Refine
Has Fulltext
- yes (98) (remove)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (98)
Year of publication
- 2015 (98) (remove)
Document Type
- Journal article (61)
- Doctoral Thesis (37)
Keywords
- cancer (4)
- membrane proteins (4)
- Aspergillus fumigatus (3)
- Vaccinia-Virus (3)
- biodiversity (3)
- gene (3)
- honeybee (3)
- in vitro (3)
- mushroom body (3)
- olfaction (3)
- Angiogenese (2)
- Biene (2)
- Biologische Uhr (2)
- CD8 (2)
- Candida albicans (2)
- Dendritische Zelle (2)
- Drosophila (2)
- Drosophila melanogaster (2)
- ELISPOT (2)
- Humangenetik (2)
- Inhibition (2)
- Krebs <Medizin> (2)
- Mesenchymzelle (2)
- Myc (2)
- RNA-Seq (2)
- Taufliege (2)
- active zone (2)
- avoidance learning (2)
- bees (2)
- bumblebees (2)
- butterflies (2)
- cytoskeleton (2)
- dendritic cells (2)
- ecosystem services (2)
- evolution (2)
- expression (2)
- fluorescent probes (2)
- growth (2)
- insects (2)
- leaf-cutting ants (2)
- localization microscopy (2)
- melanoma (2)
- metabolism (2)
- microarray (2)
- microglomeruli (2)
- neurotransmitter release (2)
- next generation sequencing (2)
- resistance (2)
- synaptic plasticity (2)
- virulence (2)
- "-omics" (1)
- 2-APB (1)
- 3-dimensional structure (1)
- ANOVA (1)
- Acromyrmex ambiguus (1)
- Acyrthosiphon pisum (1)
- Adenosin (1)
- Adipogenesis (1)
- Amyotrophe Lateralsklerose (1)
- Angiogenesis (1)
- Antigen CD8 (1)
- Apoptose (1)
- Apoptosis (1)
- Arachidonsäure (1)
- Arbeitsteilung (1)
- Astrozyten (1)
- Aurora-A (1)
- Ausbreitung (1)
- Australian stingless bees (1)
- Axonal degeneration (1)
- BH3 domains (1)
- Bakterielle Infektion (1)
- Bauchspeicheldrüsenkrebs (1)
- Bcl-2 proteins (1)
- Behandlungsoption (1)
- Bienen <Familie> (1)
- BioID (1)
- Bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) (1)
- Bruchpilot (1)
- C. elegans (1)
- CD39 (1)
- CD4 (1)
- CD4+T cells (1)
- CD73 (1)
- CD8+T cells (1)
- CNTF (1)
- CTL function (1)
- CaMKII (1)
- Ca\(^{2+}\) channels (1)
- Caenorhabditis elegans (1)
- ChIP-sequencing (1)
- Chlamydia (1)
- Chlamydia trachomatis (1)
- Ciliary neurotrophic factor (1)
- Circadian clock (1)
- Circadiane Rhythmen (1)
- Co-option (1)
- Costa Rica (1)
- Cynoglossus semilaevis (1)
- Cytotoxizität (1)
- DMRT1 (1)
- DNA Mismatch repair (1)
- DNA barcoding (1)
- DNA damage (1)
- DNA methylation (1)
- DNA-Sequenz (1)
- DNA-binding proteins (1)
- DNS-Reparatur (1)
- Darmflora (1)
- Demökologie (1)
- Diabetic polyneuropathy (1)
- Diagnostik (1)
- Dickdarmkrebs (1)
- Differentiation (1)
- Division of labor (1)
- EPC (1)
- Eierstockkrebs (1)
- Eierstocktumor (1)
- Eisenoxidnanopartikel (1)
- Elongation (Transkription) (1)
- Endothel (1)
- Epigenetik (1)
- Epimutationen (1)
- Erbkrankheit (1)
- FANCO (1)
- Fanconi Anämie (1)
- Fettgewebsstammzellen (1)
- Fettzelle (1)
- Fibroblastenwachstumsfaktor (1)
- Foxp3 (1)
- Fragmentierung (1)
- Französische Feldwespe (1)
- Gen (1)
- Genetic engineering (1)
- Genexpression (1)
- Geschützte Natur (1)
- Glioblastom (1)
- Governance (1)
- HHblits (1)
- HIF-1α (1)
- HLA-G (1)
- Habitat (1)
- Halobacterium halobium (1)
- HeLa cells (1)
- Heuschrecken <Überfamilie> (1)
- Homoptera aphididae (1)
- Honeybee (1)
- Honigbiene (1)
- Host cell death (1)
- Human Host (1)
- Hydrogel (1)
- Hydrogele (1)
- Hymenoptera (1)
- Hypoxie (1)
- Hämatopoese (1)
- I-tasser (1)
- IFN-γ (1)
- III adenylyl cyclases (1)
- III secretion (1)
- III secretion system (1)
- IL-17 (1)
- IL-2 (1)
- IL-4 (1)
- IL-5 (1)
- ITS2 (1)
- Immune (1)
- Immunologie (1)
- Immunsuppression (1)
- Immunsystem (1)
- Infertilität (1)
- Inhibitor (1)
- Innere Uhr (1)
- Intracellular replication (1)
- Johnstons organ (1)
- Kehlkopf (1)
- Killerzelle (1)
- Knochenregeneration (1)
- Knockout <Molekulargenetik> (1)
- LC-MS/MS (1)
- LINC complex (1)
- Landouzy-Déjerine-Atrophie (1)
- Landschaftsökologie (1)
- Laufkäfer (1)
- Legionella (1)
- Lernen (1)
- MAP-Kinase (1)
- MAPK (1)
- MITF (1)
- MORN-repeat (1)
- MRSA (1)
- MSC (1)
- MYCN (1)
- MYCN-amplified (1)
- Magerrasen (1)
- Maus (1)
- Melanom (1)
- Melanomzellen (1)
- Mesenchymale Stammzelle (1)
- Messenger-RNP (1)
- Messenger-RNS (1)
- Metagenom (1)
- Metastase (1)
- Mikroglia (1)
- Mismatch (1)
- Mitogen-aktivierte Proteinkinase (1)
- Miz1 (1)
- Molekularbiologie (1)
- Molekulargenetik (1)
- Mosaik (1)
- Motoneuron (1)
- Motoneuronenerkrankung (1)
- Motor nerve biopsy (1)
- Multiples Myelom (1)
- Mutation (1)
- Myatrophische Lateralsklerose (1)
- Myc Transcription (1)
- Mycobacterium (1)
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1)
- Myotonische Dystrophie (1)
- N-Myc (1)
- NF-κB (1)
- NFAT (1)
- NGS (1)
- NVP-BEZ235 (1)
- Nestbau (1)
- Neuroblastom (1)
- Neuroblastoma (1)
- Neuronal plasticity (1)
- Neuronale Plastizität (1)
- Neuropathy (1)
- Neurotrophic factors (1)
- Next Generation Sequencing (1)
- Nisthilfe (1)
- Normal Distribution (1)
- Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Therapy (1)
- Onkolyse (1)
- Onkolytische Vaccinia Virustherapie (1)
- Osteogenesis (1)
- Osteoporose (1)
- Pan-Raf-Inhibition (1)
- Participation (1)
- Period (1)
- Peroxiredoxin (1)
- Peroxiredoxin 6 (1)
- Phagosom (1)
- Phagosomal escape (1)
- Phagozytose (1)
- Pheromon (1)
- Pheromon Kommunikation (1)
- Pheromon communication (1)
- Phosphorylierung (1)
- Plasmozytom (1)
- Polistes (1)
- Populationsgenetik (1)
- Prostaglandin E2 (1)
- Proteasomaler Abbau (1)
- Protected Area (1)
- RAD51C (1)
- RNA binding proteins (1)
- RNAi (1)
- RNS-Interferenz (1)
- RNS-Polymerase II (1)
- Raf-Kinasen (1)
- Rapsanbau (1)
- Regulatorischer T-Lymphozyt (1)
- Remission (1)
- Repression (1)
- Reversion (1)
- SOX9 (1)
- STAT3 (1)
- SUN domain proteins (1)
- Salmonella (1)
- Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) (1)
- Sekundärwald (1)
- Shaggy (1)
- Simkania (1)
- Simkania negevensis (1)
- South Korea (1)
- Squalius alburnoides (1)
- Stammzelle (1)
- Staphylococcus aureus (1)
- Sterilität (1)
- Strahlensensibilisator (1)
- Strahlentherapie (1)
- T cells (1)
- T-cells (1)
- TLR7 (1)
- TLR8 (1)
- TbMORN1 (1)
- Therapie (1)
- Therapy (1)
- Thermoregulation (1)
- Thrombozyt (1)
- Timeless (1)
- Tissue Engineering (1)
- Toll-like-Rezeptoren (1)
- Transkription <Genetik> (1)
- Transkriptionsfaktor (1)
- Trypanosoma brucei (1)
- Tumorerkrankungen (1)
- Tumorzelle (1)
- Ubiquitinierung (1)
- V-antigen (1)
- Vascular endothelial Growth Factor (1)
- Vorläuferzelle (1)
- W Arly Pendjari WAP (1)
- WH2 domain (1)
- Wespen (1)
- West Africa (1)
- Westafrika (1)
- Wilms tumour (1)
- Wirtszelle (1)
- Xiphophorus (1)
- Y chromosome (1)
- Yersinia enterocolitica (1)
- Zelltod (1)
- \(\alpha\)-latrotoxin (1)
- abundance (1)
- acromyrmex ambiguus (1)
- actin nucleation (1)
- action potentials (1)
- acts downstream (1)
- adaptive growth (1)
- adipocytes (1)
- agent-based model (1)
- agricultural intensification (1)
- agricultural landscapes (1)
- agroecosystems (1)
- algorithm (1)
- alignment (1)
- alpha-toxin (1)
- alzheimers disease (1)
- angeborenes Immunsystem (1)
- angiogenesis (1)
- animal migration (1)
- animal sexual behavior (1)
- antagonist (1)
- antennal lobe (1)
- antimicrobial peptides (1)
- apis mellifera (1)
- apixaban (1)
- apoptosis (1)
- arachidonic acid (1)
- armyworm Lepidoptera (1)
- assemblages (1)
- axonaler Transport (1)
- bacterial invasion (1)
- bacterial pathogens (1)
- bacteriorhodopsin (1)
- bacterium Legionella pneumophila (1)
- bagworms Lepidoptera (1)
- balance hypothesis (1)
- bark beetles (1)
- bax (1)
- beetle horns (1)
- behavior (1)
- behavioral conditioning (1)
- beta-catenin (1)
- beta-diveristy (1)
- beta-lactamase inhibition (1)
- biased dispersal (1)
- binding (1)
- biodiversity conservation (1)
- biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (1)
- biofilm formation (1)
- bioinformatics and computational biology (1)
- biological control (1)
- biological pest control (1)
- biology (1)
- biomaterial surfaces (1)
- body-size (1)
- bone regeneration (1)
- cabbage Brassica oleracea var. capitata (1)
- calcareous grassland (1)
- calpain (1)
- camponotus floridanus (1)
- candida genome database (1)
- capture-mark-recapture (1)
- carbon dioxide avoidance (1)
- carbonaria (1)
- carpenter ant (1)
- carrying capacity (1)
- cell fate (1)
- cell membranes (1)
- cell proliferation (1)
- cell size (1)
- cell wall (1)
- cells (1)
- cellular camp (1)
- cellular senescence (1)
- centrality (1)
- channelrhodopsin-2 (1)
- chlamydia (1)
- chlamydia infection (1)
- chlamydia trachomatis (1)
- chondrosarcoma (1)
- chordotonal organs (1)
- circadian rhythms (1)
- climate change (1)
- clock reproduction ecology (1)
- co-immunoprecipitation (1)
- coincidence (1)
- color discrimination (1)
- communities (1)
- community composition (1)
- community functional-responses (1)
- compartment boundary (1)
- complex (1)
- complex networks (1)
- complex traits (1)
- compound eye (1)
- computational prediction (1)
- computational systems biology (1)
- contributes (1)
- control profiles (1)
- copy number (1)
- crop harvest (1)
- crystal structure (1)
- cuticular profiles (1)
- cytokine profiling (1)
- cytokines (1)
- cytokinesis (1)
- c‐Myc (1)
- dSTORM (1)
- database (1)
- day length (1)
- death pathway sar locus (1)
- decay (1)
- decline (1)
- defense and evasion strategies (1)
- defenses (1)
- degradation (1)
- determination locus (1)
- determining genes (1)
- diagnostic accuracy (1)
- differentially expressed genes (1)
- differentiation (1)
- diffraction limit (1)
- direct oral anticoagulants (1)
- direct thrombin inhibitor (1)
- discovery (1)
- dispersal (1)
- disruption project (1)
- diversity (1)
- division of labor (1)
- domain (1)
- drosophila larvae (1)
- dynamics (1)
- ecology (1)
- electrolytes (1)
- encephalitis dementia (1)
- endocytic multivesicular bodies (1)
- endoplasmic reticulum (1)
- endothelial cells (1)
- enteric pathogens (1)
- enterica serovar Typhimurium (1)
- envelopment (1)
- epithelial cells (1)
- eucalyptus (1)
- eukaryotic gene expression (1)
- european beech forests (1)
- european countries (1)
- excitation-secretion coupling (1)
- exome (1)
- expression analysis (1)
- factor B (1)
- factor XA inhibitor (1)
- family (1)
- fish (1)
- fishes Xiphophorus (1)
- flagellar motility (1)
- flies (1)
- flow (1)
- flowers (1)
- fluorescence microscopy (1)
- format (1)
- fruit set (1)
- functional analysis (1)
- functional modules (1)
- fungal pathogens (1)
- gain (1)
- gastrointestinal cancer (1)
- gating (1)
- gene expression (1)
- gene ontology (1)
- gene regulator agr (1)
- genetics (1)
- genome (1)
- genome browser (1)
- genome cells (1)
- genus Xiphophorus (1)
- geprägte Gene (1)
- glial cells (1)
- glycerol (1)
- gonopodium (1)
- growth and differentiation factor 5 (1)
- guides (1)
- habitats (1)
- hearing (1)
- herbivores (1)
- herbivorous insects (1)
- heterogamety (1)
- heterogenity (1)
- heterosis (1)
- high throughput sequencing (1)
- histology (1)
- honey bees (1)
- host cells (1)
- host pathogen interactions (1)
- host-pathogen adaption (1)
- host-pathogen interaction (1)
- human african trypanosomiasis (1)
- human immune system (1)
- human immunodeficiency virus (1)
- human melanoma (1)
- humane Keimzellen (1)
- hybrid origin (1)
- hybridization (1)
- hybrids (1)
- hymenoptera (1)
- hypotonic (1)
- hypotonic solutions (1)
- hypoxia-independent (1)
- hämatopoetisches Mosaik (1)
- illumina MiSeq platform (1)
- illumination microscopy (1)
- imaginal disk (1)
- immune escape (1)
- immune system (1)
- immuno-magnetic purification (1)
- immunological cross-talk (1)
- immunoprecipitation (1)
- import (1)
- in vivo (1)
- infection (1)
- insect (1)
- insect populations (1)
- insect timing (1)
- instinct (1)
- integrative genomics viewer (1)
- interolog (1)
- intracellular bacteria (1)
- intracellular pH (1)
- intracellular replication (1)
- isotonic (1)
- isotopolog profiling (1)
- kappa-B (1)
- key innovation (1)
- land use intensification (1)
- land-use intensity (1)
- landscape ecology (1)
- learning (1)
- learning and memory (1)
- life span (1)
- ligand CD55 (1)
- ligand-receptor complex (1)
- linkage map (1)
- long-distance dispersal (1)
- mRNA metabolism (1)
- maize (1)
- male-specific traits (1)
- males emerge (1)
- managed grasslands (1)
- management (1)
- mating success (1)
- melanogenesis (1)
- melanoma cells (1)
- membrane potential (1)
- membrane receptor signaling (1)
- memory (1)
- memory immune responses (1)
- metaanalysis (1)
- metagenomic (1)
- metastasis (1)
- metastatic melanoma (1)
- mice (1)
- microbial rhodopsins (1)
- mitochondria (1)
- mitochondrial membrane (1)
- models (1)
- modulates virulence (1)
- molecular cloning (1)
- monoclonal antibodies (1)
- morphogenetic furrow progression (1)
- mortality rates (1)
- moths and butterflies (1)
- motor proteins (1)
- mouse model (1)
- mouse testis differentiation (1)
- multi-electrode-recording (1)
- multiparticle collision dynamics (1)
- mutants (1)
- mutation (1)
- native bees (1)
- natural enemies (1)
- natural variation (1)
- nectar (1)
- nesting behaviour (1)
- network inference (1)
- networks (1)
- neuromuscular junction (1)
- neurons (1)
- nitric oxide (1)
- nonhuman-primates (1)
- normal distribution (1)
- norway spruce (1)
- nuclear envelope (1)
- nuclear pore complex (1)
- nucleotide-gated channel (1)
- odorants (1)
- oilseed rape (1)
- oncogene amplification (1)
- oncogene-induced senescence (1)
- oncolytic virotherapy (1)
- oncolytic virus therapy (1)
- onkolytische Virustherapie (1)
- optical control (1)
- optical reconstruction microscopy (1)
- organismal evolution (1)
- orthoptera (1)
- osmia (1)
- outer membrane proteins (1)
- ovarian cancer (1)
- ovarian carcinoma (1)
- p38 (1)
- painful (1)
- palynolog (1)
- parasites (1)
- patch connectivity (1)
- pathogen vacuole (1)
- pathogen-host interaction (PHI) (1)
- pathogenicity (1)
- pathways (1)
- performance liquid chromatography (1)
- permeability (1)
- peroxiredoxin 6 (1)
- pest (1)
- pestis infection (1)
- phagosome maturation arrest (1)
- phenology shifts (1)
- phenotypic plasticity (1)
- pheromones (1)
- phosphorylation (1)
- photodynamic therapy (1)
- physiological constraints (1)
- plant diversity (1)
- plant-insect interactions (1)
- plantations (1)
- pneumonic plague (1)
- poeciliid fishes (1)
- pollen (1)
- pollination (1)
- pollination ecology (1)
- populations (1)
- populations genetics (1)
- potential role (1)
- preexisting bias (1)
- preproteins (1)
- presynaptic calcium (1)
- presynaptic differentiation (1)
- principal component analysis (1)
- productivity (1)
- prognostic marker (1)
- proportion of seminatural habitat (1)
- propulsion (1)
- prostaglandin E2 (1)
- protandry (1)
- protein biosynthesis & quality control (1)
- protein complexes (1)
- protein domains (1)
- protein interaction database (1)
- protein interactions (1)
- protein-coupled receptors (1)
- protein-protein interaction (1)
- protein-protein interaction network (1)
- proteomics (1)
- quantification (1)
- rare (1)
- re-annotation (1)
- reactive oxygen (1)
- reactive oxygen species (1)
- recognize images (1)
- recombinant protein rVE (1)
- reconstruction microscopy (1)
- regulation (1)
- regulatory networks (1)
- reporter gene (1)
- resin (1)
- resolution (1)
- retinal differentiation (1)
- reveals (1)
- rhodopsin (1)
- ribosome (1)
- sand dynamics (1)
- secondary rainforest fragments (1)
- sequence alignment (1)
- sequencing data (1)
- serum (1)
- sex chromosome evolution (1)
- sex combs (1)
- sex differentiation (1)
- shear stress (1)
- shootin-1 (1)
- signals (1)
- similarity (1)
- size dimorphism (1)
- skin (1)
- small-colony variants (1)
- snoRNA (1)
- software (1)
- somatic mutations (1)
- specialization (1)
- species richness (1)
- spectrometry-based proteomics (1)
- sperm head formation (1)
- spermatogenesis (1)
- spermiogenesis (1)
- spillover (1)
- spire (1)
- spot size (1)
- stage III (1)
- statistical disperison (1)
- statistics (1)
- strategy (1)
- structure-function relationships (1)
- structured illumination (1)
- substrate quality (1)
- sucrose (1)
- super-resolution microscopy (1)
- sustainable intensification (1)
- swordtails (1)
- synaptic delay (1)
- synaptic transmission (1)
- synaptotagmin (1)
- t-Test (1)
- tag fusion proteins (1)
- tegument protein pUL36 (1)
- teleostei (1)
- temperature (1)
- tonicity (1)
- transcription (1)
- transcription factors (1)
- transcriptional regulation (1)
- transcriptional responses (1)
- transcriptome (1)
- transfer (1)
- transformation (1)
- translational regulation (1)
- trees (1)
- trophic interactions (1)
- tsetse fly (1)
- tumor vascularization (1)
- tumors (1)
- turnover (1)
- type-1 (1)
- ubiquitination (1)
- vaccine (1)
- vaccinia virus (1)
- validation (1)
- variants (1)
- virotherapy (1)
- vision (1)
Institute
- Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften (98) (remove)
Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen
ResearcherID
- D-1221-2009 (1)
- N-2030-2015 (1)
Aphids are a major concern in agricultural crops worldwide, and control by natural enemies is an essential component of the ecological intensification of agriculture. Although the complexity of agricultural landscapes is known to influence natural enemies of pests, few studies have measured the degree of pest control by different enemy guilds across gradients in landscape complexity. Here, we use multiple natural-enemy exclosures replicated in 18 fields across a gradient in landscape complexity to investigate (1) the strength of natural pest control across landscapes, measured as the difference between pest pressure in the presence and in the absence of natural enemies; (2) the differential contributions of natural enemy guilds to pest control, and the nature of their interactions across landscapes. We show that natural pest control of aphids increased up to six-fold from simple to complex landscapes. In the absence of pest control, aphid population growth was higher in complex than simple landscapes, but was reduced by natural enemies to similar growth rates across all landscapes. The effects of enemy guilds were landscape-dependent. Particularly in complex landscapes, total pest control was supplied by the combined contribution of flying insects and ground-dwellers. Birds had little overall impact on aphid control. Despite evidence for intraguild predation of flying insects by ground-dwellers and birds, the overall effect of enemy guilds on aphid control was complementary. Understanding pest control services at large spatial scales is critical to increase the success of ecological intensification schemes. Our results suggest that, where aphids are the main pest of concern, interactions between natural enemies are largely complementary and lead to a strongly positive effect of landscape complexity on pest control. Increasing the availability of seminatural habitats in agricultural landscapes may thus benefit not only natural enemies, but also the effectiveness of aphid natural pest control.
Climate change can alter the phenology of organisms. It may thus lead seasonal organisms to face different day lengths than in the past, and the fitness consequences of these changes are as yet unclear. To study such effects, we used the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum as a model organism, as it has obligately asexual clones which can be used to study day length effects without eliciting a seasonal response. We recorded life-history traits under short and long days, both with two realistic temperature cycles with means differing by 2 °C. In addition, we measured the population growth of aphids on their host plant Pisum sativum. We show that short days reduce fecundity and the length of the reproductive period of aphids. Nevertheless, this does not translate into differences at the population level because the observed fitness costs only become apparent late in the individual's life. As expected, warm temperature shortens the development time by 0.7 days/°C, leading to faster generation times. We found no interaction of temperature and day length. We conclude that day length changes cause only relatively mild costs, which may not decelerate the increase in pest status due to climate change.
Delivery of crop pollination services is an insufficient argument for wild pollinator conservation
(2015)
There is compelling evidence that more diverse ecosystems deliver greater benefits to people, and these ecosystem services have become a key argument for biodiversity conservation. However, it is unclear how much biodiversity is needed to deliver ecosystem services in a cost- effective way. Here we show that, while the contribution of wild bees to crop production is significant, service delivery is restricted to a limited subset of all known bee species. Across crops, years and biogeographical regions, crop-visiting wild bee communities are dominated by a small number of common species, and threatened species are rarely observed on crops. Dominant crop pollinators persist under agricultural expansion and many are easily enhanced by simple conservation measures, suggesting that cost- effective management strategies to promote crop pollination should target a different set of species than management strategies to promote threatened bees. Conserving the biological diversity of bees therefore requires more than just ecosystem-service-based arguments.
Electric shock is a common stimulus for nociception-research and the most widely used reinforcement in aversive associative learning experiments. Yet, nothing is known about the mechanisms it recruits at the periphery. To help fill this gap, we undertook a genome-wide association analysis using 38 inbred Drosophila melanogaster strains, which avoided shock to varying extents. We identified 514 genes whose expression levels and/or sequences covaried with shock avoidance scores. We independently scrutinized 14 of these genes using mutants, validating the effect of 7 of them on shock avoidance. This emphasizes the value of our candidate gene list as a guide for follow-up research. In addition, by integrating our association results with external protein-protein interaction data we obtained a shock avoidance- associated network of 38 genes. Both this network and the original candidate list contained a substantial number of genes that affect mechanosensory bristles, which are hairlike organs distributed across the fly's body. These results may point to a potential role for mechanosensory bristles in shock sensation. Thus, we not only provide a first list of candidate genes for shock avoidance, but also point to an interesting new hypothesis on nociceptive mechanisms.
The pro-apoptotic Bcl-2-family protein Bim belongs to the BH3-only proteins known as initiators of apoptosis. Recent data show that Bim is constitutively inserted in the outer mitochondrial membrane via a C-terminal transmembrane anchor from where it can activate the effector of cytochrome c-release, Bax. To identify regulators of Bim-activity, we conducted a search for proteins interacting with Bim at mitochondria. We found an interaction of Bim with Tom70, Tom20 and more weakly with Tom40, all components of the Translocase of the Outer Membrane (TOM). In vitro import assays performed on tryptically digested yeast mitochondria showed reduced Bim insertion into the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) indicating that protein receptors may be involved in the import process. However, RNAi against components of TOM (Tom40, Tom70, Tom22 or Tom20) by siRNA, individually or in combination, did not consistently change the amount of Bim on HeLa mitochondria, either at steady state or upon de novo-induction. In support of this, the individual or combined knockdowns of TOM receptors also failed to alter the susceptibility of HeLa cells to Bim-induced apoptosis. In isolated yeast mitochondria, lack of Tom70 or the TOM-components Tom20 or Tom22 alone did not affect the import of Bim into the outer mitochondrial membrane. In yeast, expression of Bim can sensitize the cells to Bax-dependent killing. This sensitization was unaffected by the absence of Tom70 or by an experimental reduction in Tom40. Although thus the physiological role of the Bim-TOM-interaction remains unclear, TOM complex components do not seem to be essential for Bim insertion into the OMM. Nevertheless, this association should be noted and considered when the regulation of Bim in other cells and situations is investigated.
Certain pathogenic bacteria adopt an intracellular lifestyle and proliferate in eukaryotic host cells. The intracellular niche protects the bacteria from cellular and humoral components of the mammalian immune system, and at the same time, allows the bacteria to gain access to otherwise restricted nutrient sources. Yet, intracellular protection and access to nutrients comes with a price, i.e., the bacteria need to overcome cell-autonomous defense mechanisms, such as the bactericidal endocytic pathway. While a few bacteria rupture the early phagosome and escape into the host cytoplasm, most intracellular pathogens form a distinct, degradation-resistant and replication-permissive membranous compartment. Intracellular bacteria that form unique pathogen vacuoles include Legionella, Mycobacterium, Chlamydia, Simkania, and Salmonella species. In order to understand the formation of these pathogen niches on a global scale and in a comprehensive and quantitative manner, an inventory of compartment-associated host factors is required. To this end, the intact pathogen compartments need to be isolated, purified and biochemically characterized. Here, we review recent progress on the isolation and purification of pathogen-modified vacuoles and membranes, as well as their proteomic characterization by mass spectrometry and different validation approaches. These studies provide the basis for further investigations on the specific mechanisms of pathogen-driven compartment formation.
Trypanosoma brucei is a uniflagellated protist and the causative agent of African trypanosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease. The single flagellum of T. brucei is essential to a number of cellular processes such as motility, and has been a longstanding focus of scientific enquiry. A number of cytoskeletal structures are associated with the flagellum in T. brucei, and one such structure—a multiprotein complex containing the repeat motif protein TbMORN1—is the focus of this review. The TbMORN1-containing complex, which was discovered less than ten years ago, is essential for the viability of the mammalian-infective form of T. brucei. The complex has an unusual asymmetric morphology, and is coiled around the flagellum to form a hook shape. Proteomic analysis using the proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) technique has elucidated a number of its components. Recent work has uncovered a role for TbMORN1 in facilitating protein entry into the cell, thus providing a link between the cytoskeleton and the endomembrane system. This review summarises the extant data on the complex, highlights the outstanding questions for future enquiry, and provides speculation as to its possible role in a size-exclusion mechanism for regulating protein entry. The review additionally clarifies the nomenclature associated with this topic, and proposes the adoption of the term “hook complex” to replace the former name “bilobe” to describe the complex.
The diploid, polymorphic yeast Candida albicans is one of the most important human pathogenic fungi. C. albicans can grow, proliferate and coexist as a commensal on or within the human host for a long time. However, alterations in the host environment can render C. albicans virulent. In this review, we describe the immunological cross-talk between C. albicans and the human innate immune system. We give an overview in form of pairs of human defense strategies including immunological mechanisms as well as general stressors such as nutrient limitation, pH, fever etc. and the corresponding fungal response and evasion mechanisms. Furthermore, Computational Systems Biology approaches to model and investigate these complex interactions are highlighted with a special focus on game-theoretical methods and agent-based models. An outlook on interesting questions to be tackled by Systems Biology regarding entangled defense and evasion mechanisms is given.