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While French Enlightenment seems philosophically dominated by a pejorative idea of the medieval past as the ‘Dark Ages’, this is only one conception among others. This article focuses on a different, a positive, representation of the Middle Ages in eighteenth-century literature, analyzing the chivalric novella Bliombéris (1784) by Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian. On the one hand, the eponymous hero is considered a ‘noble savage’ who develops into an ideal knight by education and successful learning – two central ideas of the Enlightenment period. On the other hand, the study shows how the medieval topic of the Matière de Bretagne, exclusively required by English literature for a long time, is finally regained by the French and is reintegrated into their national memory.
This article exemplifies Gunter Grimm’s concept of productive reception by analyzing César Fernández García’s young adult novel La última bruja de Trasmoz (2009) and the episode Tiempo de hechizos (2017) of the TV series El ministerio del tiempo as two modern works which artistically and creatively deal with Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer’s Cartas desde mi celda (1864). The study is based on the core assumption that the choice of genre greatly influences the treatment of motives such as the perception of nature and the idea of dreams, as well as the image of the witch. While Bécquer’s letters, which focus on the rural people’s superstition, present the witch of Aragonese folklore, the modern examples portray two of her fantastic counterparts: the novel depicts its magical protagonist as an evil supernatural being, whereas the TV episode of the science fiction series shows the witch as a time traveller and a victim.
No abstract available.
This article deals with the reception of Dante and Goethe in Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari’s and Hector Berlioz’s compositions La Vita Nuova and La Damnation de Faust. Although Dante Alighieri’s Vita Nova and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s Faust belong to completely different genres and epochs, the texts provide the basis for the oratorio-style works from the Romantic era, which justifies a comparative analysis of the latter. The examined reductions, extensions, modifications and rearrangements of the texts in the libretti – which were compiled almost entirely by the composers themselves – as well as the instrumental parts and the use and functions of the orchestra, the choir and the soloists, portray the intermedia relations between literature and music in the selected compositions. The chosen examples will show that the common idea of setting literature to music and the translation studies concept of intersemiotic translation are not appropriate for all literature-based pieces of music, as the analysis of both works demonstrates that with regard to vocal music a distinction should be made between the musicalization of literature and the literarization of music.
This paper analyzes the mental development of the main character Salvador in the Spanish movie Los girasoles ciegos (2008) by José Luis Cuerda, based on the camera perspective and focalization, as well as the three-instance model according to Sigmund Freud. For this purpose, screen captures from the movie are examined to see how Salvador’s loss of control is pictured. This is applied to Freud’s three-instance model to prove the takeover of the Id. Throughout the whole movie, the inner conflict between his Ego and Id, i.e. his life as a deacon versus his life as a soldier, is present. The whole process of the breakdown of his mental state is revealed through the camera perspective and visual focalization.
The present study is concerned with a critical discourse analysis of the speeches of the Italian politicians Silvio Berlusconi and Matteo Renzi in different situations. The aim of the study was to find out how historical and speech contexts influence discourse structures and argumentations, and if any similar speech patterns or speech strategies were used. The results show that both politicians in many cases tend to utilize similar speech patterns to achieve different aims; each of them shows a preference for particular words, structures and strategies. It is noteworthy that one of the important differences between speeches of Berlusconi and Renzi is the use of various speech strategies. While Renzi uses these strategies to create an image of himself as a young and honest politician, Berlusconi makes use of them to defend himself or attack his opponents.
No abstract available.
Unaufhörliches Suchen – Gaddas Roman Quer pasticciaccio brutto de via Merulana als carmen perpetuum
(2016)
Gadda’s novel Quer Pasticciaccio brutto de Via Merulana tells the tale of two crimes committed in Rome in the 1920s. The search for the perpetrators turns into a pasticciaccio brutto (an awful mess), challenging the reader with its linguistic complexity and a myriad of references to history and culture; the large number of allusions to antiquity is particularly striking. References to Virgil’s Aeneid and to Rome’s mythical past do not constitute a mere transfer, but document a creative approach of transformational nature. Deformation and inversion are part of this process, changing the μορφή not only in formal terms, but also within the plot itself. These transformations of both form and content are read as Metamorphoses and analysed in comparison to Ovid’s homonymous work. The perpetual, never-ending quest for truth in Gadda’s novel necessitates a perpetual, never-ending narrative, which is conceptually related to Ovid’s carmen perpetuum.
Multilingualism is part of our everyday lives and has recently entered the medium of film. Based on the linguistic diversity of Spanish-speaking countries, the present paper explores multilingualism as a key competence of foreign language learning. Since film provides students with audiovisual access to multilingual situations, a selection of educational videos that form parts of German textbooks will be critically explored concerning the presentation of multilingual phenomena. The results will be discussed in order to contribute to the systematic acquisition of multilingual skills in the sense of language and cultural awareness during classroom learning.
The article deals with the educational comics of the Mozambican artist Sérgio Zimba, especially in the context of the current pandemic situation caused by Covid-19. First, comics from and comic research on Africa will be presented, especially in their repercussion within the German-language comics landscape. This will be followed by a discussion of the special situation in lusophone Africa, exemplified and illustrated by the works of the Mozambican cartoonist Sérgio Zimba. The article closes with a brief comparison of Zimba’s work with the cartoons of Sérgio Piçarra from Angola, to better classify the artist's work.
Economic, academic or artistic cooperation among actors of different countries or disciplines offers numerous new perspectives, but it also confronts the ones profiting from it with several challenges. First, identity has to be firmly established, which requires intercultural skills, such as role-distance, empathy and tolerance for ambiguities. Secondly, a third space is required in which meaning can be newly negotiated to make the partnership succeed. This paper proposes that even within one and the same language-group, one can speak of intercultural communication. A particular collaboration between Portuguese-speaking comic artists will be introduced, raising questions of the conditions necessary to make such a cooperation work. Answers will be provided according to the decisions the artists made in their publications.
Due to an ever-increasing number of automobiles on the roads, automobility fails more and more to fulfil its promise of free individual mobility, leading to traffic density and congestions of unprecedented proportions. However, those conditions seem to possess an aesthetic potential which we seek to analyze in terms of literature. Therefore, we are going to look on three novels from Romance-language areas: Julio Cortázar’s short story La autopista del sur (1966), Carlo Lucarelli’s novel Autosole (1998) and Grégoire Gauchet’s novel Les robinsons de l’autoroute (2018). First, we will analyze the nature of deceleration/congestion by referring to human geographer Tim Cresswell’s concept of friction. Second, we will examine recurring motifs linked to the deceleration/congestion in all novels before taking a closer look at Gauchet’s novel where the friction not only applies to traffic but also to human relationships. The aim is to look at different literary representations of an everyday experience like traffic congestion and to see how literature deals with such an occurrence.
No abstract available.
The present article aims to examine images of the Mediterranean Sea in Jean-Daniel Pollet’s essay film Méditerranée (1963), with a particular focus on its representation as a multifaceted space of cultural memory. After some preliminary observations on the relation between the essay film as a genre and images of the Mediterranean, I shall, on the one hand, have a look at the semantic processes through which the film builds up a recognizable image of the Great Sea. On the other hand, however, I will argue that, at the same time, Méditerranée calls this signifying process into question by representing the sea as a space of cultural memory understood as a space of becoming and of deferral of meaning.
Peau d’Âme has often been regarded as an enigmatic and mysterious text which prevented a broad attention and interpretation since its posthumous publication in 1935. But putting the perspective on Pozzi’s Journal, particularly during the years 1920 and 1921, allows us to discover a significant intertextuality between both of them. Catherine Pozzi’s perception of space in her every day writing does not differ from her philosophical work, since for her the concepts of center and periphery do not form a strict dichotomy. It becomes superfluous in a world without limits. The perception and philosophy of Catherine Pozzi tends to go beyond the boundaries of space which allows us, as readers of these two forms of writing, to comprehend her vision of a spatial and temporal eternity.
When it comes to linguistic norms in France, one standard will be immediately evoked – le bon usage. This version of traditional French is taught at school and has been serving as a model ever since the French Revolution. Yet – and maybe as a counter-reaction to such strict and prescriptive norm – there exists a multitude of alternative forms, especially with regard to the lexis, which are marked by different registers or styles. Thus, the French language is characterized by lexical doublets in the transition area between standard and familier. A varied terminology in the description of styles in dictionaries as well as a stigmatisation of the nonstandard lead to speaker insecurities and to a general devaluation of the parallel vocabulary. What are the consequences of this in speech behaviour? Is there a remarkable difference between speech behaviour and prescriptive norm? Do speakers show any sign of linguistic insecurity when using nonstandard structures? The research issue will be addressed by means of a qualitative analysis of videoblogs from French YouTubers.
In Enrique Gaspar y Rimbau’s 1887 science fiction novel El anacronópete, comedy presents itself in a variety of guises. One of the central comic elements of the book is the playful way in which the lower class characters, namely the maid Juana and the soldier Pendencia, engage with language. This article will compare Gaspar’s El anacronópete with two of its official translations, Leyla Rouhi’s The Anacronópete and Yolanda Molina-Gavilán and Andrea Bell’s The Time Ship: A Chrononautical Journey, in order to ascertain to what extent the Spanish author’s comic touch is preserved in the English translations of Juana’s and Pendencia’s speech. The maid’s and the soldier’s use of double meaning, the mondegreen, and code-switching will be the specific focus of our analysis. We will see that, as Salman Rushdie claims, although «[i]t is normally supposed that something always gets lost in translation […] something can also be gained» (1991: 17).
This article is dedicated to the analysis of the body, which is staged as sick and painful. El último cuerpo de Úrsula by Peruvian author Patricia de Souza is characterized by the connection between body, pain perception and eroticism. Illness and paralysis play a fundamental role in the narrative because they cause the recomposition of the ego, which leads the protagonist, Úrsula Res, to perceive and reflect the fragmentation of her identity and the increasing distance from her body. Through approaches to pain and disability, the expressiveness of the narrativized eroticism of this text, based on an obedient relationship to the body, is revealed.
No abstract available.
No abstract available.
This article focuses on selected Latin American female rap artists (Anita Tijoux, Rebeca Lane, and the duo Krudas Cubensi), and the way they perform feminism, autobiography and testimony through their lyrics and performances. The analysis concentrates on the synergies between the texts themselves, the official music videos shared on YouTube and the background music. It aims to demonstrate that only such a synergistic approach to rap allows a profound understanding of its particularities and its contributions to feminist discourses and spaces for feminist testimony in the current rise of both right-wing politics and feminist movements on the continent.
In this article dedicated to Jean-Paul Sartre’s first novel La Nausée, we analyze how the idea of conversion to art grows in the imagination of the hero, Antoine Roquentin. Furthermore we show that all the narrative actions in the novel are based on the hero’s communicational interaction with the other characters. This lonely person who complains in his diary about social exclusion, yet he converts to art not through his reflections, but through communica-ting with the other characters. Also, many critical studies on La Nausée have considered jazz music that the hero listens to in a café as the critical moment of his conversion. In our opinion this reflects juste one phase of a connected sequence of events through which the hero passes from a state of relational negativity and existential alienation to a state of openness, achieved again mainly by the virtue of other characters.
After independence, in the sixties, sub-Saharan Africa including Francophone, saw moving to the head of his governments, dictatorial powers. Henri Lopès translated this in his work by a formal violence. We will study in this paper, the violence employed by the Congolese novelist in Le Pleurer-rire (1982): the technique of fragmentary. Our work is structured in three parts: the presentation of formal violence in Le Pleurer-rire, manifestations of postcolonial political system in this novel and the operation of the technique of fragmentary.
The present study focuses on Marion Maréchal-Le Pen’s self-representation on social media. Despite her youth, the niece of the party’s chairwoman and granddaughter of its founder is a distinguished member of the French radical right-wing populist and nationalist party Front National. The corpus-based analysis of her digital presence on Twitter, Instagram and Facebook on which this paper is based shows a specific use of linguistic and multimodal resources as a means of strategic framing of political content. In particular, an analysis of Maréchal-Le Pen’s use of searchable hashtags and @mentions referring to different political and non-political actors reveals it as a strategy of polarization between a constructed us and a negatively connoted them.
No abstract available.
To reopen educational institutions and return to the classroom, we all need to modify how we act to successfully face the challenges of the new normal resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and entailing our insights into and the after-effects of the pandemic. More specifically, the new normal might encompass online education we are getting used to during the pandemic and the age-old onsite education as well. Thoughtfully integrated, online and onsite learning combine to create blended learning. However, the pertinent literature reveals that English as a foreign language (EFL) students and teachers differently perceive and react to blended learning in diverse contexts. This study was designed to explore student and teacher perceptions of and reactions to blended learning in the Department of English, Jahangirnagar University in the new normal. Fifty undergraduates of EFL and eight teachers of the department participated in the study. To collect data from them, the Student Questionnaire and the Teacher Questionnaire were used. And the data were processed by applying the SPSS programme module. The findings revealed that the majority of the students and the teachers had mostly positive perceptions of blended learning, although the former did not have sufficient exposure to online learning and the latter lacked adequate insights into online teaching. Further, both the students and the teachers expressed mostly positive reactions to blended learning in the new normal, though the former deemed online examinations inadequately smooth and reliable, and the latter had insufficient experience of online instruction and assessment. The study categorically recommends reforming the curriculum, adopting relevant instructional strategies, developing suitable materials, customizing the assessment, integrating and installing technology, training the teachers, upskilling the students for blended learning, improving the infrastructure, and adjusting the management.
To this day, Lorca’s most popular plays, the Trilogía dramática de la tierra española, are considered to be among the most widely read texts of twentieth century Spanish literature. By combining elements from Antiquity with classic and modern features of Spanish theatre and placing them in new functional contexts, the author succeeds in creating an innovative theatre of sociocritical nature in times of political repression. This article analyses several of these innovations and aims to demonstrate the influence Lorca’s Tragedias rurales still have on today’s literature and culture. Simon Stone’s play Yerma (2017) and the Netflix series Las Chicas del Cable (2017-2020) are approached here with this purpose.
The paper analyses specific characteristics of language that influence the development of culture and societies. The problem of the connection between language and culture has occupied the minds of many famous scientists: some believe that language is a part of the culture as a whole; others think that language is only a form of cultural expression. Undoubtedly, language constitutes a vital component of the cultural background underlying social development. Language is an essential means of communication and interaction. However, language is at the same time sovereign about culture as a whole and can be separate from culture or compared to culture as an equal element (i.e., that language is neither a form nor a component of culture).
In the present chapter, an attempt has been made to discuss the need to create Zambian English to address English language variations in Zambia. No language in the world can remain the same after interacting with other languages. The present chapter intends to propose and support the idea of using ‘Zambian English’ for both formal and informal business. Such a measure would create the communicative competence that the majority of the Zambians have always longed for. In Zambia, the purpose of using English language office is to deliberate day to day’s business. On the contrary, this has been found to be an obstacle to those who lack principles of command in the language usage, but are able to construct sentences for communicative purposes yet are deprived in international interactions. The views expressed in this chapter are those of the language experts who were engaged in a conversation with regard to the possibility of creating what would be known as Zambian English (ZamEnglish).
This article deals with discursive and argumentative strategies used by Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro to bring science in discredit during the 2020’s COVID-19-pandemic. Based on official statements and Tweets launched over the crisis the Discourse-Historical Approach is applied to make strategies brought into play by Bolsonaro visible. While the President declares scientific advice such as distancing and quarantine as ineffective, he recommends the use of hydroxychloroquine as well as old fashioned prayers for staying safe and healthy. He evokes that there are «fake news» and «partners of paralysis», to which he responds by demasking and bringing the one and only truth towards «the people». The analysis points out that Bolsonaro is downplaying the virus and the risk of transmission and puts the economy ahead of health. His supporters as a consequence tend to ignore the
WHO recommendations how to behave during the pandemic.
This article explores the construction of Catalan masculinity and Catalan identity in literature on the Spanish-Moroccan War of 1859/60. During the war, an immense amount of patriotic literature in Catalan language was published in Catalonia, in which the authors glorified the deeds of the Catalan general Joan Prim i Prats and of the Catalan volunteers who fought in the war. The article aims to illustrate, on the basis of the analysis of poems, theatre plays, patriotic songs, reports and chronicles written by Catalan authors, the importance of the First Spanish-Moroccan War for the development of Catalan identity. It attempts as well to demonstrate that the authors used the literature about the war to diffuse a specific Catalan ideal of masculinity and to stylize General Prim and the volunteers into national heroes, who embodied the strength of the Catalan cultural nation, since the Catalan community needed new idols after a long time of political and cultural decline caused by the centralist policies of the Spanish state. The Catalan ideal of masculinity was utilized to differentiate the Catalans from the other Spaniards whose masculinity was considered to be in decadence by the other European nations.
With her famous suggestion to «give her [the woman] a room of her own and five hundred a year, let her speak her mind» from 1929, Virginia Woolf verbalized a core issue of female
writing by hinting at the socioeconomic circumstances and domestic obligations of most women – valid at her times, but still today. Both Elena Ferrante and Annie Ernaux discuss, in their respective novels, the topics of being women in the particular sociocultural landscape (in Italy and, respectively, in France) after World War II and up to these days, the themes of marriage and motherhood, employment and especially (female) authorship. This article aims to show in a close reading of both Ferrante and Ernaux that the two writers play with the literary form of the (auto-)biography on a diegetic, but also extradiegetic level, while formulating at the same time a collective work that embraces the experience of womanhood but circumvents the hazard of a merely subjective and sensitive writing, as female writing has sometimes been claimed to be.
This research paper concentrates on the analysis of the aphoristic potential of G. W. Bush’s presidential rhetoric. Aphorisms are the most ancient laconic forms of expressing original and completed thoughts which reveal the peculiarity of their authors’ world perception and worldview. From this perspective, these units can serve as the means of values codification. Repeatability and widespread use of aphorisms in various communications contribute to transmitting the values and ideas between the generations.
Political aphorisms, which are a combination of aphoristic expressions from political communication and discourse, play an important role in this process. The authors of these expressions are not only politicians, but also philosophers, historians, writers, celebrities of different nationalities and generations. Presidential rhetoric is an integral and significant part of political discourse.
The use of aphorisms as the means of codification of national and common human values in President G. W. Bush’s formal addresses and speeches is intentional. It makes them concise and original, influential and convincing. Aphoristic expressions denoting common human values show the ideas and beliefs of their authors, as well as the politician, about life, justice, equality, freedom, faith, family. Aphorisms defining national values become the means of updating concepts of democracy, unity and diversity, freedom and security, success, and opportunity to fulfill one’s potential in American society. The distinctive feature of G.W. Bush’s rhetoric is the frequent use of aphorisms whose authors are the Founding Fathers.
In the wake of the general tendency towards slow cinema which has been evolving in Mexican cinema, cinematographic devices have gained importance not only with regard to the construction of a persuasive narrative but also in terms of the aesthetic constitution of the movie itself. Not only is this observation evident in the absence of camera movements but also in the semiotic depth of mise en scène resulting from this circumstance. Natalia Almada’s movie Todo lo demás (2016) provides an impressive example of both the repercussions of this technique in the representation of loneliness as well as the suggestive power of the scenographical composition. Hence, the ensuing analysis of those scenes referring to water is to elucidate the semiotics of mise en scène and its influence on the representation of the main character and the repetitive routine constricting her freedom.
English language is being taught as a second foreign language in India. For most of the learners in India, English still a foreign language or target language. The study of this language is important to fulfill different kinds of academic and professional requirements. Still, there is a big gulf between demand and supply for which the failure of the system is largely responsible as its main emphasis on to adherence to the foreign curriculum. The government tries to impose this curriculum on English teachers, but, in fact, the curriculum is outdated.
This article examines principles of gender assignment in the German and Spanish language and in this way tries to answer the question of why loanwords are preferably assigned a particular gender and what criteria motivate this choice. After introducing some general aspects about gender as well as some important properties of the German and Spanish gender systems, this paper compares several formal (morphological and phonological) and semantic rules regarding gender assignment. Despite large structural differences between the languages, the comparison shows that the assignment rules prove to be in a sense cross-lingual, which do not only testify to the assumption but also the validity of an underlying system of rules.
The present article examines the narrative modes in which Lebanese author Amin Maalouf investigates his roots in Origines a hybrid work which stands in contrast with his previous essays and fictions as to its (auto)biographical dimension. Resembling what Dominique Viart and Bruno Vercier in their analysis of predominant themes and narrative strategies in contemporary French literature name «récit de filiation», Maalouf’s quest for his familial past explores the concept of intergenerational transmission of memory. However, despite this individual postmemorial approach, Maalouf’s intimate writing is intrinsically linked with the complex history of the Ottoman Empire and therefore with collective narratives of war, diasporic identities, and migration relating to the present time or the recent past.
This article deals with the outstanding linguistic character of Salvatore in Umberto Eco’s novel Il nome della rosa. The first section is a critical review on problems and potentials of linguistic analyses of fictional texts, especially of those which have been written in uncommon or inexistent languages. The text-based analysis of Salvatore’s polyglot idiolect shows that this is more than a simple and confused mixture of Latin, German, and some Romance dialects and languages. Based on the linguistic concepts of intertextuality, frame-dependent text styles, and diaphasic variety several language choices in Salvatore may be explained in a new way. The analysis of four concrete text fragments also envisions the possibilities of a deeper comprehension of Salvatore’s utterances through attentive context reading.
This article aims to trace the development of different verb forms that express future tense of Old Portuguese from the 13th to the 15th century by analyzing a historical text corpus. During this period, Portuguese future tense could be expressed through one synthetical as well as two analytical morphological verb constructions. Adapting an analytic model formerly employed by the Mexican researcher Concepción Company Company for an investigation of similar future tense forms in Old Spanish, this article seeks to point out that the use of the different verb forms in Portuguese followed distinct functions regarding aspects of both information structure as well as modality.
Women in Caribbean culture traditionally occupy the role of guardians of collective memory, as tellers of stories, legends and myths. Through oral tradition, they transfer the cultural and family knowledge from one generation of women to the next. We will offer an analysis of oral transmission as a way of preserving a memory of women in Le livre d’Emma (2001) by the Québec author of Haitian origin, Marie-Célie Agnant. We will primarily analyze the transformation of communicative memory into cultural memory, following the distinction by Jan Assmann. We will interpret the oral transfer as a possibility to stabilize, to legitimize female memory and to inscribe it into the female body.
The arrival of the Spanish in present-day Oaxaca, Mexico, led to manifold communicative challenges and was the origin of the first written documents in the local indigenous languages. This paper focuses on Spanish-Zapotec translations produced by Christian missionaries during the colonial period. In this context, it aims to investigate the expression of the concept of soul in their catechisms and confesionarios by analyzing chronologically how different authors apply the Spanish synonyms alma and ánima. On the one hand, we can observe some similar tendencies in central Mexican documents for the early colonial period so that we can assume that the corpus was influenced by Nahuatl translations. On the other hand, there is an independent development in Spanish-Zapotec translations not only regarding the target text but also the source text.
After the terrorist attacks on November 13th, the French public, the whole of Europe and many parts of the world were waiting for president François Hollande to address his fellow “citoyens”. Being the most important political figure – both by constitution and by influence on public discourse – the president’s words bear great importance for the subsequent debate and interpretation of the events. Therefore, the question arises: How did the president shape the debate in the hours and days after the attacks? To answer this question, we have identified typical structures in Hollande’s rhetorical reaction to the attacks, performing a topos as well as a keyword analysis of the speeches the president held within two weeks after November 13th. In a contrastive analysis we have compared Hollande’s speeches to the Europarl Corpus. Using the software programme sketch engine, we have filtered out the 100 most frequent keywords and classified them into semantic fields (data-driven approach). All in all, terrorism, action and nation/identity are the three predominant semantic fields, whereas references to victimhood barely appear. These findings are congruent with the results of our topos analysis that reveals a predominance of argumentative structures that form a strong main topos of resilience, emphasising the greatness of France and its people and culture, calling to action and avoiding any tendencies of resignation.
The history of intellectual and cultural contact between West and East is very complicated and contradictory. A long time ago, eastern culture attracted the attention of many writers, orientalists and researchers, who headed east not only to study and describe the fascinating eastern civilizations, but also to analyze their different literary, historical and scientific aspects.
The new mysterious but exciting environment inspired the orientalists to record and describe what they experienced regarding the architecture, the nature and the people. The attractive eastern natural views which are distinguishable from the monotonous western environment – especially after the industrial revolution – helped them to find new prospects.
The East has been coming into focus since the middle ages, when the church campaigns started to study Islam as the prevalent religion in this area. The orientalist motivations were not only religious, but also followed economic, colonial and scientific agenda, which lead to a plethora of specialized research, stories, novels and analytical studies. A close look at the orientalists’ works will provide us with an overview of eastern civilization. Therefore, their works are considered as a mirror reflecting their point of view to the east and the north of Africa, especially to pharaonic Egypt.
The orientalists who travelled to the east and expressed their passion to this old civilization in their writings influenced the literary movement deeply. But what do we mean by the term orientalism? Edward Saïd has defined this term in different ways. Saïd presented and interpreted it as a way of thinking, a historical phenomenon. Defining orientalism has become a problem indeed, and now it is carrying a number of meanings which do not match. Therefore, the aim of the study is to bring into focus the most important definitions of the term orientalism from the late 17th to the mid-20th century.
This article seeks to analyse the volume of poems Vapor de foto (2006) written by the young contemporary poet Luciana Romano from Buenos Aires. Romano is also an activist of the politically engaged artist collective Etcétera… founded in the late nineties. Her poetry reveals a certain correlation with the aesthetics of the actions and interventions developed by Etcétera… in the streets and public spaces not only of Argentina but also of Europe. Furthermore, the creation of Vapor de foto is based on the collective’s experiences and practices. Using a methodological approach that combines close reading and a cultural and socio-critical focus, several poems will be exemplarily analysed in order to examine the interrelation between Romano’s style of writing and her activism. Assuming that her poetry, as well as the work of Etcétera…, belongs to a postdictatorial contemporary aesthetics characterized by the complex interplay between dadaistic and surrealistic dis/continuities, this article will focus on the analysis of different forms of relations between text and image.
France, Italy, and Spain are three Romance-speaking countries which – at least in Europe – have been affected to a very high degree by the consequences of the Corona pandemic. This paper examines discursive strategies on social media (Twitter and Facebook) by the three heads of government/state of the aforementioned countries – namely Emmanuel Macron (France), Giuseppe Conte (Italy), and Pedro Sánchez (Spain)- from a corpuslinguistic point of view. For this purpose, a corpus was created which contains all Twitter and Facebook messages posted by these heads of government/state from the beginning of February until the end of April 2020. By applying corpus-linguistic methods we find that all three politicians consciously use social media to sensitize, inform, and – in view of a dramatic pandemic situation – unite their respective populations behind them.
French-Madagascan colonial history is full of dark chapters. After Madagascar’s independence the French general public forgot the country very quickly. In Malagasies collective memory, the wounds of colonial injustice are still open even if they are generally considered as fady (‘tabooʼ). Désiré Razafinjato is the first Malagasy author writing in French who dares to approach the difficult relations between Malagasy-French and indigenous Malagasy as well as between indigenous Francophiles and indigenous anti-French nationalists. In his tale «Tahiry. From Madagascar to the Algerian djebel, the bitter-fatherland», the narrator speaks about the painful loss of any fatherland for all those Malagasy who during the War of Algeria got involved as French soldiers. Indeed, it is the sad history of the despoliation of an ideal Motherland on the French side and of the refusal of membership in an ancestral fatherland on the Malagasy side. What remains for those ancient French-Malagasy combatants is the feeling of a ‘bitter-fatherlandʼ and the feeling of living in ‘between everywhereʼ in some kind of ‘non-fatherlandʼ.
In this paper, the different uses and functions of (yo) pienso (que) are analysed. The examples demonstrate that (yo) pienso (que) fulfils various functions. It is used as a marker of cognitive attitude concerning the proposition (that is, the speaker expresses his validative attitude or an inference), as a pragmatic marker or as a cognitive particle. In this study, we introduce the term ‘cognitive particle’ in order to describe the use of (yo) pienso (que) when its use serves to gain time in processing the enunciation or to structure the speaker’s thoughts. The empirical data are on the one hand retrieved from the corpus programme CREA, of debates and interviews focusing on peninsular Spanish, and on the other hand from GlossaNet, more precisely from the newspapers El País and El Mundo. This analysis is a qualitative one because we do not focus on the frequency of the different functions. Instead, we want to illustrate the various functions (yo) pienso (que) fulfils.
The present paper is concerned with the use of English cognitive verbs like think, mean and guess as well as with fixed expressions that contain these verbs like guess what (?) or think about it in Portuguese online discourses. In the qualitative analysis of examples retrieved from the Corpus do Português (Web/Dialects) I mainly focus on the syntactic behavior of the expressions under survey, also comparing their use and function in the English language. In the final part of the paper I reflect about possible reasons of the employment of English elements in Portuguese conversation.
According to the Senegalesian scholar Felwine Sarr who conceives an African utopia in his programmatic essay Afrotopia (2016), this Afrotopos has already germinated in contemporary African literature. However, it still needs to be enquired to what extent the narrated topos of the street in Sarr’s own anthology 105 Rue Carnot (2011) has already realized the Afrotopos. In order to respond to this question, we would like to mobilise Michel Foucault’s concept of heterotopia, which elaborates on the interactions between truth production/knowledge, power and space, and permits us to conceive of «les lieux utopiques» (Foucault 2005: 40) as actually locatable on the map and real other places outside of all places (cf. Foucault 1994: 755). Thus, in the street, a different relationship between global North and South is founded, which becomes legible as an African «utopie localisée» (Foucault 2005: 41) that Sarr calls for in Afrotopia (2016).
French history of literature is undoubtedly characterized by a tradition of social criticism portraying the working class’ misery that can be traced back at least to the 19th century. Among these depictions, Zola’s novels have a prominent position. This is, among other aspects, due to their pretended scientific foundation and their pretentious claims to be scientific studies. The contemporary author Édouard Louis situates himself in this tradition of Zola’s naturalism. This invites us to examine the interrelation between Zola and Louis more closely. Based on the common ground of scientific foundation, scientific ambition and social commitment pursued in their novels, it will be demonstrated that Louis is a late-modern Zola whose milieu and character descriptions follow in detail Zola’s constructions.
This contribution deals with the phonetic heterogeneity of spoken Spanish in Andalusia in the sector of public auditory media, specifically in the program ¡Anda Levanta! of Canal Fiesta Radio. First, we take into consideration Article 10 of the Statute of the Autonomy of Andalusia, which enhances the protection, promotion, study, and prestige of the Andalusian modalities and its respective variety (cf. Parlamento de Andalucía 2007: 13). Second, we refer to the Libro de Estilo, a mandatory guide for presenters of public audiovisual media in Andalusia since 2014. The results of the qualitative analysis indicate divergences between the presenters and their audience with regard to their use of phonetic characteristics typical of the Andalusian varieties: where the presenters tend to avoid the salient aspects of the varieties, the audience employs a range of phonetic characteristics typical for Andalusian varieties, including some of the characteristics that are considered less prestigious.
In this contribution, chants of the followers of the Argentine football team Boca Juniors are analyzed with regard to possible identity constructions and othering. The results of the corpus-driven discourse-linguistic analysis demonstrate in particular metaphors and topoi that can be highlighted as a constitutive part of the discursive construction of a Boca Juniors supporters’ identity and the otherings of River Plate hinchas. Through the use of certain metaphors and determined lexical fields that clearly call for acts of violence, a masculine ethos is discursively constructed among Bocas own followers, which goes far beyond comparable insulting and cheering chants of comparable European football teams.
Despite some critical voices, in German linguistics the concept of confix can meanwhile be considered as an established morpheme category. Schmidt (1987) introduced the term into German to describe bound morphemes that are lexical, but not inflectable. Since the 2000s, an increasing number of publications deal with the phenomenon and the term has begun to enter linguistic reference works as well. In French, the situation is completely different due to the structure of the language (poor in compounds and mostly post-determinative). Although the term and the concept have originall y been coined by the French structuralist André Martinet ([1961] \(^3\)1980 ), the denomination itself is barely present in Romance linguistics. French researchers usually take different approaches to discuss the phenomenon (e.g., neoclassical compounds, constructed lexemes). In Italian, the denominations confisso/ confissazione are first used by De Mauro (1999), who adopts both the term and concept directly from Martinet; moreover, they can be found in some contributions on word formation and lexicology (e.g., Adamo/Della Valle 2008). Nevertheless, the Italian termino-logy remains heterogeneous, with some researchers still using the terms prefissoide/suffissoide coined by Migliorini (1963). As I will show by comparing the languages in question, the terminology and the concept of confixes vary greatly between Romance and Germanic languages.
Investigations focusing on the social criticism in La Regenta (1884-1885) by Leopoldo Alas «Clarín» have constantly referred to the unmasking of society’s hypocrisy and provincialism through the implementation of satire and irony in the novel. This observation, though, has to be defined more clearly. Vetustan society, specifically the bourgeoisie, is characterized primarily by the incessant exhibition of supposed wisdom and intelligentsia in public to generate social prestige and power. By analyzing the narrative strategies which are related to the composition of the secondary characters, the role of two specific public venues (Casino and Theatre of Vetusta) and the (de)construction of P. Ronzal, P. Guimarán and S. Bermúdez in the novel, this article illustrates how false wisdom and pseudo-intelligentsia become central motifs regarding social criticism in La Regenta.
No abstract available.
The study uses the category of disgust in order to analyse the representation of the human body and the corpse in one of the most influential medieval treatises, the De Miseria Condicionis Humanae (1195) written by Pope Innocent III, and its little known old French adaptation Double lay de fragilité humaine (1383) by Eustache Deschamps. Analysing how both use disgust as an aesthetic means, which appeals to emotions and turns off reason, helps to point out the pedagogical and moral function of the texts. The comparison between them shows that Deschamps stays faithful to his Latin model, but that he nevertheless has to make certain modifications in order to adapt the prose text into a lyrical form. Furthermore, this approach clearly elucidates what differences there are between the conceptions of the human body and death in the two texts, revealing at the same time divergent theological points of view.
No abstract available.
The normative use of past tenses is supposed to be a big challenge for learners of Spanish. Although they might understand the grammatical chapter in theory, adequate past tense use in spontaneous oral production is not guaranteed. Morphological errors, overgeneralizations of tenses and interferences with other languages characterize the interlanguage of the learners. Based on two corpuses, we analyse how the past tense use differs between secondary school students from Austria and Romance polyglots. Qualitative and quantitative analyses show that polyglot speakers surpass the secondary school students in some areas such as the distinction of verbal aspect. However, the students tend less to use the perfecto compuesto in an inadequate way in narration.
The encounter with non-human animals has always been a major preoccupation in the (philosophical) quest of understanding the human (condition). Of course, they are not only present in literary texts, but also in other media such as music and art. We consider ourselves aware of their selves, natures and skills as well as their sensory perceptions. Indeed, the ways we interact with non-human animals in everyday life and in the fictional world, how we perceive, think and talk about them as well as how we communicate with them are often related to our own self-perceptions in the social collective and in social-historical discourse. If we take a closer look at literary interspecies relations, we can detect clear shades in language and communication. Based on the approaches of Human-Animal Studies, this article deals with those nuances regarding animal-human encounters in Juan Ramón Jiménez’ Platero y yo (1914/1917) and Thomas Mann's Herr und Hund (1919) in a comparative perspective. In addition to this, a special focus is placed on the effect these elements can have on (inter)acting literary subjects as well as on extra-textual recipients.
This paper deals with the origin of the hundred-year old theory of tierras bajas and tierras altas, focusing on the description of vowel weakening within that theory developed in 1921 by Henríquez Ureña. I argue that the early conception of vowel weakening and its dialectal distribution has strongly influenced the kind of research we have been conducting about this phonetic feature to this day. The aim of this study therefore, is to sharpen our understanding of the former zeitgeist of research and to stimulate further big data-based studies on vowel weakening overcoming the traditional dialectal division of tierras bajas and tierras altas.
captar – cap(i)tar, facto – fato: Variation und Wandel bei Plosivsequenzen im Portugiesischen
(2015)
The present study is concerned with the production and perception of the stop consonant clusters /pt/ and /kt/ as well as CVC-Sequences /pVt/ and /kVt/ in European and Brazilian Portuguese (EP and BP, respectively). European and Brazilian Portuguese have the same syllable structure (Bisol 1999: 731, Mateus/d’Andrade 2000: 39), but are postlexically affected by contrary phenomena. After the occurence of phonological processes such as vowel reduction and deletion in European clusters and vowel epenthesis in Brazilian consonant clusters, the difference between lexical consonant clusters and CVC-sequences would be diminished in both varieties, so that EP would realize both as CC, while BP would realize both as CVC. In order to test whether clusters and CVC-sequences can be distinguished in production and perception, we discuss a physiological experiment and a perceptual study with participants of both varieties. The results show less overlap in BP than in EP. The reason for which is seen in the perception of intervocalic epenthetic elements even in lexical clusters in BP and more consonant clusters in EP.
The nameless protagonist of the postmodern novel Monsieur, written by Belgian author Jean-Philippe Toussaint, can be described as a rather strange man. He lacks ambition, a drive for action and seems to be unfit for daily life. He constantly fails to accomplish his predestined role as a real man, as for instance to pay the bill for dinner when dating a woman. The scope of the present paper is to analyse, on the one hand, how this novel deconstructs hegemonial concepts of masculinity but, on the other hand, is in itself also a parody of the latter.
This article will examine the cinematic approach to the trauma of the Falklands/Malvinas War in Lola Ariasʼ film Teatro de Guerra (AR/ES, 2018). The armed conflict between Ar-gentina and Great Britain in 1982 can be understood as a traumatic liminal experience, whose artistic reception pushes conventional aesthetics to their limits and calls for innova-tive representational strategies. Based on a cultural studies approach to the Falklands/Mal-vinas War as a collective trauma, this contribution will highlight selected moments of aes-thetic border crossing in Teatro de Guerra, by which the film succeeds in transcending boundaries between former enemies of the war.
The article deals with the notion of internet aggression (cyber aggression). It considers the mentioned term from both psychological and communicative approaches. The paper also provides detailed analyses of the cyber aggression in political discourse. The provided ex-amples are taken from the speeches of politicians during the time of Covid pandemic. The author also identifies several types of cyber aggression.
The novel Madame Chrysanthème (1887) and the essays collected in Japoneries d’automne (1889) written by French travel author Pierre Loti offer a paradoxical view of Japan during the Meiji period. In both travel writings, the author is torn between aesthetic japonism – which spread all over Europe at the end of the 19th century – and exotic expectations, i.e. the picturesque fascination of the Other. The latter, however, remains unsatisfied throughout his stay. In both writings, Pierre Loti provides an insight into Japan that entirely reflects the spirit of his time. Thereby, he contributes to an image of Japan, which will long remain vivid in the Occident. Contemporaries perceive Loti’s representation of Japan as a realistic testimony, tinged with both sensory impressions and his highly ambiguous feelings towards the distant country, which in the end remained incomprehensible to him.
No abstract available.
This article concentrates on the Argentine author Esteban Echeverría who is known as the founding father of Romanticism in the River Plate region. The author of this article intends to show that the importance of Echeverría for the development of Argentine national literature goes beyond the spreading of Romanticist aesthetics. Especially his poem La cautiva (1837) has been regarded as the national epic poem of Argentina because it represents national landscape and the early days of national history. However, as the classification of this narrative poem as the national epic poem already indicates, Echeverría also contributed to the presence of this prestigious genre at the River Plate region. By investigating Echeverría‘s less known verse texts – namely the texts which were read by all Romantics but which have been neglected by literary studies so far – this article illustrates that Echeverría gave decisive impulses for the presence of the epic poem at the River Plate.
This paper discusses complementation strategies in Spanish, focusing on a specific construction most speakers are not aware of: the complementation clause preceded by the verb conocer. Not being a typical complement-taking verb, conocer surprises with a stable and persistent presence throughout the centuries, from Old Spanish to Modern Spanish. After giving an introduction into the field of complementation clauses and one of its main focus of study, grammatical mood, this study uses empirical data from the corpus programs CORDE, CREA and CORPES XXI to show the usage and prevalence of the construction in question. In doing so, this analysis gives a quantitative insight, exemplifying the results with several examples from all ages.