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- Institut für Allgemeinmedizin (25) (entfernen)
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- ZAM 5-85018031 (1)
Background
Providing adequate healthcare to newly arrived refugees is considered one of the significant challenges for the German healthcare system. These refugees can be classified mainly into two groups: asylum seekers (who have applied for asylum after arrival in Germany and are waiting for the refugee-status decision) and resettlement refugees (who have already been granted asylum status before arriving in Germany). Whereas earlier studies have explored the health status of asylum seekers especially in terms of mental and behavioural disorders and infectious diseases without distinguishing between these two groups, our study aims to evaluate possible relationships of asylum status and medical needs of these two groups with a special focus on mental and behavioural disorders and infectious diseases.
Methods
In this retrospective observational study, collected data on all asylum-seeker and resettlement-refugee patients (N = 2252) of a German reception centre (August 2017 to August 2018) is analysed by absolute and relative frequencies and medians. Patient data, collected by chart review, include age, gender, country of origin, asylum status, and diagnoses (ICD-10). To describe the relationship between sociodemographic factors (including asylum status) and diagnoses, we used tests of significance and bivariate correlations with Spearman correlation coefficients. All collected data are pseudonymised.
Results
Of all 2252 patients, 43% were resettlement refugees. In almost all ICD-10 categories, asylum seekers received significantly more diagnoses than resettlement refugees. According to our data, asylum seekers presented with mental and behavioural disorders nine times more often (9%) than resettlement refugees (1%). In the case of infectious diseases, the results are mixed: asylum seekers were twice as frequently (11%) diagnosed with certain infectious and parasitic diseases than resettlement refugees (5%), but resettlement refugees were treated twice as often (22% of the asylum seekers and 41% of the resettlement refugees) for diseases of the respiratory system, of which 84% were acute respiratory infections (in both groups).
Conclusion
This study indicates that patients with unregulated migration more frequently present symptoms of psychiatric diseases and somatoform symptoms than resettlement refugees. A health policy approach within migration policy should aim to enable persecuted persons to migrate under regulated and safe conditions.
Trial registration
German Clinical Trials Register: DRKS00013076, retrospectively registered on 29.09.2017.
Background: Infections are a leading cause of refugee morbidity. Recent data on the rate of airway infections and factors influencing their spread in refugee reception centers is scarce. Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional study of de-identified medical records with a focus on respiratory infections in underage refugees was conducted at two large German refugee reception centers. Results: In total, medical data from n = 10,431 refugees over an observational period of n = 819 days was analyzed. Among pediatric patients (n = 4289), 55.3% presented at least once to the on-site medical ward with an acute respiratory infection or signs thereof. In 38.4% of pediatric consultations, acute airway infections or signs thereof were present. Airway infections spiked during colder months and were significantly more prevalent amongst preschool and resettled children. Their frequency displayed a positive correlation with the number of refugees housed at the reception centers. Conclusions: We show that respiratory infections are a leading cause for morbidity in young refugees and that their rate is influenced age, season, status, and residential density. This illustrates the need to protect refugee children from contracting airway infections which may also reduce the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during the current pandemic.
Background: Language barriers play a critical role in the treatment of migrant and refugee patients. In Germany, primary care interpreters are often not available especially in rural areas or if patients demand spontaneous or urgent consultations. Methods: In order to enable patients and their physicians to communicate effectively about the current illness history, we developed a digital communication assistance tool (DCAT) for 19 different languages and dialects. This paper reports the multidisciplinary process of the conceptual design and the iterative development of this cross-cultural user-centered application in an action-oriented approach. Results: We piloted our app with 36 refugee patients prior to a clinical study and used the results for further development. The acceptance and usability of the app by patients was high. Conclusion: Using digital tools for overcoming language barriers can be a feasible approach when providing health care to foreign-language patients.
Background
The implications of the feminisation of medicine, which is characterised by a growing proportion of female doctors, is a topic currently being debated worldwide. To date, however, there has been no systematic survey of the viewpoint of present and future doctors on this subject. The aim of the present study is to determine how future and present doctors view this trend in terms of its relevance to the medical profession and its present impacts.
Methods
Of a total sample of 3813 people, 181 applicants for the winter term 2014, 590 medical students and 225 doctors of the UMG participated in this cross-sectional electronic questionnaire. The answers were analysed by means of the statistics program IBM SPSS Statistics 22. Open answers were qualitatively evaluated and categorised using the "Basiswissengeleitete offene Kategorienfindung" (Werner Fruh) and coded for statistical analysis.
Results
The majority of our participants favoured a balanced gender-ratio among doctors: 77% of applicants, 68% of students and 61% of doctors rated this as important or very important. The results from the student and applicant groups differed concerning female gender. When answering in the role of a patient, the doctor's gender was found to be more relevant than when the participants were answering in the role of the doctor. The majority of the respondents opined that feminisation had had an impact on their workplace: particular factors included part-time work, work-related organisation and the diversity of the medical profession. Commentaries were mostly categorised as negative.
Conclusions
The feminisation of medicine was viewed largely critically by the participants of this study. The respondents evaluated gender as being relevant for the medical profession and favoured a diverse workforce; however, the significance of one's own gender in medical practice was underrated in comparison, implying a need for more awareness of the effect of a doctor's gender on the patient-doctor-relationship. The mainly negative comments concerning the impact of feminisiation on work organisation, work satisfaction and patient care show the need for further research and action to adapt current medical work practices to the changing demographics in order to improve work satisfaction and quality of care.
Objectives
Virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) is a promising treatment for patients with fear of driving. The present pilot study is the first one focusing on behavioral effects of VRET on patients with fear of driving as measured by a post-treatment driving test in real traffic.
Methods
The therapy followed a standardized manual including psychotherapeutic and medical examination, two preparative psychotherapy sessions, five virtual reality exposure sessions, a final behavioral avoidance test (BAT) in real traffic, a closing session, and two follow-up phone assessments after six and twelve weeks. VRE was conducted in a driving simulator with a fully equipped mockup. The exposure scenarios were individually tailored to the patients’ anxiety hierarchy. A total of 14 patients were treated. Parameters on the verbal, behavioral and physiological level were assessed.
Results
The treatment was helpful to overcome driving fear and avoidance. In the final BAT, all patients mastered driving tasks they had avoided before, 71% showed an adequate driving behavior as assessed by the driving instructor, and 93% could maintain their treatment success until the second follow-up phone call. Further analyses suggest that treatment reduces avoidance behavior as well as symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder as measured by standardized questionnaires (Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire: p < .10, PTSD Symptom Scale–Self Report: p < .05).
Conclusions
VRET in driving simulation is very promising to treat driving fear. Further research with randomized controlled trials is needed to verify efficacy. Moreover, simulators with lower configuration stages should be tested for a broad availability in psychotherapy.
Objectives: We compared the effect of different didactic formats - e - learning and role-playing - on medical students' knowledge and counselling skills in smoking cessation training.
Methods: At a German medical school, 145 third-year students were randomly allocated to attend an online course with video examples or an attendance course with role-playing. Students were trained in smoking cessation counselling according to the 5A's (ask, advise, assess, assist, arrange) for approximately 90 minutes. Practical skills were measured in an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) and represent the primary endpoint of this prospective comparative study. Additionally, changes in theoretic knowledge were assessed by pre - and post - interventional questionnaires and a final written exam.
Results: In the OSCE, overall scores were higher in the attendance group (Mdn=70.8 % vs. 62.8 %; U=119; p=.087, n=36), but a statistical advantage was only found in one single counselling sequence (“Assist”: Mdn=66.7 % vs. 51.4 %; p = .049) and the rating of the standardised patients (M=4.7 vs. 4.2 out of 5 points, t(27.836)=2.0, p=.028). Students’ results (n=130) from self-assessment and written exams suggest that both approaches are equally well suited to increase theoretical knowledge. The online course was more time efficient (90 vs. 73 minutes).
Conclusions: Seminar and web-based training seem equally well suited for transferring knowledge and skills on tobacco cessation counselling. Considering their particular strengths, these two teaching approaches could be combined.
Outpatient antibiotic use is closely related to antimicrobial resistance and in Germany, almost 70% of antibiotic prescriptions in human health are issued by primary care physicians (PCPs). The aim of this study was to explore PCPs, namely General Practitioners' (GPs) and outpatient pediatricians' (PDs) knowledge of guideline recommendations on rational antimicrobial treatment, the determinants of confidence in treatment decisions and the perceived need for training in this topic in a large sample of PCPs from southern Germany. Out of 3753 reachable PCPs, 1311 completed the survey (overall response rate = 34.9%). Knowledge of guideline recommendations and perceived confidence in making treatment decisions were high in both GPs and PDs. The two highest rated influencing factors on prescribing decisions were reported to be guideline recommendations and own clinical experiences, hence patients' demands and expectations were judged as not influencing treatment decisions. The majority of physicians declared to have attended at least one specific training course on antibiotic use, yet almost all the participating PCPs declared to need more training on this topic. More studies are needed to explore how consultation-related and context-specific factors could influence antibiotic prescriptions in general and pediatric primary care in Germany beyond knowledge. Moreover, efforts should be undertaken to explore the training needs of PCPs in Germany, as this would serve the development of evidence-based educational interventions targeted to the improvement of antibiotic prescribing decisions rather than being focused solely on knowledge of guidelines.
Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common cause of prescribing antibiotics in family medicine. In Germany, about 40% of UTI-related prescriptions are second-line antibiotics, which contributes to emerging resistance rates. To achieve a change in the prescribing behaviour among family physicians (FPs), this trial aims to implement the guideline recommendations in German family medicine.
Methods/design: In a randomized controlled trial, a multimodal intervention will be developed and tested in family practices in four regions across Germany. The intervention will consist of three elements: information on guideline recommendations, information on regional resistance and feedback of prescribing behaviour for FPs on a quarterly basis. The effect of the intervention will be compared to usual practice. The primary endpoint is the absolute difference in the mean of prescribing rates of second-line antibiotics among the intervention and the control group after 12 months. To detect a 10% absolute difference in the prescribing rate after one year, with a significance level of 5% and a power of 86%, a sample size of 57 practices per group will be needed. Assuming a dropout rate of 10%, an overall number of 128 practices will be required. The accompanying process evaluation will provide information on feasibility and acceptance of the intervention.
Discussion: If proven effective and feasible, the components of the intervention can improve adherence to antibiotic prescribing guidelines and contribute to antimicrobial stewardship in ambulatory care.
Das Durchführen von Beratungsgesprächen mit rauchenden PatientInnen auf Basis validierter Leitfäden, beispielsweise des 5A-Modells, ist eine wichtige Kompetenz, die noch zu wenig gelehrt und im ärztlichen Alltag zu selten durchgeführt wird (Twardella et al., 2005; Strobel et al., 2012). Der Erwerb von Wissen und praktischen Beratungsfähigkeiten ist für die Behandlung rauchender PatientInnen unerlässlich und sollte ein integraler Bestandteil der medizinischen Ausbildung werden. Im Zentrum dieser prospektiven randomisierten Interventionsstudie steht der Vergleich zweier didaktischer Ansätze hinsichtlich der Aneignung von Wissen, Einstellung und praktischen Gesprächsfertigkeiten.
An der Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg wurde im Wintersemester 2018/2019 eine neu konzipierte Lehrveranstaltung zur Raucherberatung im Humanmedizinstudium implementiert. Alle 145 Studierenden des sechsten Semesters wurden nach dem Zufallsprinzip einem Online- oder einem Präsenzkurs zugewiesen. Die Studierenden wurden in einer einmaligen, für einen Zeitraum von 90 Minuten ausgelegten Veranstaltung in der Raucherentwöhnungsberatung nach dem 5A-Modell (ask, advise, assess, assist, arrange) geschult. Unabhängig von der Lehrmethode bestand die Intervention aus einem inhaltlich identischen Theorieteil und einem Übungsteil. Im Übungsteil wurde der Online-Gruppe ein Beratungsgespräch als Videobeispiel zur Verfügung gestellt, während die TeilnehmerInnen der Seminargruppe in Kleingruppen ein Rollenspiel mit KommilitonInnen durchführten.
Durch die Kombination verschiedener, neu entwickelter Messinstrumente (Fragebögen, Klausur, OSCE) wurde die Leistung der Studierenden auf den Miller’schen Kompetenzebenen knows und knows how und shows how (Miller GE, 1990) subjektiv und objektiv erfasst. Die praktischen Gesprächsfertigkeiten wurden mittels eines OSCE erhoben und stellen den primären Endpunkt dieser prospektiven Vergleichsstudie dar. Als sekundäre Endpunkte wurden Veränderungen im theoretischen Wissen und der Einstellung zum Thema Tabak durch prä- und postinterventionelle Fragebögen und eine abschließende schriftliche Prüfung bewertet.
Die Ergebnisse von 130 Studierenden konnten ausgewertet werden. Die Stichprobe charakterisierte sich durch einen hohen Frauen- und Nichtraucher-Anteil und war repräsentativ für ein Semester deutscher Medizinstudierender im klinischen Studienabschnitt. Auf Grundlage einer Fallzahlberechnung wurde der OSCE mit 19 Studierenden je Gruppe durchgeführt. Die Seminargruppe erzielte im OSCE deskriptiv ein besseres Gesamtergebnis (Ms = 70,8 % vs. 62,8 %; U = 119; p = .087; n = 36). Ein statistisch signifikanter Vorteil wurde jedoch ausschließlich in einem einzelnen Gesprächsabschnitt ("Assist": Ms = 66,7 % vs. 51,4 %; p = .049) erreicht. Auch die SchauspielpatientInnen bewerteten die Beratungsleistungen der Seminargruppe besser (Ms = 4,7 vs. 4,2 von 5 Punkten, t(27,836) = 2,0; p = .028). Die Ergebnisse der Selbsteinschätzung der Studierenden (n = 130) und die Resultate der schriftlichen Prüfungen deuten darauf hin, dass beide didaktische Ansätze gleich gut geeignet sind, das theoretische Wissen zu erweitern. Der Online-Kurs war dabei zeitlich effizienter (90 vs. 73 Minuten). Die Einstellung zum Thema Tabakrauchen blieb in beiden Lehrformaten praktisch unverändert. Die Studierenden bewerteten die Veranstaltung als „gut“. Die TeilnehmerInnen bearbeiteten den Online-Kurs ernsthaft und sind offen gegenüber E-Learning-Angeboten.
Aus diesen Ergebnissen kann gefolgert werden, dass Seminar und Online-Kurs gleichermaßen gut geeignet sind, um Medizinstudierenden das für ein Beratungsgespräch zur Tabakentwöhnung nötige Wissen und die erforderlichen Fertigkeiten zu vermitteln. Unter Berücksichtigung ihrer jeweiligen Stärken könnten diese beiden Lehransätze zu einer Inverted Classroom – Veranstaltung kombiniert werden.
Eine Folgestudie, zur Untersuchung zu längerfristigen Effekten auf das Wissen und die Gesprächsfertigkeiten sowie der Durchführbarkeit einer praktischen Umsetzung mit PatientInnen wurde im Sommersemester 2020 durchgeführt. Da sich die Veranstaltung als effektiv erwiesen hat, sollte sie verpflichtend im frühen klinischen Studienabschnitt weitergeführt und das Thema im Sinne eines longitudinalen Kompetenzerwerbs zum Ende des Studiums nochmals aufgegriffen werden. Größere zeitliche oder inhaltliche Änderungen stehen nach der Evaluation dieses Kurses nicht an. Persönliche Berichte von (Ex)- RaucherInnen den Umgang mit der Nikotinsucht könnten die Praxisnähe stärken und helfen, Barrieren abzubauen und die Studierenden zum regelhaften und proaktiven Ansprechen des Themas Rauchens zu motivieren. Der Online-Kurs könnte anderen Universitäten oder Gesundheits- und Krankenpflegeschulen im deutschsprachigen Raum für die Ausbildung zur Verfügung gestellt werden.
Background
PCR testing is considered the gold standard for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis but its results are earliest available hours to days after testing. Rapid antigen tests represent a diagnostic tool enabling testing at the point of care. Rapid antigen tests have mostly been validated by the manufacturer or in controlled laboratory settings only. External validation at the point of care, particularly in general practice where the test is frequently used, is needed. Furthermore, it is unclear how well point of care tests are accepted by the practice staff.
Methods
In this prospective multicenter validation study in primary care, general practitioners included adult individuals presenting with symptoms suggesting COVID-19. Each patient was tested by the general practitioner, first with a nasopharyngeal swab for the point of care test (Roche SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Test) and then with a second swab for PCR testing. Using the RT-PCR result as a reference, we calculated specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value, with their 95% confidence intervals. General practitioners and medical assistants completed a survey to assess feasibility and usefulness of the point of care tests.
Results
In 40 practices in Würzburg, Germany, 1518 patients were recruited between 12/2020 and 06/2021. The point of care test achieved a sensitivity of 78.3% and a specificity of 99.5% compared to RT-PCR. With a prevalence of 9.5%, the positive predictive value was 93.9% and the negative predictive value was 97.8%. General practitioners rated the point of care test as a helpful tool to support diagnostics in patients with signs and symptoms suggestive for infection, particularly in situations where decision on further care is needed at short notice.
Conclusion
The point of care test used in this study showed a sensitivity below the manufacturer’s specification (Sensitivity 96.25%) in the practice but high values for specificity and high positive predictive value and negative predictive value. Although widely accepted in the practice, measures for further patient management require a sensitive interpretation of the point of care test results.