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Institute
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I (632) (remove)
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Unique functions of DNA topoisomerase IIalpha and IIbeta have been suggested. A human cell line which carries a homozygeous mutation of the nuclear localization sequence of the topoisomerase IIalpha gene expresses the isoform outside the nucleus at the onset of mitosis. At mitosis topoisomerase IIbeta diffused away from the chromatin despite the nuclear lack of the IIalpha-form. Chromosome condensation and disjunction was performed with the aid of cytosolic topoisomerase IIalpha which bound to the mitotic chromatin with low affinity. Consequently an increased rate of nondisjunction is observed in these cells. It is concluded that high affinity chromatin binding of topoisomerase IIalpha is essential for chromosome condensation/disjunction and that topoisomerase IIbeta does not adopt these functions. A centrosomal protein was recognized by topoisomerase IIalpha. This topoisomerase IIalpha-like protein resembles a modified form of topoisomerase IIalpha with an apparent size of 205 kDa compared to 170 kDa. The expression of the protein is constant in all stages of the cell cycle and it appears in proliferating as well as in resting cells. If there is not sufficient topoisomerase IIalpha present at mitosis the centrosomal proteins might adopt the function and a mitotic catastrophe in the cells could therefore be prevented.
The first goal of this study was to develop cell lines with a stable expression of bio-fluorescent topo II and topo I. This was successfully achieved using a bicistronic vector system. Control experiments showed that proteins of expected size were expressed, and that GFP-tagged topos I, IIa, and IIb were active in the cells and fully integrated in the endogenous pools of the enzymes. These cell-lines provided a novel tool for investigating the cell biology of human DNA topoisomerases. Our most important finding was, that both types of mammalian topoisomerases are entirely mobile proteins that are in continuous and rapid flux between all compartments of the nucleus and between the cytososl and the chromosomes of mitotic cells. This was particularly surprising with regard to topo II, which is considered to be a structural component of the nuclear matrix and the chromosome scaffold. We must conclude that if this was the case, then these architectural structures appear to be much more dynamic than believed until now. In this context it should also be mentioned, that the alignment of topo II with the central axes of the chromosome arms, which has until now been considered a hall-mark of the enzyme’s association with the chromosomal scaffold, is not seen in vivo and can be demonstrated to be to some extent an artefact of immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, we show that the two isoforms of topo II (a and b) have a different localisation during mitotic cell division, supporting the general concept that topo II functions at mitosis are exclusively assigned to the a-form, whereas at interphase the two isoenzymes work in concert. Despite unrestricted mobility within the entire nuclear space, topoisomerases I and II impose as mostly nucleolar proteins. We show that this is due to the fact that in the nucleoli they are moving slower than in the nucleoplasm. The decreased nucleolar mobility cannot be due to DNA-interactions, because compounds that fix topoisomerases to the DNA deplete them from the nucleoli. Interestingly, the subnucleolar distribution of topoisomerases I and II was complementary. The type II enzyme filled the entire nucleolar space, but excluded the fibrial centers, whereas topo I accumulated at the fibrial centers, an allocation directed by the enzyme’s N-terminus. During mitosis, it also mediates association with the nucleolar organising regions of the acrocentric chromosomes. Thus, topo I stays associated with the rDNA during the entire cell-cycle and consistently colocalizes there with RNA-polymerase I. Finally, we show that certain cancer drugs believed to act by stabilising covalent catalytic DNA-intermediates of topoisomerases, do indeed immobilize the enzymes in living cells. Interestingly, these drugs do not target topoisomerases in the nucleoli but only in the nucleoplasm.
Two isoforms of human CD23 (CD23a and CD23b) have been described. They differ by only 6-7 residues in the N-terminal cytoplasmic tail. CD23a is restrictively expressed on B-cells while CD23b is inducible on B-cells, as well as monocytes, eosinophils, macrophages and a variety of other cell types, after IL-4 stimulation. The two isoforms seems to have different functions. CD23a appears to be the isoform associated with endocytosis of IgE immune complexes and mediating antigen presentation on B-cells. CD23b has a phagocytosis motif and seems to be involved in the phagocytosis of IgE-coated particles, cytokine release and the generation of superoxides. Previous studies indicate that the two isoforms connect to different signal transduction pathways. Comparing the cells that express only one or both CD23 isoforms suggests that CD23b is involved in upregulating cAMP and iNOS, whereas CD23a mediates an increase in intracellular calcium. In the main part of the study we investigated how the CD23a B-cell specific expression is regulated. Pax-5 is a B-cell restricted transcription factor with an essential role in early and late B-cell development. Putative Pax-5 binding sites have been predicted in the CD23a proximal promoter. Analyses of the CD23a promoter revealed three putative Pax-5 binding sites with more than 50% homology to the consensus sequence. One of these sites, named CD23-1 can compete a high affinity Pax-5 binding site or can directly bind Pax-5 protein in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Introducing mutations into this site abrogates the binding. A different approach, in which overlapping peptides covering the length of the CD23a promoter were tested in competition assays against a high affinity binding site, also revealed CD23-1 as the only site that directly binds Pax-5 protein. Expression of Pax-5 in 293 cells resulted in a 7-fold activation of a CD23a core promoter construct. Co-transfection together with STAT6 showed that Pax-5 cooperates with this transcription factor in enhancing the level of transcription of a CD23a extended promoter construct. Most importantly, ectopic expression of Pax-5 in the monocytic cell line U-937 that regularly expresses only the CD23b isoform enabled a significant CD23a expression after stimulation with IL-4 and PMA. Our results suggest that Pax-5 is a key regulator of the B-cell restricted expression of the CD23a isoform. In the second part of the project, we used a yeast two-hybrid system (CytoTrapTM from Stratagene) in order to look for cytoplasmic interaction partners for the CD23 receptor. The system was established in order to reach a high efficiency of transformation and different bait vector constructs were made. The screening was performed using a human spleen library cloned in the target vector of the system. The first bait constructs used (pSosCD23a and pSosCD23b) expressed the very short (22 amino acids) cytoplasmic tails of the isoforms at the C-terminal end of the fusion protein (human SOS). Improved bait constructs, (pSosCD23a+Linker and pSos CD23b+Linker) expressed the cytoplasmic tail of CD23a/b at the N-terminal side of the human SOS and had in consequence the N-terminal part free as a bait, as it occurs in vivo. A flexible linker region separated the fusion proteins in order to make the small amino acid bait chain more obvious. Approximately three million library clones were screened with these various constructs. No “true positive” interaction was detected. A relatively high number of “false positive” clones were obtained and checked in another two-hybrid system. A new bait construct, in which the tyrosine residue in the cytoplasmic tail of CD23a was replaced by a glutamic acid residue will be used for future screening. The system was also used in order to test the interaction between CD23 and p59fyn, a member of the Src family of protein kinases that was mentioned to associate with CD23a. No interaction was detected by using the CytoTrap two-hybrid system. In conclusion, the key result of the study demonstrates that Pax-5 is a main regulator of the B-cell specific expression of the CD23a isoform. In addition, a two-hybrid system was established and employed in order to look for cytoplasmic interaction partners for CD23.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Studien zu verschiedenen Aspekten der Stimulation von humanen Vg9Vd2-T-Lymphozyten vorgestellt. Ein Schwerpunkt war die Charakterisierung der Erkennung von Bisphosphonaten durch Vg9Vd2-T-Zellen. Weder die Alkylmonophosphonate Ethyl- und Propylphosphonat noch 3-Aminopropylphosphonat bewirkten eine Stimulation von Vg9Vd2 T-Lymphozyten. Anscheinend ist also für die gd-T-Zell-stimulierende Aktivität von Aminobisphosphonaten das Vorhandensein sowohl der Methylenbisphosphonat-Gruppe als auch des Amino-Stickstoffs entscheidend. Es wurden verschiedene Pamidronat-Derivate untersucht, die sich durch Substituenten am Stickstoffatom unterscheiden. Die meisten dieser Verbindungen konnten Vg9Vd2-T-Zellen aktivieren, die Art der Substituenten hatte aber großen Einfluss darauf, welche Konzentration des jeweiligen Bisphosphonats für eine gd-T-Zell-Antwort nötig war. Besonders negativ auf die gd-T-Zell-stimulierende Aktivität wirkte sich aus, wenn das Stickstoffatom Teil einer Säureamidbindung war. Das lässt darauf schließen, dass die Gegenwart einer positiven Ladung (durch Protonierung des Stickstoffatoms) von Bedeutung für die Bioaktivität dieser Verbindungen ist. Beim Vergleich verschiedener Bisphosphonate mit stickstoffenthaltenden Heteroaromaten (Fünfringe mit ein bis drei Stickstoffatomen) zeigte sich, dass sowohl die Position des basischen Stickstoffatoms im Ring als auch Art und Position von Ringsubstituenten Einfluss auf deren gd-T-Zell-stimulierende Aktivität haben. Es ergaben sich Hinweise, dass sich eine gesteigerte Neigung eine positive Ladung in der Seitenkette zu tragen bei diesen Verbindungen genau wie bei Aminobisphosphonaten günstig auf das gd-T-Zell-aktivierende Potential auswirkt. Durch Behandlung mit Zoledronat wurde die monozytäre Zelllinie THP-1 stimulierend für Vg9Vd2-T-Zellen. Auch weitere Zelllinien und Lymphozyten des peripheren Bluts (PBL) konnten nach Vorinkubation mit Zoledronat Vg9Vd2-T-Zellen aktivieren. Dabei genügten bei den PBL deutlich geringere Zoledronat-Konzentrationen um einen Effekt zu erzielen als bei den untersuchten Zelllinien. Für die indirekte Stimulation von Vg9Vd2-T-Zellen durch Zoledronat mittels THP-1 Zellen oder PBL war Zell-Zell-Kontakt zwischen den präsentierenden Zellen und den gd-T-Zellen Voraussetzung. Die Anwesenheit von alkalischer Phosphatase hatte keine Auswirkungen auf die gd-T-Zell-Aktivierung durch Zoledronat. Dies spricht dafür, dass Vg9Vd2-T-Zellen Oberflächenstrukturen auf anderen Zellen erkennen und dass freie Phosphoantigene bei der gd-T-Zell-Stimulierung durch Stickstoff enthaltende Bisphosphonate keine Rolle spielen. Wurde die Vorinkubation von THP-1 Zellen mit Zoledronat in Gegenwart von Saponin, einem Detergenz das die Durchlässigkeit der Zellmembran reversibel erhöht, durchgeführt, reichten deutlich niedrigere Konzentrationen des Bisphosphonats aus, um die THP-1 Zellen stimulierend für gd-T-Lymphozyten zu machen. Das ist ein Hinweis darauf, dass für die Aktivierung von Vg9Vd2-T-Zellen durch Zoledronat intrazelluläre Vorgänge in den „antigenpräsentierenden“ Zellen verantwortlich sein könnten. Beim Vergleich verschiedener N-BPs hinsichtlich ihrer Aktivität gegenüber gd-T-Zellen und ihrer antiresorptiven Potenz ergab sich eine erstaunlich gute Korrelation. Dies könnte darauf hinweisen, dass beide Effekte durch den gleichen Mechanismus – die Hemmung der Farnesylpyrophosphat-Synthase – zustande kommen. Die Gegenwart von Farnesol oder Geranylgeraniol während der Vorinkubation von THP-1 Zellen mit Zoledronat verringerte deren gd-T-Zell-stimulierendes Potential nicht, so dass vielleicht nicht die Verarmung an längerkettigen Isoprenoiden sondern die Anreicherung von Vorläufern zu Veränderungen in den Zellen führt, die diese schließlich erkennbar für Vg9Vd2-T-Zellen machen. Zusätzlich wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit einige Versuche zu bakteriellen Phosphoantigenen durchgeführt. Mittels einer selektiven HPLC-MS/MS-Methode gelang uns in einer E. coli-Probe der Nachweis eines Vg9Vd2-T-Zell-stimulierenden Pyrophosphats mit der molekularen Masse von 3-Formyl-1-butyl-pyrophosphat, einem Phosphoantigen das in Mykobakterien gefunden worden war (Belmant und Mitarbeiter, 1999). Eine weitere Strukturaufklärung war aufgrund der äußerst geringen Konzentration des Phosphoantigens nicht möglich. 2-C-Methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphat (MEcPP) ist ein Zwischenprodukt des 2-C-Methylerythritol-4-phosphat- (MEP) Wegs der Isoprenoidbiosynthese. Es wird in manchen Bakterien – z. B. Corynebacterium ammoniagenes – bei oxidativem Stress verursacht durch Benzylviologen (BV) akkumuliert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Extrakte aus C. ammoniagenes, die in Gegenwart von BV kultiviert wurden, in einem höherem Maße Vg9Vd2-T-Zellen stimulieren als Proben von Bakterien, die ohne BV-Zusatz wuchsen; MEcPP wirkte selbst nicht als Phosphoantigen. Dies war ein weiterer Hinweis darauf, dass bakterielle Phosphoantigene mit dem MEP-Weg assoziiert sind.
Primäre (essentielle) arterielle Hypertonie ist eine weit verbreitete Erkankung (weltweit 600 Mio; USA 60 Mio, Deutschland ca. 40 Mio)und gehört zu den häufigsten Ursachen der(Zerebro- und Kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen)Gesamtsterblichkeit der Weltbevölkerung (6%). Trotz vieler Fortschritte bei der Fassung und der medilamentösen Therapie ein Rückgang der Hypertonieprävalenz ist in keinem Land erzielt worden. Unter anderem könnte der mangelnde Komplianz hierfür ein wichtiger Grund sein. Stressinduzierter Hypertonus ist in den Industrie- und Entwicklungsstaaten eine häufige Manifestationsform der arteriellen Hypertonie. Sie ist medika- mentös nur unzureichend einstellbar. Da psychosoziale Stressfaktoren und ihre Bewältigung bei der Therapie eine wichtige Rolle spielen, sind Stressbewälti- gungs maßnahmen dringend erforderlich. JNC VII und WHO/ISH betonen neben der pharmakologischen Therapie die Bedeutung einer non-pharmakologischen, anthyper-tensiven Behandlung, die in vielen Fällen der leicht bis mittelgradiger Hypertonie als alleinige Therapie ausreichen kann. Aus diesem Grunde setzten wir auf der Basis einer ganzheitlichen Spiritualität, die für alle Religionen, sogar für areligiöse Menschen offen ist, kontemplative Meditation in Kombina- tion mit Atemtechniken (CMBT) als eine Ganzheitliche Maßnahme zur Behandlung der stresinduzierten Hypertonie ein. Ziel dieser radomisierten, kontrollierten Studie war es, den Effekt der spirituell-ganzheitlichen Behand- lung auf die leicht- bis mittelgradige arterielle Hypertonie zu untersuchen. 52 Patienten (Alter 52±5 Jahre, 18 Frauen) mit leicht- bis mittelgradiger essentieller Hypertonie (JNC VII-Kriterien) wurden in zwei Gruppen randomisiert: Gruppe I (n=26) praktizierte CBMT über acht Wochen intensiv zweimal täglich jeweils 30-40 Minuten, während Gruppe II (n=26) als Kontrolle diente. CMBT wurde nach christlicher Tradi-tion im Kloster St. Benedikt in Würzburg durchgeführt. Baseline- und Follow-up-Untersuchung umfassten Messungen des Ruhe-Blutdruck, Mental-Stress-Test (MST), Ergospirometrie und ABDM. In der Follow-up-Untersuchung fiel der SBP in Gruppe I von 151 vor auf 135 mm Hg nach Meditation (CMBT). Es zeigte sich ein 11% Abfall des SBP in Gruppe I, während er in Gruppe II konstant blieb (p<0,0001 für den Vergleich zwischen den Gruppen). Die Veränderung des Medianwertes betrug beim Ruhe-SBP/DBP -15/-12 mm Hg in der Meditationsgruppe im Vergleich zu +3/-6 mm Hg in der Kontrollgruppe (p<0,0001 und p = 0,027 für den Vergleich zwischen den Gruppen). Im Follow-up des Mental-Stress-Tests fiel der maximale, stressindu- zierte SBP von 170 auf 143 mm Hg in Gruppe I, blieb aber in Gruppe II konstant (167 vs. 160 mm Hg; p<0,0002, sehr signifikant für den Vergleich zwischen den Gruppen). Der mittlere SBP blieb in der Interventionsgruppe während der gesamten Testphase des MST signifikant niedriger als in der Kontrollgruppe: Die Veränderung des Medianwertes betrug -18 mm Hg (-12%) vs. -7 mm Hg -5%; p< 0,002). Dagegen beobachteten wir keinen signifikanten Effekt auf den Blutdruck während des körperlichen Belastungstests (p = 0,336). Unter Belastung fiel der maximale SBP in Gruppe I von 218 auf 199 mm Hg, während er in Gruppe II konstant blieb (211 vs 209 mm Hg, n. s.). Mittlerer SBP und DBP fielen in der ABDM von 138 auf 133 mm Hg (p<0,001) bzw. von 86 auf 80 mm Hg in Gruppe I (p<0,001), während der Blutdruck in der Kontrollgruppe konstant blieb (p<0,001 beim Vergleich zwischen den Gruppen). Die jeweiligen Veränderungen des SBP/DBP innerhalb der 24h-ABDM betrugen -5/-6 mm Hg in der Interventionsgruppe und 0/0 mm Hg in der Kontrollgruppe (beide p´s = 0,001). Beim Follow-up erzielten 75% der Probanden in der Interventionsgruppe, jedoch kein Proband in der Kontrollgruppe Ruhe-Blutdruckwerte <130/80 mm Hg. In der 24h-ABDM lag der Tagesmittelwert in der Interventionsgruppe bei 137/88 mm Hg, der Nachtmittelwert bei 123/68 mm Hg und der 24h-Mittelwert bei 133/80 mm Hg. Bei Patienten mit leicht- bis mittelgradiger essentieller Hypertonie konnte gezeigt werden, dass achtwöchige CMBT eine deutliche Senkung der Herzfrequenz, des SBP und DBP in Ruhe, in der 24h-ABDM und der stressinduzierten Hypertonie bewirkte. Da die Blutdrucksenkung nach Anwendung der CMBT im Vergleich mit anderen Lifestyle-Modifikationen, herkömmlichen Entspannungstechniken sowie antihypertensiven Medikamenten ebenso effektiv oder sogar effektiver war, konnten wir in unserer Studie eine sehr gute Wirksamkeit dieser spirituell-ganzheitlichen Therapie nachweisen. Der Langzeiteffekt der CMBT, ihre Bedeutung als 1) Spirituell-ganzheitliches Adjuvans bei der medikamentösen Therapie der schweren arteriellen Hypertonie, 2) die Verbesserung der Compliance durch den ganzheitlichen Ansatz und 3) ihre wichtige, großartig-ganzheitliche und kostengünstige Bedeutung in der Prävention sollte im Rahmen eines Spirituell-ganzheitlichen Therapiekonzeptes in weiteren Studien untersucht werden.
Bei Ratten mit chronischen Myokardinfarkt wurde der Einfluss des Mineralokortikoidrezeptor (MR)-Anta¬gonisten Spironolacton alleine und in Kombination mit einem Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme (ACE)-Hemmer oder einem Angiotensin II Typ 1 (AT1)-Antagonisten, bzw. der Kombination aller drei Medikamente auf das kardiale Remodeling untersucht. Ab dem zehnten Tag nach Koronarligatur wurden die Tiere für neun Wochen mit Placebo (P), Spironolacton (S, 10mg/kg/d), den Kombi¬na¬tionen aus Spironolacton und Trandolapril (S+T; T:0,3mg/kg/d), Spirono¬lacton und Irbesartan (S+I, I: 50mg/kg/d) bzw. der Dreifach¬kombination aus Spironolacton, Irbesartan und Trandolapril (S+I+T) behandelt. Die Infarktgröße war in allen Behandlungsgruppen vergleichbar. Eine intensivierte Blockade des Renin–Angiotensin–Aldo¬steron–Systems (RAAS) mittels Dreifachkombination (S+I+T) verbesserte die linksventrikuläre Dilatation und Fibrose am effektivsten. Die Kollagen Typ I RNA–Expression und die Expression des atrialen natriuretischen Faktors war bei S+I+T signifi¬kant niedriger als bei P (p<0,001) oder als bei S (p<0,05). Auch die sarcoplasmatische retikuläre Calcium-ATPase- und die ACE-Expression ver¬besserten sich unter S+I+T mehr als unter Mono- oder Zweifachtherapie. Diese positiven Effekte zeigten sich auch in einem verbesserten linksventrikulären systolischen und enddia¬stolischen Druck (P 23,6±2,7 vs. S+I+T 12,7±2,3mmHg), einer höheren maximalen Druckanstiegsgeschwindigkeit bzw. maximalen Druckabfallsge¬schwindigkeit des linken Ventrikels bei S+I+T. Das rechtsventrikuläre Gewicht konnte durch S+I+T gegenüber der P-Gruppe (p<0,001) sowie der S-Gruppe (p<0,05) hochsignifikant ge¬senkt werden. Die vorliegende Studie analysiert erstmals systematisch eine Dreifachinhibition des RAAS im Rattenmodell der Herzinsuffizienz nach Myokardinfarkt. Das kardiale Remodeling konnte am effektivsten durch die Kombination aus ACE-Hemmer, AT1-Antagonist und MR-Blocker verhindert werden. Systematische klinische Untersuchungen hierzu stehen allerdings noch aus.
In dieser Arbeit untersuchten wir den Einfluss von Testosteron auf den myokardialen Ischämie- Reperfusions-Schaden und den entsprechenden intrazellulären Calciumstoffwechsel ([Ca2+]i ). Non-orchiektomierte geschlechtsreife männliche Wistar-Ratten wurden zufällig Gruppen mit verschiedener hormoneller Behandlung zugewiesen; einer Placebo-Gruppe, einer Gruppe mit Testosteronundecanoat-Behandlung und einer Gruppe mit 5- Dihydrotestosteron-Behandlung. Zusätzlich wurden in weiteren Serien orchiektomierte Ratten mit Placebo behandelt. Zwei Wochen nach der jeweiligen hormonellen Behandlung wurden die Herzen entnommen und in eine Langendorff-Apparatur platziert. Die isolierten, mit Puffer perfundierten Herzen wurden 30 Minuten lang einer no-flow-Ischämie-Phase und anschließend einer 30minütigen Reperfusionsphase ausgesetzt. Die Wiederherstellung der myokardialen Funktion wurde gemessen durch Untersuchungen des prä- und postischämischen linksventrikulären (LV) systolischen bzw. diastolischen Drucks, des koronaren Perfusiondrucks und der Veränderungen der [Ca2+]i (mittels Aequorin-Lumineszenz-Methode). Calciumregulierende Proteine wurden mittels Westernblotting analysiert. Der Quotient aus linksventrikulärem Gewicht zum Körpergewicht (LVG/KG) stieg unter Testosteronbehandlung im Vergleich zu den orchiektomierten Ratten an. Die Wiederherstellung der kontraktilen Funktion war verbessert bei den mit Testosteron behandelten Tieren: Am Ende der Reperfusion war bei den testosteron-behandelten Ratten der linksventrikuläre systolische Druck höher und der enddiastolische Druck niedriger. Die endischämische [Ca2+]i und die intrazelluläre Calciumüberladung erwiesen sich ebenfalls nach Reperfusion als signifikant niedriger bei den testosteronbehandelten Tieren im Vergleich zu den orchiektomierten Ratten. Jedoch blieben die Niveaus der calciumregulierenden Proteine unberührt. Zusammenfassend kann man nun sagen, dass die Gabe von Testosteron zur Erhaltung der akuten mechanischen myokardialen Funktion nach globaler Ischämie führt. Dieser begünstigende Effekt war mit einer Verminderung der reperfusionsinduzierten intrazellulären Calciumüberladung assoziiert.
Diese Dissertation beschreibt den Einfluss von HGF auf das ventrikuläre Remodeling des Rattenherzens in der 1. und 16. Woche nach Ischämie und Reperfusion. Die funktionalen Parameter wurden mit Hilfe des NMR gemessen. In der 16. Woche nach Ischämie und Reperfusion wurde die histologisch ermittelte Narbengröße mit dem Wert, der mittels NMR ermittelt wurde, verglichen.
In einer Beobachtungsstudie an 20 Patienten mit fokal sklerosierender und membranöser Glomerulonephritis wurde der Effekt einer Therapie mit ACE- Hemmer, Methylprednisolon und Ciclosporin A über einen Zeitraum von bis zu 10 Jahren verfolgt. Die Effektivität der genannten Therapie ist in der Literatur gut dokumentiert. Die Studie beobachtet folgende neue, bislang nicht beschriebene Ergebnisse: 1. Das Ausmaß der Proteinurie beim nephrotischen Syndrom unterliegt einem 28-Tage-Zyklus. Als Arbeitshypothese nehmen wir zyklische Schwankungen in der Aktivität des Immunsystems an. 2. Die bislang gängige Praxis, das nephrotische Syndrom ein halbes Jahr lang oder allenfalls bis zur ersten Abnahme der Proteinurie zu therapieren bedarf einer Korrektur. Erst wenn die Periodizität der Proteinurie sistiert, kann die Therapie ausgeschlichen werden, ohne ein Rezidiv befürchten zu müssen. Auf jeden Fall muss wesentlich länger therapiert werden als gegenwärtig in der Literatur berichtet. 3. Vor allem Patienten der Kategorie mit sehr langem Intervall zwischen Erstmanifestation und Therapiebeginn bedürfen einer möglicherweise lebenslangen Therapie um kein Endstage Renal Failure zu erleiden. 4. Das bislang gültige therapeutische Fenster der Ciclosporin-A-Therapie von 80 – 120 ng/ml Talspiegel kann bei gutem Ansprechen auf 60 – 80 ng/ml reduziert werden ohne hohes Rezidivrisiko.