno- and phenotypes.
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a unique epithelium, with major roles which are essential in the visual cycle and homeostasis of the outer retina. The RPE is a monolayer of polygonal and pigmented cells strategically placed between the neuroretina and Bruch membrane, adjacent to the fenestrated capillaries of the choriocapillaris. It shows strong apical (towards photoreceptors) to basal/basolateral (towards Bruch membrane) polarization. Multiple functions are bound to a complex structure of highly organized and polarized intracellular components: the cytoskeleton. A strong connection between the intracellular cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix is indispensable to maintaining the function of the RPE and thus, the photoreceptors. Impairments of these intracellular structures and the regular architecture they maintain often result in a disrupted cytoskeleton, which can be found in many retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This review article will give an overview of current knowledge on the molecules and proteins involved in cytoskeleton formation in cells, including RPE and how the cytoskeleton is affected under stress conditions — especially in AMD.
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a leading cause of blindness due to chronic degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and their optic nerve axons. It is associated with disturbed regulation of intraocular pressure, elevated intraocular levels of TGF-β2, aberrant extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and increased outflow resistance in the trabecular meshwork (TM). The mechanisms underlying these changes are not fully understood. Cell-matrix interactions have a decisive role in TM maintenance and it has been suggested that TGF-β-induced inhibition of matrix metalloproteases may drive aberrant ECM deposition in POAG. Invadopodia and podosomes (invadosomes) are distinct sites of cell-matrix interaction and localized matrix-metalloprotease (MMP) activity. Here, we report on the effects of TGF-β2 on invadosomes in human trabecular meshwork cells. Human TM (HTM) cells were derived from donor tissue and pretreated with vehicle or TGF-β2 (2 ng/ml) for 3d. Invadosomes were studied in ECM degradation assays, protein expression and MMP-2 activity were assessed by western blot and zymography and ECM protein transcription was detected by RT-qPCR. HTM cells spontaneously formed podosomes and invadopodia as detected by colocalization of Grb2 or Nck1 to sites of gelatinolysis. Pretreatment with TGF-β2 enhanced invadosomal proteolysis and zymographic MMP-2 activity as well as MMP-2, TIMP-2 and PAI-1 levels in HTM cell culture supernatants. Rho-kinase inhibition by H1152 blocked the effects of TGF-β2. Concomitant transcription of fibronectin and collagens-1, -4 and -6 was increased by TGF-β2 and fibrillar fibronectin deposits were observed in areas of invadosomal ECM remodelling. In contrast to a current hypothesis, our data indicate that TGF-β2 induces an active ECM remodelling process in TM cells, characterized by concurrent increases in localized ECM digestion and ECM expression, rather than a mere buildup of material due to a lack of degradation. Invadosomal cell adhesion and signaling may thus have a role in POAG pathophysiology.