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Das zeitgleiche Auftreten eines ischämischen Schlaganfalls sowie eines Takotsubo-Syndroms (TTS) scheint eine relevante, bisher nicht ausreichend verstandene klinische Konstellation zu sein. Die Pathologien können als über die Hirn-Herz-Achse gekoppelt verstanden werden, in die die Blut-Hirn-Schranke (BHS) als funktionale Komponente integriert ist. Das klinisch-neurologische Outcome dieses Patient:innen-Kollektivs scheint signifikant schlechter zu sein als nach solitärem ischämischen Insult. Es wurde hypothetisiert, dass die BHS in besonderem Maße kompromittiert sein könnte. Das vorwiegend weibliche, postmenopausale Patient:innenkollektiv präsentierte laborchemisch elevierte Katecholaminspiegel sowie Entzündungsparameter. Diese Konditionen wurden unter Sauerstoff-Glucose-Entzug (OGD) in vitro simuliert und resultierende Alterationen eines etablierten BHS-Modells aus murinen cEND-Zellen der cerebralen Mikrozirkulation untersucht. Die Evaluation der BHS-Integrität erfolgte anhand von spezifischen Junktionsproteinen sowie Integrinuntereinheiten. Alle Versuche wurden parallel unter Östrogen-Applikation (E2) durchgeführt, um die mögliche BHS-Protektion durch das weibliche Sexualhormon zu untersuchen. Die getrennte Applikation von Katecholaminen (KAT) sowie Entzündungsmediatoren (INF) führte gegenüber der simultanen Applikation zu einem geringeren BHS-Schaden. Dieser erschien zeitgebunden, wobei sich das Ausmaß gewissermaßen proportional zur Einwirkdauer verhielt. Auswirkungen von OGD sowie einer Reoxygenierung, im Sinne einer simulierten Reperfusion, potenzierten sich mit den Effekten von KAT/INF. Überwiegend kompromittierten OGD und KAT/INF die BHS-Integrität, wobei nach Reoxygenierung eine „Erholung“ oder ein „Reperfusionsschaden“ vorlag. Eine Protektion durch E2 war morphologisch nachweisbar, speziell gegenüber OGD, KAT/INF sowie einem „Reperfusionsschaden“. Auf Ebene der Gen- sowie Proteinexpression konnte dies nicht gezeigt werden. Die Homöostase des ZNS würde in vivo beeinträchtigt, Katecholamine sowie Entzündungsmediatoren könnten ungehindert das bereits durch die Ischämie geschädigte neuronale Gewebe erreichen. Insgesamt trägt diese Arbeit zu einem Verständnis der molekularen BHS-Veränderungen im Kontext des zeitgleichen Auftretens von TTS und einem ischämischem Insult bei. Es wurde eine experimentelle Grundlage geschaffen, um zukünftig pathogenetische Hintergründe weiter erforschen zu können. Darauf aufbauend könnten, nach weiterer in vitro- sowie in vivo-Forschung, klinische Therapiekonzepte optimiert werden.
Tumore von Kopf und Hals gehen weiterhin mit einer schlechten Prognose einher. Im Rahmen einer operativen Therapie tritt Wundsekret (WS) aus, welches der Wundheilung dient. Dieses kann in Kontakt mit Tumorzellen bzw. Resttumor in der Wunde kommen.
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Frage nach dem Einfluss von Wundsekret auf Zellvermehrung, Chemoresistenzentwicklung, den Zellzyklus und die Induktion einer Epithelial-mesenchymalen Transition (EMT) in Tumorzellen von Kopf und Hals gestellt.
Hierfür wurde das WS von Tag1 und das WS von Tag 2 im Dotblot auf seine Zytokinzusammensetzung analysiert. Zwei Tumorzelllinien von Kopf und Hals, FaDu und HlaC78, wurden mit WSTag1 und WSTag2 behandelt und untersucht, welche Effekte das WS auf die Zellen hat.
Verwendet wurden ein Proliferationsassay, eine Zellzyklusuntersuchung und Apoptosetestung mittels FACS, eine PCR, ein Spheroidmodell und die Lichtmikroskopie.
Im WS wurden erhöhte Konzentrationen verschiedener Zytokine, insbesondere von IL-6, nachgewiesen. Gezeigt werden konnte eine gesteigerte Proliferationsrate der Tumorzellen unter WS-Behandlung, jedoch keine veränderte Verteilung der Zellzyklusphasen. In HlaC78-Zellen konnte eine vermehrte Vitalität nach Cisplatinbehandlung nachgewiesen werden. In beiden Tumorzelllinien fand sich eine vermehrte Exprimierung von Snail 1, Snail 2 und Vimentin. E-Cadherin wurde vermindert exprimiert. Twist und N-Cadherin wiesen keine Veränderungen auf. Es zeigte sich eine vermehrte Migration der Tumorzellen in die Umgebung. Die Zellen wiesen nach Behandlung mit WS vermehrt mesenchymale Zeichen auf. Es konnte kein Unterschied der Auswirkungen einer Behandlung mit WSTag1 im Vergleich zu einer Behandlung mit WSTag2 festgestellt werden.
Insgesamt scheint WS in Tumorzellen von Kopf und Hals einen EMT-artigen Prozess in Gang zu setzen, also eine partial EMT (pEMT).
Als mögliche Auslöser dieser Veränderungen kommen die im WS nachgewiesenen Zytokine und v. a. IL-6 in Frage.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a human-specific pathogen that causes gonorrhea, the second most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Disease progression, drug discovery, and basic host-pathogen interactions are studied using different approaches, which rely on models ranging from 2D cell culture to complex 3D tissues and animals. In this review, we discuss the models used in N. gonorrhoeae research. We address both in vivo (animal) and in vitro cell culture models, discussing the pros and cons of each and outlining the recent advancements in the field of three-dimensional tissue models. From simple 2D monoculture to complex advanced 3D tissue models, we provide an overview of the relevant methodology and its application. Finally, we discuss future directions in the exciting field of 3D tissue models and how they can be applied for studying the interaction of N. gonorrhoeae with host cells under conditions closely resembling those found at the native sites of infection.
Intracranial hemorrhage results in devastating forms of cerebral damage. Frequently, these results also present with cardiac dysfunction ranging from ECG changes to Takotsubo syndrome (TTS). This suggests that intracranial bleeding due to subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) disrupts the neuro–cardiac axis leading to neurogenic stress cardiomyopathy (NSC) of different degrees. Following this notion, SAH and secondary TTS could be directly linked, thus contributing to poor outcomes. We set out to test if blood circulation is the driver of the brain–heart axis by investigating serum samples of TTS patients. We present a novel in vitro model combining SAH and secondary TTS to mimic the effects of blood or serum, respectively, on blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity using in vitro monolayers of an established murine model. We consistently demonstrated decreased monolayer integrity and confirmed reduced Claudin-5 and Occludin levels by RT-qPCR and Western blot and morphological reorganization of actin filaments in endothelial cells. Both tight junction proteins show a time-dependent reduction. Our findings highlight a faster and more prominent disintegration of BBB in the presence of TTS and support the importance of the bloodstream as a causal link between intracerebral bleeding and cardiac dysfunction. This may represent potential targets for future therapeutic inventions in SAH and TTS.
In vitro rearing of honeybee larvae is an established method that enables exact control and monitoring of developmental factors and allows controlled application of pesticides or pathogens. However, only a few studies have investigated how the rearing method itself affects the behavior of the resulting adult honeybees. We raised honeybees in vitro according to a standardized protocol: marking the emerging honeybees individually and inserting them into established colonies. Subsequently, we investigated the behavioral performance of nurse bees and foragers and quantified the physiological factors underlying the social organization. Adult honeybees raised in vitro differed from naturally reared honeybees in their probability of performing social tasks. Further, in vitro-reared bees foraged for a shorter duration in their life and performed fewer foraging trips. Nursing behavior appeared to be unaffected by rearing condition. Weight was also unaffected by rearing condition. Interestingly, juvenile hormone titers, which normally increase strongly around the time when a honeybee becomes a forager, were significantly lower in three- and four-week-old in vitro bees. The effects of the rearing environment on individual sucrose responsiveness and lipid levels were rather minor. These data suggest that larval rearing conditions can affect the task performance and physiology of adult bees despite equal weight, pointing to an important role of the colony environment for these factors. Our observations of behavior and metabolic pathways offer important novel insight into how the rearing environment affects adult honeybees.
Vergleich der Bakterienlast in vivo und Wachstumskinetik in vitro hyperletaler Meningokokkentypen
(2020)
Die invasive Meningokokkenerkrankung stellt weltweit mit einer Letalität von 5-10% trotz antibiotischer Therapie eine Herausforderung dar. Ein spezifisches Virulenzgen, welches die Schwere der Meningokokkenerkrankung bestimmt, konnte bisher nicht definiert werden. Vorangegangene Studien zeigen eine Korrelation der Letalität mit der Bakterienlast, Unterschiede bezüglich der Letalität je nach Serogruppe, eine erhöhte Letalität bei Infektionen mit sogenannten hyperletalen Feintypen (bisher nicht veröffentlichte Daten des NRZMHi) sowie einen Unterschied in der maximal in Flüssigkultur erreichten Konzentration der Bakterien zwischen invasiven Stämmen und Trägerstämmen.
In dieser Arbeit wurden mögliche Gründe für die Hyperletalität bestimmter Meningokokkentypen experimentell untersucht. Insbesondere wird die Frage analysiert, ob die hyperletalen Meningokokkentypen mit einer höheren bakteriellen Last im Blut assoziiert sind und ob sie andere Wachstumscharakteristiken im Vergleich zu ihren Kontrollstämmen in vitro zeigen.
Hierzu erfolgte mittels quantitativer Echtzeit-Polymerase-Kettenreaktion die Bestimmung der bakteriellen Last in 62 Blutproben von Patienten mit bestätigter invasiver Meningokokkenerkrankung über den Nachweis des ctrA-Gens. Darunter waren elf Proben des hyperletalen Feintyps B:P1.7-2,4:F1-5 und fünf Proben des hyperletalen Feintyps C:P1.5,2:F3-3.
Die Wachstumsversuche wurden mit 30 zufällig gewählten Stämmen der hyperletalen Feintypen B:P1.7-2,4:F1-5, C:P1.5-1,10-8:F3-6 und C:P1.5,2:F3-3 mit ihren jeweiligen nach Alter und Geschlecht abgeglichenen nicht zu der Gruppe der hyperletalen Feintypen gehörenden Kontrollstämmen in dem Medium PPM+ durchgeführt.
Die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit μ sowie die Kapazität A (maximale Konzentrationszunahme als Logarithmus der gemessenen OD im Verhältnis zur Ausgangsdichte ODT0) wurden durch nicht-lineare Regression anhand der modifizierten Gompertz-Funktion ermittelt. Die Messung der optischen Dichte erfolgte alle 30 Minuten über 16 Stunden bei 620nm durch das Gerät TECAN Infinite 200 Pro (Tecan Group Ltd., Männedorf / Schweiz). Die Methode wurde anhand einer publizierten Studie zwischen Trägerstämmen und invasiven Stämmen (Schoen et al., 2014) validiert und bestätigte einen marginalen Unterschied in der optischen Dichte (p=0,057, Wilcoxon-Test) zwischen den Gruppen. Es zeigte sich kein Unterschied in der Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit.
Aus den Ergebnissen dieser Arbeit können drei wesentliche Schlussfolgerungen gezogen werden:
1.) Die Bakterienlast in dieser Stichprobe ist, entgegen der Literatur, nicht abhängig von der Serogruppe und dem Feintyp, jedoch von der Krankheitsmanifestation.
2.) Die Kapazität A ist in der Gruppe der „hyperletalen“ Typen im Vergleich zu den Kontrollstämmen möglicherweise höher.
3.) Größere Stichproben (Nativmaterial, Stämme) sind erforderlich, um die Beobachtungen dieser Studie zu bestätigen.
The Gram-negative Epsilonproteobacterium Campylobacter jejuni is currently the most prevalent bacterial foodborne pathogen. Like for many other human pathogens, infection studies with C. jejuni mainly employ artificial animal or cell culture models that can be limited in their ability to reflect the in-vivo environment within the human host. Here, we report the development and application of a human three-dimensional (3D) infection model based on tissue engineering to study host-pathogen interactions. Our intestinal 3D tissue model is built on a decellularized extracellular matrix scaffold, which is reseeded with human Caco-2 cells. Dynamic culture conditions enable the formation of a polarized mucosal epithelial barrier reminiscent of the 3D microarchitecture of the human small intestine. Infection with C. jejuni demonstrates that the 3D tissue model can reveal isolate-dependent colonization and barrier disruption phenotypes accompanied by perturbed localization of cell-cell junctions. Pathogenesis-related phenotypes of C. jejuni mutant strains in the 3D model deviated from those obtained with 2D-monolayers, but recapitulated phenotypes previously observed in animal models. Moreover, we demonstrate the involvement of a small regulatory RNA pair, CJnc180/190, during infections and observe different phenotypes of CJnc180/190 mutant strains in 2D vs. 3D infection models. Hereby, the CJnc190 sRNA exerts its pathogenic influence, at least in part, via repression of PtmG, which is involved in flagellin modification. Our results suggest that the Caco-2 cell-based 3D tissue model is a valuable and biologically relevant tool between in-vitro and in-vivo infection models to study virulence of C. jejuni and other gastrointestinal pathogens.
Objective
As native cartilage consists of different phenotypical zones, this study aims to fabricate different types of neocartilage constructs from collagen hydrogels and human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) genetically modified to express different chondrogenic factors.
Design
Human MSCs derived from bone-marrow of osteoarthritis (OA) hips were genetically modified using adenoviral vectors encoding sex-determining region Y-type high-mobility-group-box (SOX)9,transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) 1or bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2cDNA, placed in type I collagen hydrogels and maintained in serum-free chondrogenic media for three weeks. Control constructs contained unmodified MSCs or MSCs expressing GFP. The respective constructs were analyzed histologically, immunohistochemically, biochemically, and by qRT-PCR for chondrogenesis and hypertrophy.
Results
Chondrogenesis in MSCs was consistently and strongly induced in collagen I hydrogels by the transgenesSOX9,TGFB1andBMP2as evidenced by positive staining for proteoglycans, chondroitin-4-sulfate (CS4) and collagen (COL) type II, increased levels of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis, and expression of mRNAs associated with chondrogenesis. The control groups were entirely non-chondrogenic. The levels of hypertrophy, as judged by expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and COL X on both the protein and mRNA levels revealed different stages of hypertrophy within the chondrogenic groups (BMP2>TGFB1>SOX9).
Conclusions
Different types of neocartilage with varying levels of hypertrophy could be generated from human MSCs in collagen hydrogels by transfer of genes encoding the chondrogenic factorsSOX9,TGFB1andBMP2. This technology may be harnessed for regeneration of specific zones of native cartilage upon damage.
The current treatment strategies for diseases are assessed on the basis of diagnosed phenotypic changes due to an accumulation of asymptomatic events in physiological processes. Since a diagnosis can only be established at advanced stages of the disease, mainly due to insufficient early detection possibilities of physiological disorders, doctors are forced to treat diseases rather than prevent them. Therefore, it is desirable to link future therapeutic interventions to the early detection of physiological changes. So-called sensor-effector systems are designed to recognise disease-specific biomarkers and coordinate the production and delivery of therapeutic factors in an autonomous and automated manner. Such approaches and their development are being researched and promoted by the discipline of synthetic biology, among others.
Against this background, this paper focuses on the in vitro design of cytokine-neutralizing sensor-effector cells designed for the potential treatment of recurrent autoimmune diseases, especially rheumatoid arthritis.
The precise control of inducible gene expression was successfully generated in human cells. At first, a NF-κB-dependent promoter was developed, based on HIV-1 derived DNA-binding motives. The activation of this triggerable promoter was investigated using several inducers including the physiologically important NF-κB inducers tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β). The activation strength of the NF-κB-triggered promoter was doubled by integrating a non-coding RNA. The latter combined expressed RNA structures, which mimic DNA by double stranded RNAs and have been demonstrated to bind to p50 or p65 by previous publications. The sensitivity was investigated for TNFα and IL-1β. The detection limit and the EC50 values were in in the lower picomolar range. Besides the sensitivity, the reversibility and dynamic of the inducible system were characterized. Hereby a close correlation between pulse times and expression profile was shown.
The optimized NF-κB-dependent promoter was then coupled to established TNFα- and IL-1-blocking biologicals to develop sensor-effector systems with anti-inflammatory activity, and thus potential use against autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. The biologicals were differentiated between ligand-blocking and receptor-blocking biologicals and different variants were selected: Adalimumab, etanercept and anakinra. The non-coding RNA improved again the activation strength of NF-κB-dependent expressed biologicals, indicating its universal benefit. Furthermore, it was shown that the TNFα-induced expression of NF-κB-regulated TNFα-blocking biologics led to an extracellular negative feedback loop. Interestingly, the integration of the non-coding RNA and this negative feedback loop has increased the dynamics and reversibility of the NF-κB-regulated gene expression. The controllability of drug release can also be extended by the use of inhibitors of classical NF-κB signalling such as TPCA-1. The efficacy of the expressed biologicals was detected through neutralization of the cytokines using different experiments. For future in vivo trials, first alginate encapsulations of the cells were performed. Furthermore, the activation of NF-κB-dependent promoter was demonstrated using co-cultures with human plasma samples or using synovial liquids.
With this generated sensor-effector system we have developed self-adjusting cytokine neutralizer cells as a closed-loop delivery system for anit-inflammatory biologics.
Molecular Effects of Polyphenols in Experimental Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome
(2019)
The growing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) demands novel therapeutic and adjuvant strategies. Polyphenols (PPs) are plant secondary metabolites. Epidemiological studies demonstrate an inverse relationship between their increased intake and the risk of development of T2DM and cardiovascular complications. However, the PPs’ mechanism of action remains largely unknown. The present work aimed to expand knowledge regarding the effects of PPs on diabetes relevant molecular targets.
Pycnogenol® (PYC) is a standardized pine bark extract which consists of oligomeric and monomeric PPs. Its anti-diabetic effects have been demonstrated in clinical trials. As a part of a human study involving 20 healthy volunteers, the extract’s effects on dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) were investigated. This protease terminates the insulin secretagogue action of incretins. Its inhibition is a promising strategy in T2DM treatment. This study uncovered that PYC-intake of 100 mg daily over 14 days statistically significantly reduced DPP IV serum concentrations by 8.2 % (n= 38, p= 0.032). Contrary to expectations, this decrease was not paralleled by a reduction in the serum DPP IV enzymatic activity. To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first investigating the effects of PPs on DPP IV serum concentrations and activities in humans. The finding that PYC is capable of reducing DPP IV serum concentrations might be important with regard to diabetes, where DPP IV levels are increased.
Screenings for PPs’ in vitro effects on DPP IV activity were performed employing a purified enzyme. The effects of tested PPs (among which PYC ingredients) at a physiologically relevant concentration of 5 µM were weak (< 10 %) and too small compared to the reference compound sitagliptin, and thus not likely to be clinically relevant. This result is in discordance with some published data, but consistent with the outcome from the present human study. In addition, fluorescence interactions with the experimental setup were registered: under certain conditions urolithin B exhibited an autofluorescence which might mask eventual inhibitory activity. Quercetin quenched the fluorescence slightly which might contribute to false positive results. No statistically significant effects of selected constituents and metabolites of PYC on the total DPP IV protein expression were observed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Thus, the lower DPP IV in vivo concentrations after intake of PYC cannot be explained with down-regulation of the DPP IV expression in adipocytes.
Akt kinase is responsible for the transmission of insulin signals and its dysregulation is related to insulin resistance and plays an important role in development of cardiovascular complications in T2DM. Thus, the modulation of the phosphorylation status of endothelial Akt-kinase, respectively its activity, might be a promising strategy in the management of these pathologies. This work aimed to uncover the effects of PPs from different structural subclasses on Akt-phosphorylation (pAkt) in endothelial cells (Ea.hy926). Short-term effects (5 – 30 min) were investigated at a concentration of 10 µM. In a pilot study two model PPs induced a moderate, but reproducible inhibition of pAkt Ser473 of 52.37 ± 21.01 % (quercetin; p= 0.006, n= 3) and 37.79 ± 7.14 % (resveratrol; p= 0.021, n= 4) compared to the negative control. A primary screening with Western blot analysis investigated the effects of eight compounds from different subclasses on pAkt Ser473 and Thr308 to reveal whether the observed inhibition PPs a group effect or specific to certain compounds. In addition to resveratrol and quercetin, statistically significant inhibitions of pAkt Ser473 were induced by luteolin (29.96 ± 11.06 %, p< 0.01, n= 6) and apigenin (22.57 ± 10.30 %, p< 0.01, n= 6). In contrast, genistein, 3,4,5-trimethoxystilbene, taxifolin and (+)-catechin caused no inhibition. A strong positive and statistically significant correlation between the mean inhibitory effects of the tested PPs on both Akt-residues Ser473 and Thr308 (r= 0.9478, p= 0.0003) was determined. A comprehensive secondary screening via ELISA involving 44 compounds from nine structural groups quantified the effects of PPs on pAkt Ser473 to uncover potential structure-activity features. The most potent inhibitors were luteolin (44.31 ± 17.95 %), quercetin (35.71 ± 8.33 %), urolithin A (35.28 ± 11.80 %), apigenin (31.79 ± 6.16 %), fisetin (28.09 ± 9.09 %), and resveratrol (26.04 ± 5.58 %). These effects were statistically significant (p< 0.01, n= 3 to 6). Further lead structure optimization might be based on the fact that the effects of luteolin and resveratrol also differed statistically significantly from each other (p= 0.008).
To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to compare quantitatively the short term effects of PPs from different subclasses on pAkt in endothelial cells. Basic structure-activity relationships revealed that for flavones and flavonols the presence of a C2=C3 double bond (ring C) was essential for inhibitory activity and hydroxylation on the m- and p- positions in the ring B contributed to it. For stilbenoids, three free OH-groups appeared to be optimal. The comparison of the inhibitory potentials of ellagic acid and its microbial metabolites showed that urolithin A was statistically significantly more effective than its progenitor compound. Despite their structural similarities, the only active compound among all urolithins tested was urolithin A, hydroxylated at the C3 and C8 positions. This suggested a specific effect for urolithin A. Based on the common structural determinants and molecular geometry of the most active PPs a pharmacophore model regarding Akt-inhibition was proposed.
In summary, the effects of a wide variety of PPs from diverse structural subclasses on the in vitro phosphorylation of endothelial Akt were quantitatively analyzed for the first time, the effects of previously undescribed compounds were determined and structure activity relationships were elucidated. The inhibitory potential of individual PPs might be beneficial in cases of sustained over-activation of Akt-kinase and its substrates such as S6 kinase as reported for certain T2DM-related pathological states, such as insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, excessive angiogenesis, vascular calcification, and insulin triggered DNA-damage. The results of the present work suggest potential molecular mechanisms of action of PP involving Akt-inhibition and DPP IV-down-regulation and thus contribute to the understanding of anti-diabetic effects of these compounds on the molecular level.