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Die Daten der vorliegenden Studie zeigen, dass kleine Frühgeborene ein erhöhtes Risiko haben, an einer systemischen Pilzinfektion zu erkranken. Die von der Studienleitung getroffenen Falldefinitionen der „sicheren“, „wahrscheinlichen“ und „möglichen“ systemischen Pilzinfektion korrelieren in vorliegender Studie mit der Mortalität der betreffenden Gruppe. Es wurde gezeigt, dass Patienten mit geringem Geburtsgewicht, gepaart mit geringem Gestationsalter, signifikant häufiger versterben. Candida albicans trat als häufigster Erreger in vorliegender Studie auf, es wurde des Weiteren ein sehr hohe Anzahl positiver Blutkulturen (n=93) belegt. Eine sichere Pilzinfektion konnte nicht mit bestimmten Candida – Spezies assoziiert werden. Dokumentiert wurde ein hoher Anteil von non-albicans Candida Spezies (n=34; 23,3 %). Ein sehr schlechtes Therapieergebnis konnte bei Patienten mit positivem Nachweis einer Pilzspezies in Pleura, Peritoneum bzw. Liquor nachgewiesen werden, sie verstarben signifikant häufiger. Anhand der Laborbefunde vor Therapiebeginn konnte die Thrombozytopenie als einziger Parameter einer Pilzinfektion erkannt werden. Patienten mit diesem Symptom entwickelten signifikant häufiger eine sichere Infektion und verstarben signifikant häufiger.Studien zur Pharmakokinetik, Pharmakodynamik und Verträglichkeit von Antimykotika bei Frühgeborenen werden dringend benötigt.
Infections with influenza A viruses (IAV) cause seasonal epidemics and global pandemics. The majority of these infections remain asymptomatic, especially among children below five years of age. Importantly, this is a time, when immunological imprinting takes place. Whether early-life infections with IAV affect the development of antimicrobial immunity is unknown. Using a preclinical mouse model, we demonstrate here that silent neonatal influenza infections have a remote beneficial impact on the later control of systemic juvenile-onset and adult-onset infections with an unrelated pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, due to improved pathogen clearance and clinical resolution. Strategic vaccination with a live attenuated IAV vaccine elicited a similar protection phenotype. Mechanistically, the IAV priming effect primarily targets antimicrobial functions of the developing innate immune system including increased antimicrobial plasma activity and enhanced phagocyte functions and antigen-presenting properties at mucosal sites. Our results suggest a long-term benefit from an exposure to IAV during the neonatal phase, which might be exploited by strategic vaccination against influenza early in life to enforce the host’s resistance to later bacterial infections.
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are important for the ontogenetic control of immune activation and tissue damage in preterm infants. However, the role of Tregs for the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is yet unclear. The aim of our study was to characterize CD4+ CD25+ forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)+ Tregs in peripheral blood of well-phenotyped preterm infants (n = 382; 23 + 0 – 36 + 6 weeks of gestational age) with a focus on the first 28 days of life and the clinical endpoint BPD (supplemental oxygen for longer than 28 days of age). In a subgroup of preterm infants, we characterized the immunological phenotype of Tregs (n = 23). The suppressive function of Tregs on CD4+CD25- T cells was compared in preterm, term and adult blood. We observed that extreme prematurity was associated with increased Treg frequencies which peaked in the second week of life. Independent of gestational age, increased Treg frequencies were noted to precede the development of BPD. The phenotype of preterm infant Tregs largely differed from adult Tregs and displayed an overall naïve Treg population (CD45RA+/HLA-DR-/Helios+), especially in the first days of life. On day 7 of life, a more activated Treg phenotype pattern (CCR6+, HLA-DR+, and Ki-67+) was observed. Tregs of preterm neonates had a higher immunosuppressive capacity against CD4+CD25- T cells compared to the Treg compartment of term neonates and adults. In conclusion, our data suggest increased frequencies and functions of Tregs in preterm neonates which display a distinct phenotype with dynamic changes in the first weeks of life. Hence, the continued abundance of Tregs may contribute to sustained inflammation preceding the development of BPD. Functional analyses are needed in order to elucidate whether Tregs have potential as future target for diagnostics and therapeutics.