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Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen
Two-Dimensional Electron Systems at Surfaces — Spin-Orbit Interaction and Electronic Correlations
(2012)
This thesis addresses three different realizations of a truly two-dimensional electron system (2DES), established at the surface of elemental semiconductors, i.e., Pt/Si(111), Au/Ge(111), and Sn/Si(111). Characteristic features of atomic structures at surfaces have been studied using scanning tunneling microscopy and low energy electron diffraction with special emphasis on Pt deposition onto Si(111). Topographic inspection reveals that Pt atoms agglomerate as trimers, which represent the structural building block of phase-slip domains. Surprisingly, each trimer is rotated by 30° with respect to the substrate, which results in an unexpected symmetry breaking. In turn, this represents a unique example of a chiral structure at a semiconductor surface, and marks Pt/Si(111) as a promising candidate for catalytic processes at the atomic scale. Spin-orbit interactions (SOIs) play a significant role at surfaces involving heavy adatoms. As a result, a lift of the spin degeneracy in the electronic states, termed as Rashba effect, may be observed. A candidate system to exhibit such physics is Au/Ge(111). Its large hexagonal Fermi sheet is suggested to be spin-split by calculations within the density functional theory. Experimental clarification is obtained by exploiting the unique capabilities of three-dimensional spin detection in spin- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. Besides verification of the spin splitting, the in-plane components of the spin are shown to possess helical character, while also a prominent rotation out of this plane is observed along straight sections of the Fermi surface. Surprisingly and for the first time in a 2DES, additional in-plane rotations of the spin are revealed close to high symmetry directions. This complex spin pattern must originate from crystalline anisotropies, and it is best described by augmenting the original Rashba model with higher order Dresselhaus-like SOI terms. The alternative use of group-IV adatoms at a significantly reduced coverage drastically changes the basic properties of a 2DES. Electron localization is strongly enhanced, and the ground state characteristics will be dominated by correlation effects then. Sn/Si(111) is scrutinized with this regard. It serves as an ideal realization of a triangular lattice, that inherently suffers from spin frustration. Consequently, long-range magnetic order is prohibited, and the ground state is assumed to be either a spiral antiferromagnetic (AFM) insulator or a spin liquid. Here, the single-particle spectral function is utilized as a fundamental quantity to address the complex interplay of geometric frustration and electronic correlations. In particular, this is achieved by combining the complementary strengths of ab initio local density approximation (LDA) calculations, state-of-the-art angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy, and the sophisticated many-body LDA+DCA. In this way, the evolution of a shadow band and a band backfolding incompatible with a spiral AFM order are unveiled. Moreover, beyond nearest-neighbor hopping processes are crucial here, and the spectral features must be attributed to a collinear AFM ground state, contrary to common expectation for a frustrated spin lattice.
Obgleich das erzählerische Syntagma der Tristansage sich ohne weitere Zugaben zu entfalten vermag, ist die Liebesgeschichte von Tristan und Isolde schon in der Mitte des 12. Jahrhunderts eng mit den Legenden von König Artus und seinen Rittern verwoben. Die Frage, wie sich der keltische Tristanstoff zum Artusroman verhält, ist in der mediävistischen Forschung bislang jedoch nur in Ansätzen und zumeist wenig kontrovers diskutiert worden. Dabei bietet gerade die kontingente Verbindung beider literarischer Welten bei Eilhart und Béroul zu einem arthurisierten Tristanroman die Möglichkeit, die zentralen Scharnierstellen zweier Erzähltradition zu untersuchen und nach den Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des Erzählens von der Liebe um 1200 zu fragen.
Ziel der vorliegenden, experimentellen Arbeit war die Untersuchung der Persönlichkeitseigenschaft der Impulsivität bei adulten Patienten mit ADHS und vergleichbaren Versuchspersonen. Da die Ätiopathogenese erhöhter Impulsivität bei Patienten mit ADHS bislang ungeklärt ist, eine Beeinflussung des dopaminergen Systems durch vorausgehende Studien allerdings nahe liegt, wurden die verwendeten Impulsivitätsmessungen zusätzlich bezüglich einer möglichen Beeinflussung durch den Val158Met-COMT-Polymorphismus analysiert. Die Untersuchung beinhaltet mit 71 adulten Patienten mit ADHS und 54 gesunden Kontrollpersonen, die nach Alter, Geschlecht, IQ, Kopfumfang und Händigkeit vergleichbar waren, eine der aktuell größten Stichproben adulter Patienten mit ADHS. Während einer Stoppsignal-Aufgabe zur Erfassung der Antworthemmungsfähigkeit als Korrelat der Impulsivität wurden die Verhaltensdaten der Stichproben sowie die hirnphysiologischen Veränderungen mittels funktioneller Nahinfrarotspektroskopie aufgezeichnet und ausgewertet. Die erhobenen experimentellen Daten wurden anschließend mit selbstbewerteter Impulsivität des I7-Impulsivitätsfragebogens nach Eysenck verglichen und auf mögliche Zusammenhänge überprüft. Zudem wurden die beobachteten Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit auf einen möglichen Einfluss durch den Val158Met-COMT-Polymorphismus untersucht. Auf der Verhaltensebene zeigten Patienten mit ADHS im Vergleich zu gesunden Kontrollpersonen sowohl für die SSRZ als auch für die Go-RZ signifikant langsamere Reaktionszeiten. Im Vergleich der funktionellen Daten konnten für Patienten mit ADHS während der erfolgreichen Stopp-Trials signifikant bzw. tendenziell verminderte Aktivierungen im Bereich des IFC und DLPFC in beiden Hemisphären festgestellt werden. Die Untersuchung der selbstbewerteten Impulsivität anhand des I7-Fragebogens ergab ebenfalls einen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen den beiden Stichproben. Bezüglich der Zusammenhänge zwischen den einzelnen Impulsivitätsmessungen konnten für Patienten mit ADHS signifikant bzw. tendenziell negative Zusammenhänge zwischen SSRZ und Oxygenierung im rechten IFC sowie zwischen SSRZ bzw. Go-RZ und I7-Impulsivitätswerten festgestellt werden. In der Untersuchung des Einflusses durch den Val158Met-COMT-Polymorphismus ergab sich ein sehr heterogenes Bild, in dem sich keine eindeutig systematischen Genotyp- oder Interaktionseffekte zeigten. Während die beobachteten Befunde auf Verhaltensebene auf eine generelle Verlangsamung adulter Patienten mit ADHS im Vergleich zu gesunden Kontrollpersonen hindeuten, könnte das verminderte Aktivierungsmuster im Bereich des IFC und DLPFC während der erfolgreichen Stopp-Trials bei Patienten mit ADHS möglicherweise das zugrundeliegende funktionelle Korrelat zu den beobachteten Reaktionsunterschieden zwischen den beiden Stichproben darstellen. Obwohl Patienten mit ADHS im Vergleich zu gesunden Kontrollen aufgrund ihrer erhöhten Impulsivität defizitär erscheinen, deuten die Befunde bezüglich des Zusammenhangs zwischen selbstbewerteter und experimentell erhobener Impulsivität innerhalb der Patientengruppe einen möglichen Vorteil erhöhter I7-Impulsivitätswerte für die Reaktionsfähigkeit in der Stoppsignal-Aufgabe an. Bezüglich der Beeinflussung der erhobenen Daten durch den Val158Met-COMT-Polymorphismus lassen sich anhand der Befunde dieser Arbeit keine klaren Schlussfolgerungen ziehen.
Das Airtraq ist ein neues Videolaryngoskop, für das eine Version für die Doppellumenintubation existiert. Die Doppellumenintubation gilt aufgrund spezifischer Charakteristika als schwierige Intubation. In dieser Studie wurde der Nutzen des Airtraq-Laryngoskops im Vergleich zum Macintosh-Laryngoskop untersucht.
Evaluation of a pathophysiological role of the interleukin-6-type cytokine oncostatin M (OSM) for human diseases has been complicated by the fact that mouse models of diseases targeting either OSM or the OSM receptor (OSMR) complex cannot fully reflect the human situation. This is due to earlier findings that human OSM utilizes two receptor complexes, glycoprotein 130 (gp130)/leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) (type I) and gp130/OSMR (type II), both with wide expression profiles. Murine OSM on the other hand only binds to the gp130/OSMR (type II) receptor complex with high affinity. Here, we characterize the receptor usage for rat OSM. Using different experimental approaches (knock-down of the OSMR expression by RNA interference, blocking of the LIFR by LIF-05, an antagonistic LIF variant and stably transfected Ba/F3 cells) we can clearly show that rat OSM surprisingly utilizes both, the type I and type II receptor complex, therefore mimicking the human situation. Furthermore, it displays cross-species activities and stimulates cells of human as well as murine origin. Its signaling capacities closely mimic those of human OSM in cell types of different origin in the way that strong activation of the Jak/STAT, the MAP kinase as well as the PI3K/Akt pathways can be observed. Therefore, rat disease models would allow evaluation of the relevance of OSM for human biology.
Cover contact graphs
(2012)
We study problems that arise in the context of covering certain geometric objects called seeds (e.g., points or disks) by a set of other geometric objects called cover (e.g., a set of disks or homothetic triangles). We insist that the interiors of the seeds and the cover elements are pairwise disjoint, respectively, but they can touch. We call the contact graph of a cover a cover contact graph (CCG). We are interested in three types of tasks, both in the general case and in the special case of seeds on a line: (a) deciding whether a given seed set has a connected CCG, (b) deciding whether a given graph has a realization as a CCG on a given seed set, and (c) bounding the sizes of certain classes of CCG’s. Concerning (a) we give efficient algorithms for the case that seeds are points and show that the problem becomes hard if seeds and covers are disks. Concerning (b) we show that this problem is hard even for point seeds and disk covers (given a fixed correspondence between graph vertices and seeds). Concerning (c) we obtain upper and lower bounds on the number of CCG’s for point seeds.
Optimal open-loop control, i.e. the application of an analytically derived control rule, is demonstrated for nanooptical excitations using polarization-shaped laser pulses. Optimal spatial near-field localization in gold nanoprisms and excitation switching is realized by applying a shift to the relative phase of the two polarization components. The achieved near-field switching confirms theoretical predictions, proves the applicability of predefined control rules in nanooptical light–matter interaction and reveals local mode interference to be an important control mechanism.
Ziel der Studie ist die Optimierung der Messinstrumente zur Ermittlung neurokognitiver Defizite vor und nach Herzbypassoperationen, um einen Beitrag zur Etablierung eines einheitlichen Standards zu leisten. Hierfür findet die TAP als computergestütztes Verfahren im Vergleich zu konventionellen Papier-Bleistift-Tests Einsatz. Dass Patienten nach einer ACVB-Operation neurokognitive Defizite aufweisen, hat sich in dieser Studie bewahrheitet. Aufgrund der in dieser Studie erhobenen Daten setzt sich eine suffiziente Testbatterie zur Überprüfung neurokognitiver Leistungseinschränkungen nach Herzbypassoperationen aus dem Benton-Test und dem Test „Zahlennachsprechen“ zur Überprüfung der Gedächtnisfunktion sowie den TAP-Tests „Alertness“ mit Warnton, „Alertness“ ohne Warnton und „Geteilte Aufmerksamkeit“, zusammen.
The superconducting properties of complex materials like the recently discovered iron-pnictides or strontium-ruthenate are often governed by multi-orbital effects. In order to unravel the superconductivity of those materials, we develop a multi-orbital implementation of the functional renormalization group and study the pairing states of several characteristic material systems. Starting with the iron-pnictides, we find competing spin-fluctuation channels that become attractive if the superconducting gap changes sign between the nested portions of the Fermi surface. Depending on material details like doping or pnictogen height, these spin fluctuations then give rise to $s_{\pm}$-wave pairing with or without gap nodes and, in some cases, also change the symmetry to $d$-wave. Near the transition from nodal $s_{\pm}$-wave to $d$-wave pairing, we predict the occurrence of a time-reversal symmetry-broken $(s+id)$-pairing state which avoids gap nodes and is therefore energetically favored. We further study the electronic instabilities of doped graphene, another fascinating material which has recently become accessible and which can effectively be regarded as multi-orbital system. Here, the hexagonal lattice structure assures the degeneracy of two $d$-wave pairing channels, and the system then realizes a chiral $(d+id)$-pairing state in a wide doping range around van-Hove filling. In addition, we also find spin-triplet pairing as well as an exotic spin-density wave phase which both become leading if the long-ranged hopping or interaction parameters are slightly modified, for example, by choosing different substrate materials. Finally, we consider the superconducting state of strontium-ruthenate, a possible candidate for chiral spin-triplet pairing with fascinating properties like the existence of half-quantum vortices obeying non-Abelian statistics. Using a microscopic three orbital description including spin-orbit coupling, we demonstrate that ferromagnetic fluctuations are still sufficient to induce this $\bs{\hat{z}}(p_x\pm ip_y)$-pairing state. The resulting superconducting gap reveals strong anisotropies on the $d_{xy}$-dominated Fermi-surface pocket and nearly vanishes on the other remaining two pockets.
The "Large Hadron Collider" (LHC) is currently the most powerful particle accelerator. It provides particle collisions at a center of mass energy in the Tera-electronvolt range, which had never been reached in a laboratory before. Thereby a new era in high energy particle physics has began. Now it is possible to test one of the most precise theories in physics, the Standard Model of particle physics, at these high energies. The purpose is particularly served by four large experiments installed at the LHC, namely "A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS" (ATLAS), the "Compact-Muon-Solenoid" (CMS), the "Large Hadron Collider beauty" (LHCb) and "A Large Ion Collider Experiment" (ALICE). Besides exploring the high energy behavior of the well-established portions of the Standard Model, one of the main objectives is to find the Higgs boson included in the model, but not discovered by any preceding effort. It is of tremendous importance since fermions and heavy electroweak gauge bosons acquire mass because of this boson. Although the success of the Standard Model in describing nature is already undisputed, there are some flaws due to observations inexplicable within this theory only. Therefore searches for physics beyond the Standard Model are promoted at the LHC experiments as well. In order to achieve the defined goals, crucial aspects are firstly precise measurements, to verify Standard Model predictions in detail, and secondly an evaluation of as much information as accessible by the detectors, to recognize new phenomena as soon as possible for subsequent optimizations. Both challenges are only possible with a superior understanding of the detectors. An inevitable contribution to attain this knowledge is a realistic simulation, partially requiring new implementation techniques to describe the very complex instrumentation. The research presented here is performed under the patronage of the ATLAS collaboration with a special focus on measurements done with muon spectrometer. Thus a first central issue is the performance of the spectrometer in terms of physics objects that are recognized by the device, the compatibility of data and the existing simulation as well as its improvement and finally the extension of the acceptance region. Once the excellent behavior and comprehension of the muon spectrometer is demonstrated, a second part addresses one physics use case of reconstructed muons. The electroweak force is part of the Standard Model and causes the interaction of heavy electroweak gauge bosons with fermions as well as their self-interaction. In proton-proton collisions such gauge bosons are produced. However, they decay immediately into a pair of fermions. In case of the Z boson, which is one of the gauge bosons, oppositely charged fermions of the same generation, including muons, emerge. The various decay modes are determined precisely at particle accelerators other than the LHC. However, the associated production of two Z bosons is measured less exactly at those facilities because of a very low cross section. The corresponding results acquired with the ATLAS experiment exceed all previous measurements in terms of statistics and accuracy. They are reported in this thesis as obtained from the observation of events with four charged leptons. The enhancement of the signal yield based on the extension of the muon spectrometer acceptance is especially emphasized as well as alternative methods to estimate background events. Furthermore, the impact on the probing of couplings of three Z bosons and intersection with the search for the Standard Model Higgs boson are pointed out.