Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (203)
- Journal article (157)
- Other (1)
- Report (1)
Keywords
- Ackerschmalwand (39)
- Arabidopsis thaliana (28)
- Abscisinsäure (14)
- Pflanzen (12)
- Arabidopsis (10)
- Mais (10)
- Schließzelle (10)
- Kutikula (9)
- Pseudomonas syringae (9)
- Schmalwand <Arabidopsis> (9)
- Signaltransduktion (9)
- Calcium (8)
- Oxylipine (8)
- Wurzel (8)
- gene expression (8)
- Genexpression (7)
- Jasmonate (7)
- Kaliumkanal (7)
- Tabak (7)
- optogenetics (7)
- ABA (6)
- Bakterien (6)
- Biologie (6)
- Elektrophysiologie (6)
- Gerste (6)
- Meeresschwämme (6)
- Molekularbiologie (6)
- Tomate (6)
- Vakuole (6)
- actinomycetes (6)
- arabidopsis thaliana (6)
- guard cell (6)
- stomata (6)
- Abwehrreaktion (5)
- Anionentranslokator (5)
- Ionenkanal (5)
- Jasmonsäure (5)
- Knochen-Morphogenese-Proteine (5)
- Optogenetics (5)
- Phytoprostane (5)
- ROS (5)
- SLAC1 (5)
- Spaltöffnung (5)
- Transkriptionsfaktor (5)
- Venusfliegenfalle (5)
- guard cells (5)
- jasmonates (5)
- marine sponges (5)
- membrane potential (5)
- metabolomics (5)
- salt stress (5)
- sponges (5)
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens (4)
- Aquaporin (4)
- Dionaea muscipula (4)
- Drosophila melanogaster (4)
- Genregulation (4)
- Glatter Krallenfrosch (4)
- Invertase (4)
- Kutikularwachs (4)
- Nitratreduktase (4)
- Optogenetik (4)
- Plasmamembran (4)
- Saccharose (4)
- Salzstress (4)
- SnRK1 (4)
- Stofftransport <Biologie> (4)
- Zea mays (4)
- abscisic acid (4)
- calcium (4)
- marine sponge (4)
- phytoprostanes (4)
- plant cuticle (4)
- potassium (4)
- signal transduction (4)
- tomato (4)
- wax (4)
- Abwehr (3)
- Adjuvans (3)
- Anionenkanal (3)
- Antikörper (3)
- BMP (3)
- Bacteria (3)
- Channelrhodopsin-2 (3)
- Chemische Ökologie (3)
- Cyanobacteria (3)
- Inhibitor (3)
- Lycopersicon esculentum (3)
- Membranpotential (3)
- Mensch (3)
- Mesophyll (3)
- Nicotiana tabacum (3)
- OST1 (3)
- Oxidativer Stress (3)
- Pappel (3)
- Pflanzenfressende Insekten (3)
- Pseudomonas (3)
- Regulation (3)
- Resistenz (3)
- Rezeptor (3)
- Schließzellen (3)
- Schwämme (3)
- Sekundärmetabolit (3)
- Stickstoffmonoxid (3)
- Stomata (3)
- Stress (3)
- Suberin (3)
- Symbiose (3)
- TRAF2 (3)
- TWEAK (3)
- Taufliege (3)
- Transforming Growth Factor (3)
- Trockenstress (3)
- Wachs (3)
- abiotic stress (3)
- anion channel (3)
- aquaporin (3)
- bZIP (3)
- biology (3)
- crystal structure (3)
- detoxification (3)
- jasmonic acid (3)
- photosynthesis (3)
- plants (3)
- pollen tube (3)
- protein purification (3)
- salt (3)
- secondary metabolites (3)
- sequence motif analysis (3)
- sodium (3)
- streptomyces (3)
- stress (3)
- sucrose (3)
- transcription factors (3)
- ALMT (2)
- Abscisic Acid (2)
- Abscisic acid (2)
- Ackerbohne (2)
- Actinomyceten (2)
- Actinomycetes (2)
- Adjuvant (2)
- Agrobacterium (2)
- Aldehyde (2)
- Apoplast (2)
- Apoptosis (2)
- Aquaporine (2)
- AtSUC4 (2)
- Biomembran (2)
- Blumeria graminis (2)
- Botanik (2)
- ChR2 (2)
- Channelrhodopsin (2)
- Cuticle (2)
- Cuticular waxes (2)
- DNA methylation (2)
- Endodermis (2)
- Epichloë (2)
- Epiphyten (2)
- Erysiphe graminis (2)
- Flavonoide (2)
- Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (2)
- Glucosetransport (2)
- Glucosinolate (2)
- Hitzestress (2)
- Induzierte Resistenz (2)
- Insekten (2)
- Interaktion (2)
- Isoprostane (2)
- Jasmonatbiosynthese (2)
- Jasmonates (2)
- K+ channels (2)
- Kalium (2)
- Licht (2)
- Lipid-Carrier-Proteine (2)
- Lipidstoffwechsel (2)
- Lipoxygenase (2)
- Lipoxygenase 6 (2)
- Lolium perenne (2)
- Lyme-Borreliose (2)
- Mehltau (2)
- Membrandomänen (2)
- Membranpotenzial (2)
- Membranproteine (2)
- Membrantransport (2)
- Metabolomics (2)
- Metagenom (2)
- Metagenomics (2)
- Microarray (2)
- NMR (2)
- NRPS (2)
- Nitrate Reductase (2)
- Oozyte (2)
- PAC (2)
- Patch-Clamp-Methode (2)
- Pathogens (2)
- Permeation (2)
- Pflanzenhormon (2)
- Pflanzenschutzmittel (2)
- Pflanzenwachstum (2)
- Pharmakokinetik (2)
- Phoenix dactylifera (2)
- Phyllosphäre (2)
- Phytohormone (2)
- Plant Protection (2)
- Plant cuticle (2)
- Pollen (2)
- Pollenschlauch (2)
- Porifera (2)
- Porin (2)
- Prostaglandin-ähnliche Verbindungen in Pflanzen (2)
- Prostaglandine (2)
- Proteinreinigung (2)
- Protonenpumpe (2)
- Protoplast (2)
- RES-Oxylipine (2)
- RS1 (2)
- Rhodopsin (2)
- Rizinus (2)
- SLAC/SLAH (2)
- Samenpflanzen (2)
- Schwamm (2)
- Sojabohne (2)
- Solanum lycopersicum (2)
- Sphingolipide (2)
- Sphingolipids (2)
- Sponges (2)
- Stomaschluss (2)
- Strahlenpilze (2)
- Streptomyces (2)
- Streptomyces axinellae (2)
- Stressreaktion (2)
- Symport (2)
- Transpiration <Pflanzen> (2)
- Transport (2)
- Ulcerative colitis (2)
- Wasserhaushalt (2)
- Wassertransport (2)
- Wurzelhalsgalle (2)
- Xylem (2)
- Zellkultur (2)
- ZmSUT1 (2)
- abscisic acid (ABA) (2)
- action potential (2)
- active ingredients (2)
- agrobacterium tumefaciens (2)
- alkaloids (2)
- anti-infective (2)
- anti-parasitic (2)
- anti-protease (2)
- anti-trypanosomal (2)
- apoptosis (2)
- aquaporins (2)
- atopic diseases (2)
- auxin (2)
- auxins (2)
- barley (2)
- bioactivity (2)
- biosynthesis (2)
- cAMP (2)
- cancer (2)
- chemical ecology (2)
- circadian rhythms (2)
- coreceptor (2)
- corn (2)
- cuticle (2)
- cysteine protease (2)
- cytotoxic (2)
- dereplication (2)
- drought stress (2)
- endophyte (2)
- epicuticular wax crystals (2)
- epikutikuläre Wachskristalle (2)
- feeding (2)
- flavonoids (2)
- fruit (2)
- fungi (2)
- gene-expression (2)
- herbivory (2)
- honeybee (2)
- hydraulic conductivity (2)
- in vitro (2)
- innate immunity (2)
- ion channel (2)
- ion channels (2)
- juvenile hormone (2)
- kidney (2)
- maize (2)
- metabolism (2)
- metabolites (2)
- metagenomics (2)
- mitochondria (2)
- model (2)
- oncogenes (2)
- optogenetic (2)
- oxylipins (2)
- pH (2)
- pharmacokinetics (2)
- phosphorylation (2)
- phyllosphere (2)
- phylogenetic analysis (2)
- physiology (2)
- plant (2)
- plant defence (2)
- plant defenses (2)
- potassium channel (2)
- programmed cell death (2)
- prostaglandin-like compounds in plants (2)
- protease inhibition (2)
- protein domains (2)
- protein kinase (2)
- proton pump (2)
- reactive electrophilic species (2)
- reaktive elektrophile Spezies (2)
- receptor (2)
- rhodopsin (2)
- root (2)
- root growth (2)
- roots (2)
- soil (2)
- soybean (2)
- tetromycin (2)
- thermotolerance (2)
- toxicity (2)
- transcription factor (2)
- transpiration (2)
- transport (2)
- triglycerides (2)
- vacuole (2)
- vertical transmission (2)
- voltage clamp (2)
- vulnerability curve (2)
- wood anatomy (2)
- (Signal transduction pathways) (1)
- - (1)
- . (1)
- 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (1)
- 14-3-3 (1)
- 14-3-3 . calcium (1)
- 14-3-3s (1)
- 16S metabarcoding (1)
- 18D1 (1)
- 9-HOT (1)
- 9-Hydroxyoktadekatriensäure (1)
- A-D (1)
- A. thaliana (1)
- ABA receptors (1)
- ABA-GE (1)
- ABA-Konjugate (1)
- ABA-conjugates (1)
- ACC deaminase (1)
- ACL (1)
- ADHD (1)
- AIDS (1)
- AKT1 (1)
- AKT1-like (1)
- APOPLAST (1)
- ATR-FTIR (1)
- AZI1 (1)
- Abschirmung (1)
- Abwehrmechanismen (1)
- Acer platanoides (1)
- Acromesomelic dysplasias (1)
- Actinokineospora (1)
- Activin (1)
- Adapterproteine (1)
- Adenylatcyclase (1)
- Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product (1)
- Agonist (1)
- Aktionspotenzial (1)
- Aktivierungsenergie (1)
- Aktivsubstanzen (1)
- Aliphaten (1)
- Aliphatics (1)
- Alkekengi (1)
- Allendorf-Kapelle (1)
- Allendorf-chapell (1)
- Allendorfkapelle (1)
- Allerg (1)
- Allergie (1)
- Allorhizobium vitis (1)
- Alpha therapy (1)
- Alpha-Glucosidase (1)
- Altern (1)
- Alzheimer's disease (1)
- AmGr1 (1)
- AmGr2 (1)
- AmGr3 (1)
- Ameisen (1)
- American foulbrood (1)
- Amino acids (1)
- Aminosäuren (1)
- Analoga (1)
- Anion (1)
- Anion channel (1)
- Anionen (1)
- Anionenkanäle (1)
- Anoxie (1)
- Anthropogene Störung (1)
- Anthropogener Einfluss (1)
- Antibiotikum (1)
- Antibodies (1)
- Antigen (1)
- Antigen CD23 (1)
- Antigen CD40 (1)
- Antimicrobial activities (1)
- Antimicrobial proteins (1)
- Antimikrobielle Aktivitäten (1)
- Antimikrobieller Wirkstoff (1)
- Antioxidants (1)
- Antiport (1)
- Antisense (1)
- Ants (1)
- Aplysina aerophoba (1)
- Apoptose (1)
- Arabidopside (1)
- Arabidopsides (1)
- Arbeitsteilung (1)
- Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (1)
- Arbuskuläre Mykorrhiza (1)
- Arid biomes (1)
- Artenkombination (1)
- Arzneibuch (1)
- Arzneimittel für neuartige Therapien (1)
- Arzneipflanzen (1)
- Aspergillus medium (1)
- AtERDl6 (1)
- AtTMT1/2 (1)
- AtTORF-Ex-Kollektion (1)
- AtTPC1 (1)
- AtrbohD (1)
- Autoimmune diseases (1)
- Autoimmunity (1)
- Autökologie (1)
- AuxRE (1)
- Auxin (1)
- Auxin-regulated transcription (1)
- Auxine (1)
- Available soil water capacity (1)
- Azelainsäure (1)
- Azospirillum brasilense (1)
- B cells (1)
- BETA-Diversität (1)
- BETA-Multifunktionalität (1)
- BIAcore (1)
- BLUF (1)
- BMP antagonist (1)
- BMP signaling (1)
- BMP-2 (1)
- BMPR1B (1)
- Baja California [(PNN) Mexico] (1)
- Bambi (1)
- Bauchspeicheldrüsenkrebs (1)
- Baumkrone (1)
- Baumphysiologie (1)
- Bestrahlung (1)
- Beta-1-Rezeptor (1)
- Bidirectional manipulation (1)
- Biene (1)
- Bienenwachs (1)
- Bilderzeugung (1)
- Bildgebendes Verfahren (1)
- Biochemie (1)
- Biochemische Analyse (1)
- Biodiversität (1)
- Biogenic (1)
- Bioinformatics (1)
- Bioinformatik (1)
- Biophysics (1)
- Biosensor (1)
- Biosynthese (1)
- Biosynthese-Genclustern (1)
- Biosynthesis of Jasmonates (1)
- Bioverfügbarkeit (1)
- Blatt (1)
- Blattknospen (1)
- Blattkäfer (1)
- Blaulicht (1)
- Blütenpflanzen (1)
- Bodenwasser (1)
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (1)
- Bone marrow transplantantation (1)
- Bone morphogenetic protein (1)
- Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (1)
- Borrelia (1)
- Brackwespen (1)
- Brain diseases (1)
- Brassica napus (1)
- Brassicaceae (1)
- Breeding system (1)
- Buche (1)
- Buchweizenkraut (1)
- Bunias orientalis (1)
- Büchold (1)
- C-elegans (1)
- CASPARY-STREIFEN (1)
- CD23 (1)
- CD27 (1)
- CD40 (1)
- CD70 (1)
- CIPK23 (1)
- CNG channel (1)
- CO2 (1)
- CO2 Reaktion (1)
- CO2 Response (1)
- CO2 gas exchange (1)
- CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (1)
- CO\(_{2}\) signaling (1)
- CPK (1)
- CYR61 (1)
- Ca2+ signal (1)
- Ca2+-Signal (1)
- Ca2+-signal (1)
- Ca\(^{2+}\) indicator (1)
- Ca\(^{2+}\) signalling (1)
- Calcium Imaging (1)
- Calcium-Oszillationen (1)
- Calciumion (1)
- Calciumkanal (1)
- Camponotus rufipes (1)
- Cancer (1)
- Cancer of Pancreas (1)
- Candidate Phylum Poribacteria (1)
- Carpinus betulus (1)
- Casparian strip (1)
- Castor bean (1)
- Cation channel (1)
- Celaflor (1)
- Chain-length distribution (1)
- Channelrhodopsinen (1)
- Characterizing New Photoreceptors to Expand the Optogenetic Toolbox (1)
- Chemical Ecology (1)
- Chemiluminescence (1)
- Chemilumineszenz (1)
- Chemosensory neurons (1)
- Chirurgiegeschichte (1)
- Chlamydomonas reinhardii (1)
- Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (1)
- Chlorophyll fluorescence (1)
- Chloroplast (1)
- Chronobiologie (1)
- Chronobiology (1)
- Cirl (1)
- Cis-elements (1)
- Climate change (1)
- Climatic water balance (1)
- Complex medium (1)
- Cortex (1)
- Crown Gall (1)
- Cryptogein (1)
- Cuscuta (1)
- Cuscuta reflexa (1)
- Cuticular transpiration (1)
- Cuticular water permeabilities (1)
- Cutinase (1)
- Cvi-0 (1)
- Cyanobakterien (1)
- Cyclic electron transport (1)
- Cyclic peptides (1)
- Cyclics (1)
- Cyclo-AMP (1)
- Cyclo-GMP (1)
- Cystinknotenprotein (1)
- Cytokine (1)
- Cytokinin (1)
- Cytokinine (1)
- Cytokinins (1)
- Cytoplasma (1)
- Cytoplasmic Ca"+ (1)
- Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (1)
- DAF (1)
- DAN modulator proteins (1)
- DAN-Modulatorproteine (1)
- DC gate (1)
- DEVC (1)
- DIMBOA (1)
- DIRK method (1)
- DNA transcription (1)
- DNA-Methylierung (1)
- DNS (1)
- DRMs (1)
- Darm (1)
- Dattelpalme (1)
- Dauer formation (1)
- Deckenmalerei (1)
- Deep sequencing (1)
- Denaturierende Gradienten-Gelelektrophorese (1)
- Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (1)
- Depolarisation (1)
- DiBAC4(3) (1)
- Diabetes (1)
- Dickkopf proteins (1)
- Differential scanning calorimetry (1)
- Differentielle Genexpression (1)
- Diffusion (1)
- Diffusion coefficient (1)
- Dionaea (1)
- Disease network (1)
- Drosophila (1)
- Drosophila melanogaster motoneuron (1)
- Drought stress (1)
- Drug discovery (1)
- Dual-PAM-100 (1)
- Dürreresistenz (1)
- Dürrestress (1)
- EF-TU (1)
- ENDODERMIS (1)
- ER-Export (1)
- ETR (1)
- Ecology (1)
- Efeu (1)
- Egypt (1)
- Einstichmessungen (1)
- Einzelzellgenomik (1)
- Embolism resistance (1)
- Endoplasmatisches Retikulum (1)
- Energy depletion (1)
- Entomology (1)
- Entzündung (1)
- Enyzme (1)
- Enzymatische Regulation (1)
- Enzymes (1)
- Eosinophiler Granulozyt (1)
- Epichloë spp. (1)
- Equisetum (1)
- Esterasen (1)
- Etablierungsstadium (1)
- Euglena gracilis (1)
- Eulen <Schmetterlinge> (1)
- European foulbrood (1)
- Evolution (1)
- Exodermis (1)
- Expansion microscopy (1)
- Expression (1)
- Extrazellulärraum (1)
- FGF signaling (1)
- FISH-CLEM (1)
- FT-IR-Spektroskopie (1)
- FTIR-Spektroskopie (1)
- FTIR-spectroscopy (1)
- FURA (1)
- Fabaceae (1)
- Factor receptor (1)
- Falle (1)
- Farne (1)
- FeS proteins (1)
- Fertilization in angiosperm (1)
- Fettsäure (1)
- Fettsäuren (1)
- Flagelline (1)
- Flash relaxation kinetics (1)
- Fluorescence mi (1)
- Fluoreszenz (1)
- Fluoreszmikroskopie (1)
- Fluorimetrie (1)
- Fn14 (1)
- Foraging behaviour (1)
- Forschungsstation Fabrikschleichach (1)
- Fortpflanzung (1)
- Fortpflanzungsmechanismen (1)
- Fraxinus excelsior (1)
- Fruchtbildung (1)
- Fruit (1)
- Fungus (1)
- Fura-2 (1)
- Furagieraktivität (1)
- G-Protein gekoppelte Rezeptor (1)
- GC-Wert (1)
- GC-value (1)
- GFP (1)
- GLR (1)
- GMP-Regeln (1)
- Gartenerde (1)
- Gaschromatographie-Massenspektrometrie (1)
- Gastrulation (1)
- Gaussia princeps Luziferase (1)
- Gefäßpflanzen (1)
- Geitonogamy (1)
- Gen shaker (1)
- Genaktivierung (1)
- Genanalyse (1)
- Genexpressionsanalysen (1)
- Genmutation (1)
- Genomics (1)
- Germination (1)
- Germination and differentiation (1)
- Gerstenkrankheit (1)
- Geschichte (1)
- Getreide (1)
- Gewebe (1)
- Glaukom (1)
- Gliederfüßer (1)
- Glucocorticosteroide (1)
- Glucose (1)
- Glucose uptake (1)
- Glucose/Saccharose Transport (1)
- Glucosetransportproteine (1)
- Glucosinolates (1)
- Glutamate (1)
- Glutamate-receptor (1)
- Glutamatrezeptor (1)
- Glutathione (1)
- Glycerin (1)
- Glykomodifizierung (1)
- Glykosylierung (1)
- Graft-versus-leukemia (1)
- Grebe dysplasia (1)
- Grenzflächenaktiver Stoff (1)
- GtACR1 (1)
- Guanylatcyclase (1)
- Guanylyl Cyclase (1)
- Guard Cell (1)
- Guard Cells (1)
- H+-atpase (1)
- HAK5-like (1)
- HIV (1)
- HIVDR (1)
- HKT transporter (1)
- HKT1 (1)
- HKT1-like (1)
- HPLC-MS (1)
- HPLC/UPLC methods (1)
- Heat stress (1)
- Hefe-Elicitor (1)
- Hegyi competition index (1)
- Heilpflanzen (1)
- Helianthus annuus (1)
- Hemiparasit (1)
- Herbicid (1)
- Herbivoren-Abwehr-Strategie (1)
- Herbivorie (1)
- Heterologe Expression (1)
- Hexokinase (1)
- High throughput screening (1)
- History of medicine (1)
- History of the medicine (1)
- Hitzeschock-Proteine (1)
- Holz (1)
- Holzbildung (1)
- Holzstrahlen (1)
- Homöostase (1)
- Honigbiene (1)
- Hordeum vulgare (1)
- Hormontransport (1)
- Human sodium iodide symporter (1)
- Hydrathülle (1)
- Hydraulic conductivity (1)
- Hydraulic plasticity (1)
- Hydraulische Leitfähigkeit (1)
- Hydroxylamin (1)
- Hyperpolarisierung (1)
- Hypoxia (1)
- Hypoxie (1)
- Hyrtios (1)
- IL-4 antagonists (1)
- IL8 (1)
- Illumina HiSeq (1)
- Immunactivation (1)
- Immunaktivierung (1)
- Immunologie (1)
- Immunolokalisation (1)
- Immunsystem (1)
- Impfstoff (1)
- In vitro (1)
- Inbreeding depression (1)
- Incompatible parasite-host interaction (1)
- Indirekte Abwehr (1)
- Indonylessigsäure <3-> (1)
- Inf-TRAP-Seq (1)
- Inflammatory bowel disease (1)
- Infliximab (1)
- Inkompatible Parasit-Wirt-Interaktion (1)
- Inoculum production (1)
- Inosite (1)
- Insects (1)
- Insekten-Pflanzen-Interaktionen (1)
- Interleukin (1)
- Interleukin 13 (1)
- Interleukin 4 (1)
- Interleukin 5 (1)
- Interleukin-4 (IL-4) (1)
- Interleukin-4 Antagonist (1)
- Invasion <Biologie> (1)
- Invasive (1)
- Invertase-Inhibitor (1)
- Invertaseinhibitor (1)
- Ionenkanäle (1)
- Ionenleitfähigkeit (1)
- Irradiation (1)
- Isoprostanes (1)
- Isothiocyanate (1)
- JA/JA-Ile transport protein JAT1 (1)
- JMT (1)
- Jaborandi (1)
- Janus kinase (1)
- Jasmonate info (1)
- Jasmonic acid (1)
- Jurkat T cells (1)
- KCO (1)
- Kaliumkanäle (1)
- Kaliumtransporter (1)
- Kannenpflanze (1)
- Kanäle (1)
- Karibisches Meer (1)
- Kationenkanal (1)
- Keimling (1)
- Keimlingsentwicklung (1)
- Keimung (1)
- Kellerassel (1)
- Kernproteine (1)
- Klappertopf (1)
- Klimawandel (1)
- Klimaänderung (1)
- Knochenhomöostase (1)
- Konidie (1)
- Krankheit (1)
- Künstliche Samenalterung (1)
- LC-MS (1)
- LCB (1)
- LC–MS/MS (1)
- LIGNIN (1)
- LMNA S143F (1)
- LRP5/6 (1)
- LRP6 (1)
- Lamin (1)
- Laminopathie (1)
- Larval development (1)
- Laser (1)
- Laser Microdissection (1)
- Laser Mikrodissektion (1)
- Lateral root development (1)
- Latrophilin (1)
- Laurdan (1)
- Leaching (1)
- Leaf (1)
- Leitfähigkeit (1)
- Lernen (1)
- LiDAR (1)
- Ligand (1)
- Ligand <Biochemie> (1)
- Ligand-Rezeptor-Interaktion (1)
- Lignin (1)
- Lipasen (1)
- Lipases (1)
- Lipid Metabolism (1)
- Lipid Transfer Protein (1)
- Lipid Transfer Proteine (1)
- Lipid polarization (1)
- Lipid-Peroxide (1)
- Lipide (1)
- Lipidomik (1)
- Lipidperoxidation (1)
- Lipids (1)
- Lipidtransferprotein (1)
- Lipidumbau (1)
- Lipophilic fluorescent dyes (1)
- Lipoprotein (1)
- Lipoxyg (1)
- Liquid (dis-) ordered phase (1)
- Luciferasen (1)
- Luftröhre (1)
- Lupeol synthase (1)
- Lupeolsynthase (1)
- Lyme disease (1)
- Lyme-Krankheit (1)
- Lymphocytes (1)
- Lymphotoxin (1)
- Lymphozyt (1)
- Lymphozyten (1)
- MAP Kinase (1)
- MAP kinase (1)
- MJE (1)
- MPK12 (1)
- MYB (1)
- MYC (1)
- Malvaviscus arboreus (1)
- Mariae Heimsuchung und Sankt Nikolaus (1)
- Mariae Himmelfahrt (1)
- Marin (1)
- Marine (1)
- Maus (1)
- Mechanisms (1)
- Medicago truncatula (1)
- Medicinal Plant (1)
- Medizingeschichte (1)
- Meerrettichkäfer (1)
- Mehrdimensionale NMR-Spektroskopie (1)
- Membran (1)
- Membrandepolarisierung (1)
- Membrane depolarisation (1)
- Membrane domains (1)
- Mesocestoides corti (1)
- Mesophyllvakuole (1)
- Metabolismus (1)
- Metabolit (1)
- Metabolomik (1)
- Metagenomomanalyse (1)
- Metapleural gland (1)
- Methyl jasmonate esterase (1)
- Methylglasmonat (1)
- Methylierung (1)
- Methyljasmonat (1)
- Methyljasmonat Esterase (1)
- Mexico [North America] (1)
- Micromonospora (1)
- Microscopy (1)
- Middle Age (1)
- Mikrobiologie (1)
- Mikrodissektion (1)
- Mikroorganismen (1)
- Mikroorganismus (1)
- Mikroskopie (1)
- Millisecond-timescale (1)
- Mitochondria (1)
- Mitochondrium (1)
- Mittelalter (1)
- Mitteleuropa (1)
- Modelle (1)
- Modifizierung (1)
- Molecular biophysics (1)
- Molecular neuroscience (1)
- Morgenländisches Zackenschötchen (1)
- Morphogenese (1)
- Mustererkennung (1)
- Mutante (1)
- Mykorrhiza (1)
- Myofibroblast differentiation (1)
- Myrosinase (1)
- NAD(P)H-dehydrogenase (1)
- NAD(P)H-plastoquinone-oxidoreductase (1)
- NADH-dehydrogenase (1)
- NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) (1)
- NDH-H (1)
- NDH-I (1)
- NDH-J (1)
- NDH-K (1)
- NFATc1 (1)
- NFKB (1)
- NFkB-Signalling (1)
- NHase (1)
- NMR fingerprint (1)
- NMR spectroscopy (1)
- NSG (1)
- NSG mice (1)
- NSG-UC (1)
- Nachweis (1)
- Nanoparticles (1)
- Naturstoff (1)
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae (1)
- Nekroptose (1)
- Nekrose (1)
- Nektar-Sekretion (1)
- Nektarium (1)
- Nematode Caenorhabditis-elegans (1)
- Neophyten (1)
- Neophyten <Botanik> (1)
- Nepenthes (1)
- Neurochemie (1)
- Neurologie (1)
- Neuronales visuelles System (1)
- Nicandra (1)
- Nichtwirtsresistenz (1)
- Nicotiana benthamiana (1)
- Nierenfunktion (1)
- Nitrate reductase (1)
- Nitration (1)
- Nitric Oxide (1)
- Nitric Oxide Synthase (1)
- Nitric oxide (1)
- Nitrilase (1)
- Nitrite (1)
- NpHR (1)
- NtAQP1 (1)
- Nuklearfaktor Kappa B (1)
- Nährstoffaufnahme (1)
- Nährstoffmangel (1)
- ODC (1)
- OPDA (1)
- Oberflächenplasmonresonanz (SPR) (1)
- Oberfranken (1)
- Olfr1393 (1)
- Oligomerisation (1)
- Oncogene (1)
- Oncolytic Virus (1)
- Onkogen (1)
- Onkolyse (1)
- Oozyten (1)
- Optical control (1)
- Oralsekret (1)
- Oregon Green-BAPTA (1)
- Ornithindecarboxylase (1)
- Orobanche crenata (1)
- Osmolarität (1)
- Oxidosqualene cyclase (1)
- Oxidosqualenzyklase (1)
- Oxophytodiensäure <12-> (1)
- Oxylipines (1)
- Oxylipins (1)
- O–I 1 fluorescence rise (1)
- P515 (1)
- PALM stoichiometry (1)
- PAMPS (1)
- PAR (1)
- PCD (1)
- PER (1)
- PKS (1)
- PKS I (1)
- PKS II (1)
- PLAT-Domain (1)
- PacBio sequencing (1)
- Paenibacterin (1)
- Pankreaskrebs (1)
- Parasit (1)
- Parkinson-Krankheit (1)
- Parkinsonismus (1)
- Parna´iba <Region> (1)
- Patch-Clamp (1)
- Pathogenabwehr (1)
- Pathogene Bakterien (1)
- Pathogener Mikroorganismus (1)
- Pathogeninteraktion (1)
- Pathologie (1)
- Pathology (1)
- Pax-5 (1)
- Performance (1)
- Permeability (1)
- Pesticide (1)
- Pestizide (1)
- Pflanze-Pathogen-Interaktion (1)
- Pflanzen-Insekten Interaktionen (1)
- Pflanzendarstellung (1)
- Pflanzengewebe (1)
- Pflanzengröße (1)
- Pflanzenhormone (1)
- Pflanzenhydraulik (1)
- Pflanzeninhaltsstoff (1)
- Pflanzenmalerei (1)
- Pflanzenphysiologie (1)
- Pflanzenwachs (1)
- Pflanzenzelle (1)
- Pflanzenzellkulturen (1)
- Pflanzenökologie (1)
- Pharmakotherapie (1)
- Pharmazie (1)
- Phenole (1)
- Pheromone (1)
- Phloem (1)
- Phophorylierung (1)
- Photoreceptor (1)
- Photorezeptor (1)
- Photosynthese (1)
- Photosystem I (1)
- Phototropine (1)
- Phototropins (1)
- Phyllosphere (1)
- Physalis (1)
- Physiologie (1)
- Physiologische Chemie (1)
- Phytoalexin (1)
- Phytoalexine (1)
- Phytoalexins (1)
- Phytochemie (1)
- Phytohormon (1)
- Phytopathogene Pilze (1)
- Phytopathologie (1)
- Phytophthora (1)
- Phytoprostanes (1)
- Phytosphingosine (1)
- Phytosterine (1)
- Pichia pastoris (1)
- Pilocarpin (1)
- Pilocarpus (1)
- Pilocarpus microphyllus (1)
- Pilzbefall (1)
- Pilze (1)
- Pilzkörper (1)
- Pimelinsäure (1)
- Pinus sylvestris L. (1)
- Piriformospora indica (1)
- Pitrakinra (1)
- Plant Biology (1)
- Plant Ecology (1)
- Plant Hormones (1)
- Plant antimicrobial proteins (1)
- Plant cell cultures (1)
- Plant fertilization (1)
- Plant growth promotion (1)
- Plant hydraulic (1)
- Plant immunity (1)
- Plant root endophyte (1)
- Plant signalling (1)
- Plant-Insect Interactions (1)
- Plasma membrane (1)
- Plastid DNA (1)
- Pollenkeimung (1)
- Pollenschlauch Calcium Anionen Kanal Kinase (1)
- Polygonum cuspidatum (1)
- Polyphasic fluorescence rise (1)
- Polypodium vulgare (1)
- Populus (1)
- Poribacteria (1)
- Positron Emission Tomography (1)
- Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie (1)
- Posttranslationale Änderung (1)
- Potassium channel (1)
- Powdery mildew fungus (1)
- Precipitation gradient (1)
- Prednisolon (1)
- Prednisolone (1)
- Premna (1)
- Primärmetabolite (1)
- Proliferation (1)
- Promotor <Genetik> (1)
- Promotor Regulation (1)
- Promotoraktivität (1)
- Protein Purification (1)
- Proteinbiochemie (1)
- Proteine (1)
- Proteinen mit antimikrobieller Wirkung (1)
- Proteinkinase (1)
- Proteinkinasen (1)
- Proteinmodifizierung (1)
- Protoplasten (1)
- Protoplasts (1)
- Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci (1)
- Pseudomonas syringae tomato (1)
- Pulvini (1)
- Pyrophosphatase (1)
- QTOF (1)
- QUAC (1)
- Quecksilber (1)
- Quercetin (1)
- Quercus petraea (1)
- R-GECO1 cytosolic Ca\(^{2+}\) reporter (1)
- R-type (1)
- R-type currents (1)
- RIP3 (1)
- RNA Integrität (1)
- RNA integrity (1)
- Raps (1)
- Reaktive Sauerstoffspezies (1)
- Receptor (1)
- Recombinant protein (1)
- Red sea (1)
- Reflexa Roxb (1)
- Regenbaum (1)
- Regenerative Medizin (1)
- Regulatory-cells (1)
- Reis (1)
- Rekombinantes Protein (1)
- Remorin (1)
- Renaturierung <Biochemie> (1)
- Resistances (1)
- Resistenzfaktor (1)
- Resorption (1)
- Respiratory chain (1)
- Retroviren (1)
- Rezeptorblocker (1)
- Rezeptorkinasen (1)
- Rheumatoid arthritis (1)
- Rhinanthus (1)
- Rhizodermis (1)
- Ricinus communis (1)
- Root (1)
- Root Nodule Symbiosis (1)
- Rorippa austriaca (1)
- Rose (1)
- Rossameise (1)
- Rothenfels (1)
- Rückfallfieber (1)
- Rüsselreflex (1)
- S-Typ (1)
- S-Typ Anionenkanal (1)
- S-Typ-Anionenkanäle (1)
- S-Type-Anionchannels (1)
- S-typ anionchannel (1)
- S-type (1)
- SGLT-1 (1)
- SGLT1 (1)
- SGLT2 inhibitor (1)
- STP (1)
- SUBERIN (1)
- SUT1 (1)
- SV/TPC1 (1)
- Saatgutbeizung (1)
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1)
- Saisonalität (1)
- Salicylhydroxamsäure (1)
- Salz (1)
- Salzresistenz (1)
- Samen (1)
- Samenschale (1)
- Schachtelhalm (1)
- Schachtelhalme (1)
- Schlacke (1)
- Schmalwand (1)
- Schneckenklee (1)
- Schwammsymbionten (1)
- Sclerotinia (1)
- Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (1)
- Sehen (1)
- Sekundärer Bote (1)
- Selective extraction (1)
- Senescence (1)
- Serendipita indica (1)
- Serine proteases (1)
- Shaker (1)
- Siberian spurge (1)
- Signaling (1)
- Signalkette (1)
- Signalling (1)
- Signalpeptide (1)
- Signalweg (1)
- Silver (1)
- Single chain (1)
- Single-cell genomics (1)
- Sink-Source-Relation (1)
- Sleeping Beauty (1)
- Smooth-muscle-cells (1)
- SnRK1-bZIP complex (1)
- Sodium-myoinositol cotransporter-1 (SMIT1) (1)
- Solanaceae (1)
- Solanazeen (1)
- Sonnenblume (1)
- Sonoran Desert (1)
- Spannungsklemmen-Fluorometrie (1)
- Spannungskontrollierter Ionenkanal (1)
- Spheciospongia vagabunda (1)
- Sphingobasen (LCB, LCB-P) (1)
- Sphingobases (1)
- Sphingolipid (1)
- Sphingolipidstoffwechsel (1)
- Spirochäten (1)
- Spodoptera (1)
- Spodoptera frugiperda (1)
- Sponge diseases (1)
- Spross (1)
- SsAQP1 (1)
- SsAQP2 (1)
- SthK-bPAC (1)
- Stickstoffoxide (1)
- Stickstoffoxidsynthase (1)
- Stoffwechsel (1)
- Stoffwechselweg (1)
- Stress-Syndrom (1)
- Struktur-Aktivitäts-B (1)
- Strukturbiologie (1)
- Styrylpyrone (1)
- Subtractive hybridisation (1)
- Subtraktive Hybridisierung (1)
- Sucrose (1)
- Sulforaphan (1)
- Superresolution microscopy (1)
- Suppression (1)
- Surgeon (1)
- Symbionten (1)
- Symbionts (1)
- Symbolik (1)
- Synechocystis 6803 (1)
- Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 (1)
- Synthasen (1)
- Synthese (1)
- Systemic acquired resistance (1)
- Systemisch erworbenen Resistenz (1)
- T-Lymphozyt (1)
- T-cells (1)
- T6P (1)
- TGA-Transkriptionsfaktoren (1)
- TGF (1)
- TGF-beta (1)
- TGF-β superfamily (1)
- TGFβ/BMP signaling (1)
- TH2 Immunantwort (1)
- TNF (1)
- TNF Superfamilie (1)
- TNFR2 (1)
- TOR (1)
- TPC1 channel (1)
- TPCA1 (1)
- TPK (1)
- TRAF (1)
- TRAF1 (1)
- TRAIL (1)
- TRAILR-Mutants (1)
- Tagesrhythmus (1)
- Tansania (1)
- Tanzania (1)
- Targeted Radiotherapy (1)
- Thaumatins (1)
- Thermotoleranz (1)
- Thioredoxin (1)
- Ti plasmids (1)
- Tilia cordata (1)
- Tissue Engineering (1)
- Tod (1)
- Todesrezeptor (1)
- Toxizitätstest (1)
- Trachea (1)
- Transcription factor (1)
- Transforming Growth Factor beta (1)
- Transkriptstabilität (1)
- Translokation (1)
- Transpiration barrier (1)
- Transporter (1)
- Tree physiology (1)
- Triglyceride (1)
- Tritrophische Interaktionen (1)
- Trockenheit (1)
- Tropischer Regenwald (1)
- Tropismen (1)
- Tropismus (1)
- Trypanosoma brucei (1)
- Tumor-necrosis-factor (1)
- Tumorentwicklung (1)
- Twisted gastrulation (1)
- UAV (1)
- Ultraviolett (1)
- Ungesättigte Fettsäuren (1)
- Ustilago zeae (1)
- V-ATPase (1)
- V-ATPasen (1)
- VA-Mykorrhiza (1)
- VCF (1)
- VOC <Ökologische Chemie> (1)
- VOC emissions (1)
- Vaccinia Virus (1)
- Vaccinia-Virus (1)
- Variovorax paradoxus (1)
- Vegetable juice (1)
- Vegetationsentwicklung (1)
- Verteidigung (1)
- Verticillium (1)
- Verticillium dahliae (1)
- Verticillium longisporum (1)
- Vertikale Übertragung (1)
- Verwundung (1)
- Very-long-chain aliphatic (1)
- Vicia (1)
- Vicia faba (1)
- Vielfalt (1)
- Vitis (1)
- Vitis vinifera (1)
- Volatiler oraganischer Verbindungen (1)
- Volatiole Compounds (1)
- WNT (1)
- WRKY (1)
- WURZEL (1)
- Wachstum (1)
- Waldökosystem (1)
- Wasser (1)
- Wasserfluss (1)
- Wasserpermeabilität (1)
- Water stress (1)
- Wechselwirkung (1)
- Weinrebe (1)
- Westliche Balsampappel (1)
- Williamsia sp. ARP1 (1)
- Wirt (1)
- Wirtsfindung (1)
- Wnt signaling cascade (1)
- Wnt signalling (1)
- Wnt-Proteine (1)
- Wuchsleistung (1)
- Wundarznei (1)
- Wurzel-Spross-Stresssignal (1)
- Wurzelhalsgallen (1)
- Wurzelknöllchen (1)
- Wurzelknöllchensymbiose (1)
- Wurzelsystem (1)
- Wurzelzellschichten (1)
- Würzburg (1)
- X-ray crystallography (1)
- X-ray diffraction (1)
- Xenobiotikum (1)
- Xenopus (1)
- Xenopus laevis oocytes (1)
- Xerostomia (1)
- Xylem vulnerability curve (1)
- Y-gastric bypass (1)
- Zea (1)
- Zellschichtspezifische Expression (1)
- Zelltod (1)
- Zentralzylinder (1)
- Zucker (1)
- Zucker-Signaling (1)
- Zuckerrübeneule (1)
- Zuckertransport (1)
- Zuckertransporter (1)
- Zusammensetzung (1)
- Zwei-Hefen-Hybrid-System (1)
- Zwiebel (1)
- abiotic stress tolerance of plants (1)
- abiotische Stresstoleranz von Pflanzen (1)
- abiotische stress (1)
- aboveground biomass (1)
- abscisic-acid activation (1)
- absorption (1)
- acquired thermotolerance (1)
- acquisition (1)
- actinobacteria (1)
- actinosporins (1)
- activation (1)
- acylcarnitine (1)
- adaption (1)
- adaptive conflict (1)
- aldehydes (1)
- alien (1)
- alignmen (1)
- aliphatic compounds (1)
- aliphatic glucosinolates (1)
- alkaloid detection methods (1)
- allene oxide synthase (1)
- amino acid analysis (1)
- amino acid transporter (1)
- amino-acid-metabolism (1)
- amplicon pyrosequencing (1)
- angiogenesis (1)
- animal models (1)
- anion channels (1)
- annotation (1)
- anoxia (1)
- antagonist (1)
- antagonists (1)
- anthropogenic disturbance (1)
- anti-microbial activit (1)
- anti-predator defence (1)
- anti-trypanosoma (1)
- antibodies (1)
- antibody production (1)
- antigen binding antibody fragment (Fab) (1)
- antioxidant (1)
- antioxidants (1)
- antiport (1)
- antisense (1)
- apical GLUT2 (1)
- apoplast (1)
- aqueous pathways (1)
- arabidopsis (1)
- arabidopsis-thaliana (1)
- artificial neural network (1)
- artificial rearing (1)
- asparaginase (1)
- asparagine (1)
- asparagine synthetase (1)
- aspergillus fumigatus (1)
- assembly (1)
- atmospheric chemistry (1)
- autotoxicity (1)
- azelaic acid (1)
- bPAC (1)
- bZIP transcription fators (1)
- bZIPs (1)
- bacteria (1)
- bacterial communities (1)
- bacterial community (1)
- bacterial genomics (1)
- bariatric surgery (1)
- basale Immunität (1)
- bee disease (1)
- behavior (1)
- beta diversity (1)
- beta-multifunctionality (1)
- beta1-adrenergic receptor (1)
- betaglycan (1)
- biliopancreatic diversion (1)
- binding analysis (1)
- bioactive (1)
- bioartificial tissue (1)
- bioartifizielles Rekonstruktionsgewebe (1)
- bioassays (1)
- bioavailibility (1)
- biofilms (1)
- biogenic volatile organic compounds (1)
- biological locomotion (1)
- biomass (1)
- biophysics (1)
- biosurfactants (1)
- biosynthetic gene clusters (1)
- biosynthetic glycosylation (1)
- biotic and abiotic stress (1)
- biotic stress (1)
- biotische stress (1)
- bipartite metabolism (1)
- bluelight (1)
- body weight (1)
- bone homeostasis (1)
- bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) (1)
- bone morphogenetic proteins (1)
- bone regeneration (1)
- brush border membrane (1)
- bryozoan bugula-neritina (1)
- buckwheat (1)
- buds (1)
- butenolide (1)
- cGMP (1)
- cIAP (1)
- caged glutamate (1)
- calcium absorption (1)
- calcium dependent membrane conductance (1)
- calcium oscillations (1)
- calcium signalling (1)
- calciumabhängige Membranleitfähigkeiten (1)
- canine cancer cell lines (1)
- canine cancer therapy (1)
- canine soft tissue sarcoma (CSTS) (1)
- capra hircus (1)
- cardiomyocytes (1)
- carnivorous plants (1)
- carnivorus plants (1)
- carrier (1)
- caterpillars (1)
- cathepsin (1)
- cathepsin-L (1)
- cell binding assay (1)
- cell compartmentation (1)
- cell culture (1)
- cell cycle and cell division (1)
- cell death (1)
- cell membranes (1)
- cell metabolism (1)
- cell-type specific (1)
- cell-wall invertases (1)
- cellular binding studies (1)
- channelrhodopsin (1)
- channelrhodopsins (1)
- channels (1)
- chemical glycosylation (1)
- chemische Ökologie (1)
- chemotherapy (1)
- chlamydomonas reinhardtii (1)
- chlamyopsin (1)
- chlorella (1)
- chlorophyll fluorescence (1)
- chlorophyll fluorescence imaging (1)
- chondrodysplasia (1)
- circadian rhythm (1)
- circular dichroism spectra (1)
- cis-element modules (1)
- class II TGA factors (1)
- climatological water deficit (1)
- clinical practice guidelines (1)
- co-cultivation (1)
- cold stress (1)
- community structure (1)
- compounds (1)
- computational cell biology (1)
- conductance (1)
- conidial differentiation (1)
- contact lens (1)
- cool-season grass species (1)
- cotransporter (1)
- cotransporter SGLT1 (1)
- covalent coupling (1)
- cpYFP cytosolic pH reporter (1)
- cristae (1)
- crown gall (1)
- crown galls (1)
- cultivation (1)
- cuticular permeability (1)
- cuticular transpiration (1)
- cuticular uptake (1)
- cuticular wax (1)
- cuticular waxes (1)
- cutin (1)
- cyanobacteria (1)
- cyanobacterium (1)
- cyclic GMP (1)
- cyclic compounds (1)
- cyclic dipeptide (1)
- cyclin-dependent kinases (1)
- cystin knot protein (1)
- cytokinins (1)
- cytosolic pH (1)
- de novo sequenced genomes (1)
- defence (1)
- defence mechanisms (1)
- defence response (1)
- dehydration (1)
- denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (1)
- density (1)
- depolarization (1)
- desert (1)
- desert soil (1)
- diazepinomicin (1)
- diazidisches Motiv (1)
- differential coverage binning (1)
- differentiation (1)
- diffusive component (1)
- dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (1)
- dionaea muscipula (1)
- direct PCR (1)
- discovery (1)
- disease resistance (1)
- divergence times (1)
- dodder (1)
- dominance (1)
- double electrode voltage clamp (1)
- doxorubicin (1)
- draft genome (1)
- drosophila melanogaster (1)
- drug discovery (1)
- drug metabolism (1)
- drugs (1)
- du Pan dysplasia (1)
- duodenal jejunal bypass (1)
- duplicate genes (1)
- eATP (1)
- earlywood (1)
- ecophysiology (1)
- effectors (1)
- electrochromic absorbance shift (1)
- electron density (1)
- electrophysiology (1)
- elektrische Signale (1)
- elicitors (1)
- embolism resistance (1)
- embryology (1)
- empagliflozin (1)
- endoplasmatic reticulum (1)
- enemy hypothesis (1)
- energy conservation (1)
- energy deprivation (1)
- energy dissipation (1)
- energy metabolism (1)
- energy signaling (1)
- enzymes (1)
- eosinophil (1)
- epigenetics (1)
- epiphytes (1)
- epithelial cells (1)
- escherichia coli (1)
- evolution (1)
- evolutionary developmental biology (1)
- excretory-secretory (1)
- exocytosis (1)
- exodermis (1)
- experimental vegetation (1)
- experimentelle Vegetation (1)
- expression (1)
- extended phenotype (1)
- extrafloral nectaries (1)
- extraflorale Nektarien (1)
- extrazelluläre Invertasen (1)
- farm forestry (1)
- farmland woodlots (1)
- fatty acid (1)
- fatty acids (1)
- fermentation (1)
- ferns (1)
- fibre length (1)
- fine root biomass (1)
- fine root necromass (1)
- flagellin (1)
- flg22 (1)
- flow path (1)
- flowering plants (1)
- fluorescence (1)
- fluorescence microscopy (1)
- fluorescent microscopy (1)
- fluorometry (1)
- food intake (1)
- foragers (1)
- foraging (1)
- foraging activity (1)
- fractal analysis (1)
- functional absorption cross section of PS II (1)
- functional studies (1)
- fungal spores (1)
- gamma (1)
- gaschromatography-mass spectrometry (1)
- gastrointestinal mucositis (1)
- gene (1)
- gene activation (1)
- gene expression profiling (1)
- gene regulation (1)
- gene stability (1)
- genetically modified plants (1)
- genome analysis (1)
- genome assembly (1)
- genomic analysis (1)
- genomic databases (1)
- gezielte Radiotherapie (1)
- glands (1)
- glaucoma (1)
- glossy11 (1)
- glucagon like peptide-1 (1)
- glucose (1)
- glucose handling (1)
- glucose lowering agent (1)
- glucose metabolism (1)
- glucose transport (1)
- glucose/sucrose transport (1)
- glycerol (1)
- glycoengineering (1)
- glycophyte Arabidopsis (1)
- glycoprotein (1)
- grass endophytes (1)
- grasslands (1)
- grebe (1)
- green fluorescence protein (GFP) (1)
- growth (1)
- growth and differentiation factor 5 (1)
- growth factor beta (1)
- growth rate (1)
- growth ring width (1)
- guanylyl cyclase (1)
- guanylyl cyclase (GC) (1)
- gustatory receptors (Grs) (1)
- gut hormones (1)
- halophyte Thellungiella/Eutrema (1)
- heart (1)
- heat shock response (1)
- heat stress (1)
- hemiparasite (1)
- hemolymph lipids (1)
- herbivore defense strategies (1)
- heterologous expression (1)
- high performance liquid chromatography (1)
- high resolution visualisation (1)
- high throughput screening (1)
- higher plants (1)
- honeybee taste perception (1)
- hormone flow modelling (1)
- horses (1)
- horsetail (1)
- human diseases (1)
- human interleukin-4 (1)
- humaner Natrium-Iodid-Symporter (1)
- hybrid assembly (1)
- hydration (1)
- hydraulic architecture (1)
- hydraulic efficiency (1)
- hydraulic variability (1)
- hydroxylamine (1)
- hyperexpression techniques (1)
- hyperglycemia (1)
- hyperpolarisation (1)
- hyperpolarization (1)
- iLID (1)
- imaging (1)
- imaging PAM (1)
- immunity response (1)
- immunolocalisation (1)
- immunomodulatory (1)
- in-vitro (1)
- incompatible interaction (1)
- increases bone-formation (1)
- incretin secretion (1)
- indirect defense (1)
- indirect plant defence (1)
- indirekte Verteidigung (1)
- indole-glucosinolates (1)
- induced metabolites (1)
- infection rates (1)
- inflammation (1)
- inflated fruiting calyx (1)
- insect (1)
- insect-plant-interaction (1)
- intact plants (1)
- interaction (1)
- interleukin-13 (1)
- interleukin-4 (1)
- interleukin-5 signaling (1)
- intestinal glucose (1)
- intestinal mucositis (1)
- intraguild predation (1)
- intrauterine growth (1)
- invasive (1)
- invertase (1)
- invertase inhibitor (1)
- iodides (1)
- ion signaling (1)
- ion transport (1)
- isolation (1)
- isoprene (1)
- isoprostanes (1)
- isothiocyanates (1)
- jasmonic acid biosynthesis (1)
- jasmonoyl-isoleucine (1)
- kidney disease (1)
- klinische Studie (1)
- kutikuläre Aufnahme (1)
- lamin (1)
- laminopathy (1)
- latewood (1)
- latitude (1)
- leaching (1)
- leaf (1)
- leaf beetle (1)
- leaf wax analysis (1)
- leaves (1)
- lebende Pflanzen (1)
- lichen (1)
- lichtgesteuerte Manipulation (1)
- ligand (1)
- ligand binding (1)
- ligand-receptor complex (1)
- ligand-receptor promiscuity (1)
- light-driven metabolism (1)
- light-induced dimerization (1)
- light-sensitive anion channel (1)
- lightinduced manipulation (1)
- lignan (1)
- linkage analysis (1)
- lipid peroxidation (1)
- lipid remodeling (1)
- lipid signaling (1)
- lipid transfer proteins (1)
- lipidomics (1)
- lipochitinoligosaccharides (1)
- lipoproteins (1)
- live-cell imaging (1)
- livestock (1)
- living plants (1)
- localization (1)
- locomotor activity (1)
- long-chain base (1)
- lox6 (1)
- luciferase (1)
- luminal Ca2+ sensing sites (1)
- luminale Ca2+-Sensorstellen (1)
- luminescence (1)
- malaria parasites (1)
- male sterility (1)
- marine (1)
- marine Synechococcus strains (1)
- marine bacteria (1)
- marine microalgae (1)
- marine natural products (1)
- marker genes (1)
- mass spectrometry (1)
- mechanisms (1)
- mechanosensation (1)
- medicinal plant (1)
- medicinal plants (1)
- medicine (1)
- membrane anchor (1)
- membrane depolarization (1)
- membrane protein (1)
- membrane proteins (1)
- membrane remodeling (1)
- mercury (1)
- meristems (1)
- mesophyll (1)
- mesophyll cells (1)
- mesophyll vacuole (1)
- messenger-RNA (1)
- messenger-RNA translation (1)
- metabolic flux analysis (1)
- metabolic profiling (1)
- metabolomic (1)
- metabolomic changes (1)
- method comparison (1)
- methyl jasmonate (1)
- mice (1)
- microarray (1)
- microbial communities (1)
- microbial rhodopsin (1)
- microelectrodes (1)
- microorganism (1)
- mineral nutrient (1)
- minimum (1)
- missense (1)
- mitochondrial activity (1)
- models (1)
- molecular engineering (1)
- molecular pathways (1)
- molecular structure (1)
- morphological adaptions (1)
- multiple linear regression (1)
- multiple myeloma (1)
- multivariate analysis (1)
- mustard oil bomb (1)
- mutagenesis (1)
- mycotoxins (1)
- männliche Sterilität (1)
- natural products (1)
- ndhH gene (1)
- necromass/biomass ratio (1)
- necrotic cell death (1)
- nectar (1)
- nectar secretion (1)
- nectaries (1)
- needle surface waxes (1)
- nektar (1)
- nektarien (1)
- neuer anti-infektiver Substanzen (1)
- neurochemistry (1)
- neurology (1)
- neuronal silencing (1)
- neuronal visual system (1)
- neutralizing antibody (1)
- next generation sequencing (1)
- nitrate reductase (1)
- nitric oxide (1)
- nitrogen status (1)
- nittric (1)
- non-host resistance (1)
- non-indigenous (1)
- nonribosomal peptide synthetase (1)
- nucleus (1)
- nurse bees (1)
- nursing (1)
- nutrient deficiency (1)
- nutrient uptake (1)
- nutrition (1)
- oberflächenaktive Stoffe (1)
- oil palm (1)
- olfactory bioassay (1)
- olfactory receptor (1)
- oncolytic virus (1)
- onion (1)
- onkolytische Viren (1)
- oocytes (1)
- opsins (1)
- oral mucositis (1)
- organic (1)
- osteoblasts (1)
- osteoporosis (1)
- oxidative NO-Bildung (1)
- oxidative NO-formation (1)
- oxidative and pH dependent regulation (1)
- oxidative stress (1)
- oxidative und pH-abhängige Regulation (1)
- oxide DAF (1)
- oxidized lipids (1)
- ozone (1)
- pH-Wert (1)
- package (1)
- paediatric research (1)
- parasite biology (1)
- parasitic plants (1)
- parasitoid (1)
- parkinsonism (1)
- particle bombardment (1)
- patch-clamp (1)
- patchiness (1)
- pathogen vector (1)
- pathogens (1)
- pbl (1)
- pea (1)
- peltula patellata (1)
- peptide engineering (1)
- peptide-based interleukin-5 inhibitor (1)
- perennial ryegrass (1)
- permeability (1)
- permeation (1)
- permeation and transport (1)
- pesicicles (1)
- pesticides (1)
- pflanze (1)
- pflanzliche Elektrophysiologie (1)
- pflanzliche Kutikula (1)
- pflanzliche Pathogenresistenz (1)
- pflanzliche Sterole (1)
- pflanzliche Vaccine (1)
- phage display (1)
- pharmacophore map (1)
- pharmacy (1)
- phenolic compounds (1)
- phenolic constituents (1)
- phenolics (1)
- phenology (1)
- phenols (1)
- phenotypic plasticity (1)
- phosphoproteomics (1)
- photoaktiviert (1)
- photoinhibition (1)
- photoprotection (1)
- photoreceptors (1)
- photosynthetic electron transport (1)
- photosystem II (1)
- phylogenetic (1)
- phylogenetic trees (1)
- phylogenetics (1)
- phylogenomics (1)
- phytochemicals (1)
- phytochemistry (1)
- phytohormones (1)
- phytoprostane (1)
- pilocarpine (1)
- pimelic acid (1)
- pit membrane diameter (1)
- placidium (1)
- plakortide E. (1)
- plakortis halichondroides (1)
- plan sciences (1)
- plant cells (1)
- plant communities (1)
- plant decorations (1)
- plant defense (1)
- plant development (1)
- plant fresh/dry weight (1)
- plant genomics (1)
- plant growth and development (1)
- plant immunity (1)
- plant molecular biology (1)
- plant pathogen resistance (1)
- plant photoassimilate partitioning (1)
- plant signaling (1)
- plant signalling (1)
- plant size (1)
- plant sphingolipid metabolism (1)
- plant-animal interaction (1)
- plant-derived vaccines (1)
- plant-pathogen-interaction (1)
- plant-plant interaction (1)
- plants response (1)
- plant–microbe interaction (1)
- plant–pathogen interaction (1)
- plasma membrane (1)
- pollen germination (1)
- pollen tube calcium anion channel kinase (1)
- pollen tubes (1)
- polyamines (1)
- polyketide synthase gene (1)
- polymerization (1)
- polyvinyl chloride (1)
- pore (1)
- porin (1)
- postmenopausal osteoporosis (1)
- postmortales Humangewebe (1)
- postmortem human tissue (1)
- posttranscriptional regulation (1)
- potassium carrier (1)
- potassium channels (1)
- powdery mildew (1)
- powdery mildew desease (1)
- presteady-state (1)
- presteady-state Ströme (1)
- prevention (1)
- primary metabolites (1)
- proboscis extension reflex (1)
- proboscis extension response (PER) (1)
- programmierter Zelltod (1)
- promoter activity (1)
- promoter regulation (1)
- prostaglandins (1)
- protease inhibitor (1)
- protein (1)
- protein interaction (1)
- protein secondary structure (1)
- protein structure (1)
- protein translocation (1)
- protein-1 CDMP1 gene (1)
- protein-protein interactions (1)
- protein-protein recognition (1)
- proteins (1)
- proteomic (1)
- proteomic analysis (1)
- proteomics (1)
- proteomics analysis (1)
- proton efflux (1)
- protoplast (1)
- protoplast transformation (1)
- protoplasten (1)
- protoplasts (1)
- pseudomonas syringae (1)
- psora decipiens (1)
- pulvini (1)
- quantitative trait locus (1)
- quercetin (1)
- quinoa (1)
- rainfall gradient (1)
- random forest (1)
- ranscription factors (1)
- rat hippocampal neurons (1)
- rat model (1)
- rat small-intestine (1)
- rates (1)
- ray solution scattering (1)
- reaction centre (1)
- reactivation (1)
- reactive electrophile oxylipins (1)
- reactive oxygen species (ROS) (1)
- recent origin (1)
- receptor kinases (1)
- receptor type III (1)
- recj exonuclease (1)
- redox homeostasis (1)
- regulator genes (1)
- regurgitation (1)
- relapsing fever (1)
- repeated dose (1)
- resistance (1)
- resveratrol biosynthesis (1)
- reveals (1)
- rheumatoid-arthritis (1)
- rhizobacteria (1)
- rhodesain (1)
- ribosomal RNA (1)
- ribosomal RNA genes (1)
- rice (1)
- root infection systems (1)
- root morphology (1)
- root pathogens (1)
- root-to-shoot stress signal (1)
- rootsystem (1)
- rough woodlouse (1)
- s-phase (1)
- sRNA (1)
- saccharmyces cerevisiae (1)
- safety-efficiency trade-off (1)
- salicylic acid (1)
- salinity stress (1)
- scFv (1)
- schutz (1)
- sclerostin (1)
- screening tools (1)
- seasonality (1)
- secondary metabolomics (1)
- seed coat (1)
- seed dispersal strategy (1)
- seed protein concentration (1)
- seed treatment (1)
- seedling establishment (1)
- seedlings (1)
- selection (1)
- sequence analysis (1)
- sequestration (1)
- shock response (1)
- signal inhibition (1)
- signal specification (1)
- single cell (1)
- single-cell genomics (1)
- single-stranded-DNA (1)
- slowly-binding reversible inhibitor (1)
- small-angle scattering (1)
- sodium channel (1)
- sodium uptake (1)
- sodium/glucose cotransporters (SGLT) (1)
- soil crust (1)
- soil-borne microorganisms (1)
- spacer sequences (1)
- species composition (1)
- specificity (1)
- sphingolipid (1)
- sphingomonads (1)
- sponge (1)
- sponge holicolona-simulans (1)
- sponge microbiome (1)
- sponge-associated actinomyetes (1)
- staphilococci (1)
- staurosporine (1)
- stomatal closure (1)
- stress signaling cascade (1)
- stress tolerance (1)
- striga (1)
- structural biology (1)
- structure (1)
- structure analysis (1)
- structured illumination microscope (1)
- styrylpyrones (1)
- subcutaneous animal model (1)
- suberin (1)
- successional stage (1)
- sugar absorption (1)
- sugar beet (1)
- sugar responsiveness (1)
- sugar signaling (1)
- sugar transport (1)
- sugar transport protein (1)
- sulforaphane (1)
- superfamily (1)
- support vector machine (1)
- surface potential recording (1)
- surfactants (1)
- symbionts (1)
- symbiosis (1)
- symbiotic bacteria (1)
- symbolism (1)
- symport (1)
- synechocystis (1)
- synthetic D-glucose analogy (1)
- syringae (1)
- systemic acquired resistance (1)
- systemic resistance (1)
- systemisch erworbene Resistenz (1)
- systemische Resistenz (1)
- tannins (1)
- targeting (1)
- task allocation (1)
- taxonomy (1)
- temperature (1)
- terpenes (1)
- thaliana (1)
- tobacco (1)
- tool (1)
- topology (1)
- touch (1)
- toxicity testing (1)
- transcription factor function (1)
- transcriptional profiling (1)
- transcriptomics (1)
- transformation (1)
- transiente Transformation (1)
- transition temperature (1)
- transporter (1)
- transporters (1)
- trap closure (1)
- tree architecture (1)
- tree growth (1)
- triacylglycerols (1)
- triterpenoids (1)
- tritrophic interactions (1)
- tropisms (1)
- trypanosoma brucei (1)
- tryptophan (1)
- tumor cell (1)
- tumor development (1)
- two-component (1)
- two-component system (1)
- two-hybrid system (1)
- tyloses (1)
- type 2 diabetes (1)
- ultrastructure (1)
- ultraviolet (1)
- ultraviolet radiation (1)
- ultraviolette Strahlung (1)
- undernourishment (1)
- unfolded protein response (1)
- unsaturated Fatty Acids (1)
- vacuolar calcium sensor (1)
- vacuolar membrane (1)
- vacuolar proton-ATPase (1)
- valinomycin (1)
- vertical and radial variation (1)
- vertikale Weitergabe (1)
- very long-chain aliphatic compounds (1)
- very-long-chain aldehydes (1)
- vessel lumen diameter (1)
- vessel tapering (1)
- volatile (1)
- volatile organic compounds (1)
- volatiles (1)
- voltage clamp fluorometry (1)
- voltage dependent (1)
- voltage gating (1)
- volvox carteri (1)
- von Willebrand type C domain (1)
- wasserhaushalt (1)
- water (1)
- water availability (1)
- water flow (1)
- water relation (1)
- water relations (1)
- water transport root (1)
- waterpermeability (1)
- wax biosynthesis (1)
- wax composition (1)
- waxes (1)
- web server (1)
- weed dodder (1)
- whole genome sequencing (1)
- whole-genome duplication (1)
- windpipe (1)
- wood density (1)
- wood formation (1)
- wood production (1)
- wood rays (1)
- wounding (1)
- xenobiotic metabolism (1)
- xerostomia (1)
- xylem (1)
- xylem loading (1)
- yeast-elicitor (1)
- zelluläre Bindungsstudien (1)
- zyklische Peptide (1)
- Ökologie (1)
- Ökophysiologie (1)
- Österreichische Sumpfkresse (1)
- ß-D-Glucosidase (1)
- ß-D-glucosidase (1)
Institute
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften (362) (remove)
Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg (1)
- Fraunhofer IGB Stuttgart (1)
- GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel (1)
- Goethe-Universität Frankfurt (1)
- IZKF (Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Klinische Forschung), Universität Würzburg (1)
- IZKF Laboratory for Microarray Applications, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (1)
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften Lehrstuhl für Botanik II - Ökophysiologie und Vegetationsökologie (1)
- Leuphana Universität Lüneburg (1)
- Technische Universität Dresden (1)
- Technische Universität München (1)
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are involved in various aspects of cell-cell communication in complex life forms. They act as morphogens, help differentiate different cell types from different progenitor cells in development, and are involved in many instances of intercellular communication, from forming a body axis to healing bone fractures, from sugar metabolism to angiogenesis. If the same protein or protein family carries out many functions, there is a demand to regulate and fine-tune their biological activities, and BMPs are highly regulated to generate cell- and context-dependent outcomes.
Not all such instances can be explained yet. Growth/differentiation factor (GDF)5 (or BMP14) synergizes with BMP2 on chondrogenic ATDC5 cells, but antagonizes BMP2 on myoblastic C2C12 cells. Known regulators of BMP2/GDF5 signal transduction failed to explain this context-dependent difference, so a microarray was performed to identify new, cell-specific regulatory components. One identified candidate, the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)2, was analyzed as a potential new co-receptor to BMP ligands such as GDF5: It was shown that FGFR2 directly binds BMP2, GDF5, and other BMP ligands in vitro, and FGFR2 was able to positively influence BMP2/GDF5-mediated signaling outcome in cell-based assays. This effect was independent of FGFR2s kinase activity, and independent of the downstream mediators SMAD1/5/8, p42/p44, Akt, and p38. The elevated colocalization of BMP receptor type IA and FGFR2 in the presence of BMP2 or GDF5 suggests a signaling complex containing both receptors, akin to other known co-receptors of BMP ligands such as repulsive guidance molecules.
This unexpected direct interaction between FGF receptor and BMP ligands potentially opens a new category of BMP signal transduction regulation, as FGFR2 is the second receptor tyrosine kinase to be identified as BMP co-receptor, and more may follow. The integration of cell surface interactions between members of the FGF and BMP family especially may widen the knowledge of such cellular communication mechanisms which involve both growth factor families, including morphogen gradients and osteogenesis, and may in consequence help to improve treatment options in osteochodnral diseases.
Calcium ion (Ca2+) and protons (H+) are both regarded as second messengers, participating in plant growth and stress mechanisms. However, H+ signals in plant physiology are less well investigated compared to Ca2+ signals. If interconnections between these two second messengers exist remains to be uncovered because appropriate imaging tools to monitor Ca2+ and H+ simultaneously in the same cell as well as accurate bioinformatics analysis remain to be developed. To overcome this problem and unravel the role and possible interconnection of Ca2+ and H+ in plants, a new biosensor named CapHensor was developed and optimized to visualize intracellular Ca2+ and H+ changes simultaneously and ratiometrically in the same cell. The CapHensor consisted of an optimized green fluorescent pH sensor (PRpHluorin) and an established red fluorescent Ca2+ sensor (R-GECO1) that were combined in one construct via a P2A sequence. A P2A self-cleavage site between the two sensors allowed to express equal amounts but spatially separated sensors, which enabled artifact-free and ratiometric imaging of cellular Ca2+ and pH side-by-side. The function of the CapHensor was verified in pollen tubes, since they possess standing Ca2+ and pH gradients. We found better imaging quality and the signal-to-noise ratio to be enhanced in live-cell imaging when two R-GECO1 proteins were fused in tandem within the CapHensor construct. To guarantee exclusive subcellular localization and avoid mixed signals from different compartments, Nuclear Export Sequence (NES) and Nuclear Localization Sequence (NLS) were used to target PRpHluorin and R-GECO1 to distinct compartments. After optimization and verification its function, CapHensor was successfully expressed in different cell types to investigate the role of Ca2+ and H+ signals to control polar growth of pollen tube, stomatal movement or leaf defense signaling. Results obtained in the past indicated both Ca2+ gradients and pH gradients in pollen tubes play roles in polar growth. However, the role and temporal relationship between the growth process and changes in Ca2+ and pH have not been conclusively resolved. Using CapHensor, I found cytosolic acidification at the tip could promote and alkalization to suppress growth velocity in N. tabacum pollen tubes, indicating that cytosolic H+ concentrations ([H+]cyt) play an important role in regulation pollen tubes growth despite the accompanied changes in cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]cyt). Moreover, growth correlated much better with the tip [H+]cyt regime than with the course of the tip [Ca2+]cyt regime. However, surprisingly, tip-focused [Ca2+]cyt andII [H+]cyt oscillations both lagged behind growth oscillations approximately 33 s and 18 s, respectively, asking for a re-evaluation of the role that tip [Ca2+]cyt may play in pollen tube growth. Live-cell CapHensor imaging combined with electrophysiology uncovered that oscillatory membrane depolarization correlated better with tip [H+]cyt oscillations than with tip [Ca2+]cyt oscillations, indicative for a prominent role of [H+]cyt to also control electrogenic membrane transport. Using CapHensor, reading out cellular movement at the same time enabled to provide a precise temporal and spatial resolution of ion signaling events, pointing out a prominent role of [H+]cyt in pollen tube tip growth. For leaf cells, a special CapHensor construct design had to be developed, containing additional NES localization sequences to avoid overlapping of fluorescense signals from the nucleus and the cytosol. Once this was achieved, the role of Ca2+ and pH changes in guard cells, another typical single-cell system was investigated. Cytosolic pH changes have been described in stomatal movement, but the physiological role of pH and the interaction with changing Ca2+ signals were still unexplored. Combining CapHensor with the here developed technique to monitor stomatal movement in parallel, the role of Ca2+ and H+ in stomatal movement was studied in detail and novel aspects were identified. The phytohormone ABA and the bacterial elicitor flagellin (flg22) are typical abiotic and biotic stresses, respectively, to trigger stomatal closure. What kind of Ca2+ and H+ signals by ABA and flg22 are set-off in guard cells and what their temporal relationship and role for stomatal movement is were unknown. Similar [Ca2+]cyt increases were observed upon ABA and flg22 triggered stomatal closure, but [H+]cyt dynamics differed fundamentally. ABA triggered pronounced cytosolic alkalization preceded the [Ca2+]cyt responses significantly by 57 s while stomata started to close ca. 205 s after phytohormone application. With flg22, stomatal closure was accompanied only with a mild cytosolic alkalization but the [Ca2+]cyt response was much more pronounced compared to the ABA effects. Where the cytosolic alkalization originates from was unclear but the vacuole was speculated to contribute in the past. In this thesis, vacuolar pH changes were visualized by the dye BCECF over time, basically displaying exactly the opposite course of the concentration shift in the vacuole than observed in the cytosol. This is indicative for the vacuolar pH dynamics to be coupled strongly to the cytosolic pH changes. In stomatal closure signalling, reactive oxygen species (ROS) were proposed to play a major role, however, only very high concentration of H2O2 (> 200 µM), which resulted in the loss of membrane integrity, induced stomatal closure. Unexpectedly, physiological concentrations of ROS led to cytosolic acidificationIII which was associated with stomatal opening, but not stomatal closure. To study the role of [H+]cyt to steer stomatal movement in detail, extracellular and intracellular pH variations were evoked in N. tabacum guard cells and their behaviour was followed. The results demonstrated cytosolic acidification stimulated stomatal opening while cytosolic alkalization triggered stomatal closure accompanied by [Ca2+]cyt elevations. This demonstrated pH regulation to be an important aspect in stomatal movement and to feed-back on the Ca2+-dynamics. It was remarkable that cytosolic alkalization but not [Ca2+]cyt increase seemed to play a crucial role in stomatal closure, because more pronounced cytosolic alkalization, evoked stronger stomatal closure despite similar [Ca2+]cyt increases. Increases in [Ca2+]cyt, which are discussed as an early stomatal closure signal in the past, could not trigger stomatal closure alone in my experiments, even when extremely strong [Ca2+]cyt signals were triggered. Regarding the interaction between the two second messengers, [Ca2+]cyt and [H+]cyt were negatively correlated most of the times, which was different from pollen tubes showing positive correlation of [Ca2+]cyt and [H+]cyt regimes. [Ca2+]cyt elevations were always associated with a cytosolic alkalization and this relationship could be blocked by the presence of vanadate, a plasma membrane H+-pump blocker, indicating plasma membrane H+-ATPases to contribute to the negative correlation of [Ca2+]cyt and [H+]cyt. To compare with guard cells, cytosolic and nuclear versions of CapHensor were expressed in N. benthamiana mesophyll cells, a multicellular system I investigated. Mesophyll cell responses to the same stimuli as tested in guard cells demonstrated that ABA and H2O2 did not induce any [Ca2+]cyt and [H+]cyt changes while flg22 induced an increase in [Ca2+]cyt and [H+]cyt, which is different from the response in guard cells. I could thus unequivocally demonstrate that guard cells and mesophyll cells do respond differently with [Ca2+]cyt and [H+]cyt changes to the same stimuli, a concept that has been proposed before, but never demonstrated in such detail for plants. Spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations have been observed for a long time in guard cells, but the function or cause is still poorly understood. Two populations of oscillatory guard cells were identified according to their [Ca2+]cyt and [H+]cyt phase relationship in my study. In approximately half of the oscillatory cells, [H+]cyt oscillations preceded [Ca2+]cyt oscillations whereas [Ca2+]cyt was the leading signal in the other half of the guard cells population. Strikingly, natural [H+]cyt oscillations were dampened by ABA but not by flg22. This effect could be well explained by dampening of vacuolar H+ oscillations in the presence of ABA, but not through flg22. Vacuolar pH contributes to spontaneous [H+]cyt oscillations and ABA but not flg22 can block the interdependence of naturalIV [Ca2+]cyt and [H+]cyt signals. To study the role of [Ca2+]cyt oscillations in stomatal movement, solutions containing high and low KCl concentrations were applied aiming to trigger [Ca2+]cyt oscillations. The triggering of [Ca2+]cyt oscillations by this method was established two decades ago leading to the dogma that [Ca2+]cyt increases are the crucial signal for stomatal closure. However, I found stomatal movement by this method was mainly due to osmotic effects rather than [Ca2+]cyt increases. Fortunately, through this methodology, I found a strong correlation between cytosolic pH and the transport of potassium across the plasma membrane and vacuole existed. The plasma membrane H+-ATPases and H+-coupled K+ transporters were identified as the cause of [H+]cyt changes, both very important aspects in stomata physiology that were not visualized experimentally before. Na+ transport is also important for stomatal regulation and leaves generally since salt can be transported from the root to the shoot. Unlike well-described Ca2+- dependent mechanisms in roots, how leaves process salt stress is not at all understood. I applied salt on protoplasts from leaves, mesophyll cells and guard cells and combined live-cell imaging with Vm recordings to understand the transport and signaling for leaf cells to cope with salt stress. In both, mesophyll and guard cells, NaCl did not trigger Ca2+-signals as described for roots but rather triggered Ca2+ peaks when washing salt out. However, membrane depolarization and pronounced alkalinization were very reliably triggered by NaCl, which could presumably act as a signal for detoxification of high salt concentrations. In line with this, I found the vacuolar cation/H+ antiporter NHX1 to play a role in sodium transport, [H+]cyt homeostasis and the control of membrane potential. Overexpression of AtNHX1 enabled to diminish [H+]cyt changes and resulted in a smaller depolarization responses druing NaCl stress. My results thus demonstrated in contrast to roots, leaf cells do not use Ca2+-dependent signalling cascades to deal with salt stress. I could show Na+ and K+ induced [H+]cyt and Vm responses and Cl- transport to only have a minor impact. Summing all my results up briefly, I uncovered pH signals to play important roles to control pollen tube growth, stomatal movement and leaf detoxification upon salt. My results strongly suggested pH changes might be a more important signal than previously thought to steer diverse processes in plants. Using CapHensor in combination with electrophysiology and bioinformatics tools, I discovered distinct interconnections between [Ca2+]cyt and [H+]cyt in different cell types and distinct [Ca2+]cyt and [H+]cyt signals are initiated through diverse stimuli and environmental cues. The CapHensor will be very useful in the future to further investigate the coordinated role of Ca2+ and pH changes in controlling plant physiology.
Sphingolipid long-chain bases (LCBs) are the building blocks of the biosynthesis of sphingolipids. They
are defined as structural elements of the plant cell membrane and play an important role
determining the fate of the cells. Complex ceramides represent a substantial fraction of total
sphingolipids which form a major part of eukaryotic membranes. At the same time, LCBs are well
known signaling molecules of cellular processes in eukaryotes and are involved in signal transduction
pathways in plants. High levels of LCBS have been shown to be associated with the induction of
programmed cell death as well as pathogen-derived toxin-induced cell death. Indeed, several studies
confirmed the regulatory function of sphingobases in plant programmed cell death (PCD):
(i) Spontaneous PCD and altered cell death reaction caused by mutated related genes of sphingobase
metabolism. (ii) Cell death conditions increases levels of LCBs. (iii) PCD due to interfered sphingolipid
metabolism provoked by toxins produced from necrotrophic pathogens, such as Fumonisin B1 (FB1).
Therefore, to prevent cell death and control cell death reaction, the regulation of levels of free LCBs
can be crucial.
The results of the present study challenged the comprehension of sphingobases and sphingolipid
levels during PCD. We provided detailed analysis of sphingolipids levels that revealed correlations of
certain sphingolipid species with cell death. Moreover, the investigation of sphingolipid biosynthesis
allowed us to understand the flux after the accumulation of high LCB levels. However, further
analysis of degradation products or sphingolipid mutant lines, would be required to fully understand
how high levels of sphingobases are being treated by the plant.
Optogenetics is a powerful technique that utilizes light to precisely regulate physiological activities of neurons and other cell types. Specifically, light-sensitive ion channels, pumps or enzymes are expressed in cells to enable their regulation by illumination, thus allowing for precise control of biochemical signaling pathways. The first part of my study involved the construction, optimization, and characterization of two optogenetic tools, KCR1 and NCR1. Elena Govorunova et al. discovered a lightgated potassium channel, KCR1, in the protozoan Hyphochytrium catenoides. Traditional potassium ion channels are classified as either ligand-gated or voltage-gated and possess conserved pore-forming domains and K+ -selective filters. However, KCR1 is unique in that it does not contain the signature sequence of previously known K+ channels and is a channelrhodopsin. We synthesized the KCR1 plasmid according to the published sequence and expressed it in Xenopus oocytes. Due to the original KCR1 current being too small, I optimized it into KCR1 2.0 to improve its performance by fusing LR (signal peptide LucyRho, enhances expression) at the N-terminal and T (trafficking signal peptide) and E (ER export signal peptide) at the C-terminal. Additionally, I investigated the light sensitivity, action spectrum, and kinetics of KCR1 2.0 in Xenopus oocytes. The potassium permeability of KCR1 2.0, PK/Pna 24, makes KCR1 2.0 a powerful hyperpolarizing tool that can be used to inhibit neuronal firing in animals. Inspired by KCR1, we used the KCR1 sequence as a template for gene sequence alignment with the sequences in H. catenoides. We found that NCR1 and KCR1 have similar gene sequences. NCR1 was characterized by us as a light-gated sodium channel. This NCR1 was also characterized and published by Govorunova et al. very recently, with the name HcCCR. Due to the original NCR1 current being too small, I optimized it into NCR1 2.0 to improve its performance by fusing LR at the N-terminal and T and E at the C-terminal, which significantly improved the expression level and greatly increased the current amplitude of NCR1. Full-length NCR1 2.0 contains 432 amino acids. To test whether the number of amino acids changes the characteristics of NCR1 2.0, we designed NCR1 2.0 (330), NCR1 2.0 (283), and NCR1 2.0 (273) by retaining the number of amino acids at 330, 280, and 273 in NCR1 2.0, respectively. As the number of amino acids decreased, the current in NCR1 2.0 increased. I also investigated the light sensitivity, action spectrum, and kinetics of NCR1 2.0 (273) in the Xenopus Abstract 2 oocytes. We performed four point mutations at amino acid positions 133 and 116 of NCR1 2.0 and analyzed the reversal potentials of the mutants. The mutations were as follows: NCR1 2.0 (273 D116H), NCR1 2.0 (273 D116E), NCR1 2.0 (283 V133H), and NCR1 2.0 (283 D116Q). The second part of this study focuses on light-induced water transport using optogenetic tools. We explored the use of optogenetic tools to regulate water flow by changing the osmolarity in oocytes. Water flux through AQP1 is driven by the osmotic gradient that results from concentration differences of small molecules or ions. Therefore, we seek to regulate ion concentrations, using optogenetic tools to regulate the flux of water noninvasively. To achieve this, I applied the light-gated cation channels XXM 2.0 and NCR1 2.0 to regulate the concentration of Na+ , while K + channel KCR1 2.0 was used to regulate K + concentration. As Na+ flows into the Xenopus oocytes, the membrane potential of the oocytes becomes positive, and Clcan influx through the light-gated anion channel GtACR1. By combining these optogenetic tools to regulate NaCl or KCl concentrations, I can change the osmolarity inside the oocytes, thus regulating the flux of water. I co-expressed AQP1 with optogenetic tools in the oocytes to accelerate water flux. Overall, I designed three combinations (1: AQP1, XXM 2.0 and GtACR1. 2: AQP1, NCR1 2.0 and GtACR1. 3: AQP1, KCR1 2.0 and GtACR1) to regulate the flow of water in oocytes. The shrinking or swelling of the oocytes can only be achieved when AQP1, light-gated cation channels (XXM 2.0/NCR1 2.0/KCR1 2.0), and light-gated anion channels (GtACR1) are expressed together. The illumination after expression of either or both alone does not result in changes in oocyte morphology. In sum, I demonstrated a novel strategy to manipulate water movement into and out of Xenopus oocytes, non-invasively through illumination. These findings provide a new avenue to interfere with water homeostasis as a means to study related biological phenomena across cell types and organisms.
Xylem hydraulic safety and efficiency are key traits determining tree fitness in a warmer and drier world. While numerous plant hydraulic studies have focused on branches, our understanding of root hydraulic functioning remains limited, although roots control water uptake, influence stomatal regulation and have commonly been considered as the most vulnerable organ along the hydraulic pathway.
We investigated 11 traits related to xylem safety and efficiency along the hydraulic pathway in four temperate broad-leaved tree species.
Continuous vessel tapering from coarse roots to stems and branches caused considerable reduction in hydraulic efficiency. Wood density was always lowest in roots, but did not decline linearly along the flow path. In contrast, xylem embolism resistance (P50) did not differ significantly between roots and branches, except for one species. The limited variation in xylem safety between organs did not adequately reflect the corresponding reductions in vessel diameter (by ~70%) and hydraulic efficiency (by ~85%). Although we did not observe any trade-off between xylem safety and specific conductivity, vessel diameter, vessel lumen fraction and wood density were related to embolism resistance, both across and partly within organs.
We conclude that coarse roots are not highly vulnerable to xylem embolism as commonly believed, indicating that hydraulic failure during soil drying might be restricted to fine roots.
In contrast to the well described molecular basis for S-type anion currents, the genes underlying R-type anion currents were unknown until 2010. Meyer S. and colleagues (2010) showed that, localized in the guard cell plasma membrane, AtALMT12 is an R-type anion channel involved in stomatal closure. However, knocking out AtALMT12 did not fully shut down R-type currents; the almt12 loss-of-function mutant has residual R-type-like currents indicating that ALMT12 is not the only gene encoding Arabidopsis thaliana R-type channels (Meyer S. et al., 2010). This PhD thesis is focussed on understanding the properties, regulation and molecular nature of the R-type channels in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. To fulfil these aims, the patch clamp technique was used to characterize electrical features of R-type currents in various conditions such as the presence/absence of ATP, variation in cytosolic calcium concentration or the presence of cytosolic chloride. Electrophysiological study revealed many similarities between the features of Arabidopsis thaliana R-type currents (Col0) and residual R-type currents (the almt12 loss-of-function mutant). Strong voltage dependency, channel activity in the same voltage range, position of maximal recorded current and blockage by cytosolic ATP all pointed to a shared phylogenetic origin of the channels underlying these R-type currents. Expression patterns of the ALMT family members for Col0 and the almt12 mutant revealed ALMT13 and AMT14 as potential candidates of the R-type channels. Electrical characterization of Col0, almt12 and the two double loss-of-function mutants (almt12/almt13 and almt12/almt14) strongly suggest that ALMT13 mediates the calcium-dependent R-type current component that is directly regulated by cytosolic calcium. Additionally, similarly to ALMT12, ALMT14 could participate as a calcium-independent R-type anion channel. Differences in response to the cytosolic calcium concentration between ALMT12, ALMT13 and ALMT14 suggest their possible involvement in different signalling pathways leading to stomatal closure. Moreover, a study performed for the two Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes Col0 and WS showed drastically increased ALMT13 expression for WS, which is related to R-type current properties. The WS ecotype has calcium-dependent R-type current behaviour, while it is calcium-independent in Col0. Furthermore, this plant line showed lower peak current densities compared to Col0 and almt mutants. These facts strongly suggest interaction between ALMT12 and ALMT13, with ALMT13 as a repressor of the ALMT12. Acquired patch clamp data revealed sulphate-dependent increases in ALMT13 current. This could be caused by changes in absolute open probability and/or permeability for sulphate and possibly chloride and links ALMT13 with sulphate-mediated stomatal closure under drought stress. It was then confirmed that ATP affects R-type currents. In contrast to Vicia faba, ATP was identified as a negative regulator of the Arabidopsis thaliana R-type anion channels. The effect of ATP is ambiguous but there is a high probability that it is a result of direct block and phosphorylation. However, the phosphorylation site and place of ATP binding needs further investigation.
The story of the ALMT family, as examined in this thesis, sheds light on the complexity of the stomatal closure process.
Epidermal fragments enriched in guard cells (GCs) were isolated from the halophyte quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.) species, and the response at the proteome level was studied after salinity treatment of 300 mM NaCl for 3 weeks. In total, 2147 proteins were identified, of which 36% were differentially expressed in response to salinity stress in GCs. Up and downregulated proteins included signaling molecules, enzyme modulators, transcription factors and oxidoreductases. The most abundant proteins induced by salt treatment were desiccation-responsive protein 29B (50-fold), osmotin-like protein OSML13 (13-fold), polycystin-1, lipoxygenase, alpha-toxin, and triacylglycerol lipase (PLAT) domain-containing protein 3-like (eight-fold), and dehydrin early responsive to dehydration (ERD14) (eight-fold). Ten proteins related to the gene ontology term “response to ABA” were upregulated in quinoa GC; this included aspartic protease, phospholipase D and plastid-lipid-associated protein. Additionally, seven proteins in the sucrose–starch pathway were upregulated in the GC in response to salinity stress, and accumulation of tryptophan synthase and L-methionine synthase (enzymes involved in the amino acid biosynthesis) was observed. Exogenous application of sucrose and tryptophan, L-methionine resulted in reduction in stomatal aperture and conductance, which could be advantageous for plants under salt stress. Eight aspartic proteinase proteins were highly upregulated in GCs of quinoa, and exogenous application of pepstatin A (an inhibitor of aspartic proteinase) was accompanied by higher oxidative stress and extremely low stomatal aperture and conductance, suggesting a possible role of aspartic proteinase in mitigating oxidative stress induced by saline conditions.
Soil salinity is a major environmental constraint affecting crop growth and threatening global food security. Plants adapt to salinity by optimizing the performance of stomata. Stomata are formed by two guard cells (GCs) that are morphologically and functionally distinct from the other leaf cells. These microscopic sphincters inserted into the wax-covered epidermis of the shoot balance CO\(_2\) intake for photosynthetic carbon gain and concomitant water loss. In order to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying stomatal function under saline conditions, we used proteomics approach to study isolated GCs from the salt-tolerant sugar beet species. Of the 2088 proteins identified in sugar beet GCs, 82 were differentially regulated by salt treatment. According to bioinformatics analysis (GO enrichment analysis and protein classification), these proteins were involved in lipid metabolism, cell wall modification, ATP biosynthesis, and signaling. Among the significant differentially abundant proteins, several proteins classified as “stress proteins” were upregulated, including non-specific lipid transfer protein, chaperone proteins, heat shock proteins, inorganic pyrophosphatase 2, responsible for energized vacuole membrane for ion transportation. Moreover, several antioxidant enzymes (peroxide, superoxidase dismutase) were highly upregulated. Furthermore, cell wall proteins detected in GCs provided some evidence that GC walls were more flexible in response to salt stress. Proteins such as L-ascorbate oxidase that were constitutively high under both control and high salinity conditions may contribute to the ability of sugar beet GCs to adapt to salinity by mitigating salinity-induced oxidative stress.
Embryo implantation requires a hospitable uterine environment. A key metabolic change that occurs during the peri-implantation period, and throughout early pregnancy, is the rise in endometrial glycogen content. Glycogen accumulation requires prior cellular uptake of glucose. Here we show that both human and murine endometrial epithelial cells express the high affinity Na\(^+\)-coupled glucose carrier SGLT1. Ussing chamber experiments revealed electrogenic glucose transport across the endometrium in wild type (\(Slc5a1^{+/+}\)) but not in SGLT1 defcient (\(Slc5a1^{−/−}\)) mice. Endometrial glycogen content, litter size and weight of offspring at birth were signifcantly lower in \(Slc5a1^{−/−}\) mice. In humans, \(SLC5A1\) expression was upregulated upon decidualization of primary endometrial stromal cells. Endometrial \(SLC5A1\) expression during the implantation window was attenuated in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss when compared with control subjects. Our fndings reveal a novel mechanism establishing adequate endometrial glycogen stores for pregnancy. Disruption of this histiotrophic pathway leads to adverse pregnancy outcome.
Farmland tree cultivation is considered an important option for enhancing wood production. In South India, the native leaf-deciduous tree species Melia dubia is popular for short-rotation plantations. Across a rainfall gradient from 420 to 2170 mm year\(^{–1}\), we studied 186 farmland woodlots between one and nine years in age. The objectives were to identify the main factors controlling aboveground biomass (AGB) and growth rates. A power-law growth model predicts an average stand-level AGB of 93.8 Mg ha\(^{–1}\) for nine-year-old woodlots. The resulting average annual AGB increment over the length of the rotation cycle is 10.4 Mg ha\(^{–1}\) year\(^{–1}\), which falls within the range reported for other tropical tree plantations. When expressing the parameters of the growth model as functions of management, climate and soil variables, it explains 65% of the variance in AGB. The results indicate that water availability is the main driver of the growth of M. dubia. Compared to the effects of water availability, the effects of soil nutrients are 26% to 60% smaller. We conclude that because of its high biomass accumulation rates in farm forestry, M. dubia is a promising candidate for short-rotation plantations in South India and beyond.