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The term "speech chronemics" is introduced to characterize a research strategy which extracts from the physical qualities of the speech signal only the pattern of ons ("speaking") and offs ("pausing"). The research in this field can be structured into the methodological dimension "unit of time", "number of speakers", and "quality of the prosodic measures". It is shown that a researcher's actual decision for one method largely determines the outcome of his study. Then, with the Logoport a new portable measurement device is presented. It enables the researcher to study speaking behavior over long periods of time (up to 24 hours) in the normal environment of his subjects. Two experiments are reported. The first shows the validity of articulation pauses for variations in the physiological state of the organism. The second study proves a new betablocking agent to have sociotropic effects: in a long-term trial socially high-strung subjects showed an improved interaction behavior (compared to placebo and socially easy-going persons) in their everyday life. Finally, the need for a comprehensive theoretical foundation and for standardization of measurement situations and methods is emphasized.
Wenn Strafe und Schadenersatz gemeinsam im Urteil verwendet werden, bilden sie methodisch einen besonderen multi variaten Urteils komplex, weil auch ihre Summe psychologisch interpretierbar ist. Anhand der Effekte dieses Verbunds, den auch das Zivil- und Strafrecht kennt, wurde geprüft, ob der Einsatz eines Doppel-Urteils für die Erforschung sozialer Kognitionen erforderlich ist. Dazu beurteilten Pbn in zwei Untersuchungen Informationen über schädigende Handlungen mit einem univariaten Ersatz-Urteil (N = 124) bzw. mit dem Doppel-Urteil von Ersatz und Strafe (N = 143). Als Folge der Einführung des Doppel-Urteils ergab sich, daß die Häufigkeiten von Über kompensation für absichtliche Schädigungen erheblich reduziert wurden. Jedoch wurden zugleich die Häufigkeiten von vollem Ersatz bei diesen Bedingungen beträchtlich erhöht. Bei versehentlichen Schädigungen hatte die Einführung des Doppel-Urteils keinen Effekt. Weiterhin blieb dort der univariate Befund multipler Modalwerte erhalten. In den Mittelwerten hatte das Mitverschulden des Geschädigten nur im Schadensersatz-Urteil einen Effekt, nicht jedoch in den Strafurteilen. Außerdem blieb die für die Schadensersatz- Urteile charakteristische Non-Additivität von Verschulden und Mitschuld bestehen.
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PtK2 cells in which pore complex-mediated transport is blocked by microinjection early in mitosis of a monoclonal antibody (specific for an Mr 68000 pore complex glycoprotein) or of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) complete cytokinesis. However, their nuclei remain stably arrested in a telophase-like organization characterized by highly condensed chromatin and the absence of nucleoli, indicating a requirement for pore-mediated transport for the reassembly of interphase nuclei. We have now examined this requirement more closely by monitoring the behavior of individual nuclear macromolecules in microinjected cells using immunofluorescence microscopy and have investigated the effect of microinjecting the antibody or WGA on cellular ultrastructure. The absence of nuclear transport did not affect the sequestration into daughter nuclei of components such as DNA, DNA topoisomerase I and the nucleolar protein fibrillarin that are carried through mitosis on chromosomes. On the other hand, lamins, snRNAs and the p68 pore complex glycoprotein, all cytoplasmic during mitosis, remained largely cytoplasmic in the telophase-arrested cells. Electron microscopy showed the nuclei to be surrounded by a doublelayered membrane with some inserted pore complexes. In addition, however, a variety of membranous structures with associated pore complexes was regularly noted in the cytoplasm, suggesting that chromatin may not be essential for the postmitotic formation of pore complexes. We propose that cellular compartmentalization at telophase is a two-step process. First, a nuclear envelope tightly encloses the condensed chromosomes, excluding non-selectively all macromolecules not associated with the chromosomes. Interphase nuclear organization is then progressively restored by selective pore complex-mediated uptake of nuclear proteins from the cytoplasm.
No abstract available
No abstract available