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De Nedjma à Nedschma: Il y a trente ans, la critique allemande découvrait une nouvelle comète
(1993)
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Melanotic melanoma (MM) of Xiphophorus (Teleostei: Poeciliidae) was studied by conventional preparations and freeze-etch preparations for electron microscopy. MM of Xiphophorus exhibits tightly packed pigment cells with prominent dendritic processes and interdigitations of their plasma membranes. The most impressive feature of MM cells is the occurrence of Iarge lobulated nuclei with numerous nuclear pores and some nuclear pockets. Abundant spheroidal or ellipsoidal melanosomes (diameter 200-650 nm) and vesicular structures are distributed throughout the cellular dendrites, whereas the perinucJear cytoplasm is free of melanosomes.
A further characteristic feature of melanoma cells in fish is the occurrence of melanosome complexes (i.e., "compound melanosomes"). These melanosome complexes consist of a few to numerous melanosomes, which are enveloped by a separate rnembrane. Pinocytotic vesicles couJd be demonstrated with distinct differences in frequency and distribution patterns, indicating differences in the metabolic activities of the cells in the same melanoma. Intercellular junctions are lacking in the MM cells.
The conventional TEM technique showed clear advantages in the demonstration of intemal architecture of organelles, whereas FE bad considerable potential in respect to the visualization of membrane surface specializations.
To study the activation of HIV by human spumaretrovirus (HSRV) the long terminal repeats (LTRs) of HSRV, HIVl and HIV2 were examined with respect to their ability to function as transcriptional promoters in virus infected and uninfected cells. Transient transfections using plasmids in which the L TRs of the three viruses were coupled to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CA T) gene revealed (i) the level of cat gene expression directed by the HSRV LTR was markedly increased in HSRV infected cells compared to uninfected cells, (ii) cat gene expression driven by the HIV1 LTR, but not by the HIV2 LTR could be enhanced upon HSRV infection, whereas (iii) neither in HIV1 nor in HIV2 infected cells an effect on HSRV LTR driven cat geneexpression was detected.
The \(\alpha\)-Sialyl-\(\beta\) 2-3-Galactosyl-specific adhesin (S adhesin) was isolated from cells of a recombinant Escherichia coli K-12 strain expressing the S-flmbrial adhesin complex. A crude cell extract was partiaUy dissociated into fimbriae and an adhesin-enriched fraction by heating to 7O°C. From the latter, adhesin was purified to apparent homogeneity (by fast protein liquid chromatography, immunoblot, and NaDodSO\(_4\)/PAGE) by differential ammonium sulfate precipitation, dissociation in 8 M guanidine hydrochloride, and high-resolution anion-exchange chromatography in 8 M urea. The purified adhesin formed an aggregate of M\(_r\)\(\approx\)10\(^6\) that was made up of one type of 12-kDa polypeptide (fimbrillin is 16.5 kDa). It had pI value of 4.7 (fimbriae has a pI value of 6). Adhesin and fimbrillin had different amino add compositions. The purified adhesins agglutinated human and bovine erythrocytes with the same speclfkity as the whole bacteria; purified fimbriae were not adhesive. Monoclonal anti-adhesin and anti-fimbriae antibodies were obtained. Monoclonal antiadhesin, but none of the anti-fimbriae, antibodies inhibited the agglutination of erythrocytes. The anti-adhesive antibodies were used in immuno-gold electron microscopy to localize adhesin exclusively on the fimbriae, with a possible preference to their tips.
Characterization of the env gene and of two novel coding regions of the human spumaretrovirus
(1988)
Recombinant clones harboring retroviral DNA were established. The nucleotide sequence of the central and 3' region of the genome of the human spumaretrovirus was determined. The 5' end of the deduced protein sequence was homologaus to the endonuclease domain of retroviral reverse transcriptases. A small intergenic region is followed by a lang open reading frame of 985 aminoacid residues that according to its genomic location and structural features is a typical retroviral env gene. Surprisingly, the postenv region contains two open reading frames that encodes two novel retroviral genes, termed bel-l and bel-2. The 3' LTR is 963 nucleotides lang and contains the signal sequences characteristic for transcriptional regulation of retrovirus genomes.
Pandinus imperator is a forest dweller of tropical West Africa. In the field, lobserved aggregations of up to 15 individuals. In the laboratory, mixed age groups of related and also unrelated animals lived jointly in terraria rarely showing within-group aggression or cannibalism. Brood-caring behavior of the mother influenced growth rate and survival probability of the young. With birth, mothers became very aggressive. To study family cohesion in Pandinus, experiments with family groups were conducted. Siblings aggregated around their mother. In choice experiments with two family groups, mothers were placed in enclosures that only the young were able to enter or to leave. Second instars significantly preferred the enclosure containing their own mother. Aggression among unrelated young of the same age was not observed. Feeding experiments studied the possible advantages of long-Iasting group living with regard to enhanced success in prey capture and its effect on growth of the young. Even groups of second instars were unable to subdue large prey on their own. Sibling groups with their mother removed suffered high mortality due to starvation and cannibalism compared to groups with mothers present. Here, young grew significantly faster: they shared the prey that only the mother was able to kill and dismember. Pandinus imperator has to be considered an intermediate subsocial scorpion.
The binding of tritiated benzo(a)pyrene (BP) to liver DNA of 25 adult male rats (SIV 50) has been determined 50 h after a single intraperitoneal injection of doses between 40 ug/kg and 4; mg/kg. The dose-response relations~ ip is linear up to i mg/kg, shows a sigmoid step towards 2 mg/kg and a shallow linear. slope above that value. TlJe 0 bserved bin ding ranges from 1.7 to 180 nmoles BP per mole DNA phosphate. The non-linearity between 1 and 2 mg/kg could be explained 0):1 the basis of an induction of metabolizing enzymes. A pure1y mathematical extrapolation of therumour incidence from a carcinogenic dose (1 x 40mg/kg for a 20% hepatoma incidence in newborn mice) to human exposure levels (aboilt 0.1 ug/kg per day) would never have followed a step like the on~ found in our experiments. Our dose-effect study therefore shows how carcinogenitity data could be extrapolated in a biologically founded way to low doses.
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Many mutagens and carcinogens act via covalent interaction of metabolic intermediates with DNA in the target cell. This report groups those structural elements which are often found to form the basis for a metabolism to such chemically reactive metabolites. ~mpounds which are chemically reactive per se and which do not require metabolic activation form group 1. Group 2 compri~es of olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons where the oxidation via an epoxide can be responsible for the generation of reactive species. Aromatic amines, hydrazines, and nitrosamirres form group 3 requiring an oxidation of a nitrogen atom or of a carbon atom in alpha position to a nitrosated amine. Group 4 compounds are halogenated hydrocarbons which can either give rise to radicals or can form an ·olefin (group 2) upon dehydrohalogenation. Group 5 compounds depend upon some preceding enzymatic activity either not available in the target cell or acting on positions in the molecule which are not directly involved in the subsequent formation of electrophilic atoms. Examples for each group are taken from the "List of Chemieals and Irrdustrial Processes Associated with Cancer in Humans" as compiled by the International Agency for the Research on Cancer, and it is shown that 91% of the organic carcinogens would have been detected on the basis of structural elements characteristic for group 1-5. As opposed to this very high sensitivity, the specificity ( the true negative fraction) of using this approach as a short-term test for carcinogenicity is shown to be bad because detoxification pathways have so far not been taken into account. These competing processes are so complex, however, that either only very extensive knowledge about pharmacokinetics, stability, and reactivity will be required or that in vivo systems have to be used to predict, on a quantitative basis, the darnage expected on the DNA. DNA-binding experiments in vivo are presented with benzene and toluene to demonstrate one possible way for an experimental assessment and it is shown that the detoxification reaction at the methyl group available only in toluene gives rise to a reduction by at least a factor of forty for the binding to rat liver DNA. This quantitative approach available with DNA-binding tests in vivo, also allows evaluation as to whether reactive metabolites and their DNA binding are always the most important single activities contributing to the overall carcinogenicity of a chemical. With the example of the livertumor inducing hexachlorocyclohexane isomers it is shown that situations will be found where reactive metabolites are formed and DNA binding in vivo is measurable but where this activity cannot be the decisive mode of carcinogenic action. It is concluded that the lack of structural elements known to become potentially reactive does not guarantee the lack of a carcinogenic potential.
This project had two goals: (1) to examine the impact of strategy training on memory performance in German and American children, and (2) to search for environmental correlates of individual differences in cognitive processes. Following pretesting, 437 children were divided into training and control groups, with the former receiving training in clustering strategies. Trained children showed sizable strategy maintenance and transfer effects two weeks and six months later. Parents and teachers completed questionnaires about the teaching of strategies and their attributional beliefs about children's academic successes and failures. The differences in strategie behavior and attributions of German and American children were due, in part, to differences in strategy-enriched environments.
Zhao Ji (1082-1135), better known as Emperor Huizong (r. 1100-1126) of the Southern Song Dynasty (960-1127) gained a reputation as supreme perfectionist as artist, art collector and connoisseur, a ruler devoted to the faith of Daoism, squandering a fortune on building palaces and halls and on landscape gardening. A famous example of his costly ‘folie de grandeur’ is the Sacred Northeast Mountain Peak Genyue, a gigantic rock garden in the northeast part of the Old City of the capital Kaifeng. The garden is described in sources such as the Huayanggong jishi (Description of the Florescent Solitary Palace) by the Buddhist monk Zu Xiu from 1127 and Zhang Hao’s (ca. 1180-1250) Genyue ji (Record of the Northeast Marchmount). The project in search of auspicious blessing started in 1118, having originated in the emperor’s conviction that the Daoist Immortals would descend to this exquisite paradise situated in the centre of the world, his capital. In his conviction the landscape garden that exceeded nature’s beauty would prolong and glorify his rule for ten thousand years. The Genyue was completed in January 1123, and thus became part of Emperor Huizong’s Divine Empyrean Daoist ideology of statecraft. Contrary to all auspicious symbolism, the Song’s emblematic demonstrations of power, and the necessity to meet political expectations, Emperor Huizong proved incapable of finding a solution to the disastrous situation at the northern frontier with Jin troupes moving onto his capital. Completed in 1123 the Genyue Marchmount was destroyed in the cold winter of 1126/1127 by the inhabitants of Kaifeng in their desperate struggle for survival in their besieged town.
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The psychological and physiological effects of a socially oriented sensitivity training were evaluated. It is shown that decreased physical distance as well as increased intimacy yields high activation, both in psychological measures (experienced stress) and in pulse frequences. One result (highly significant and replicated in other experiments) was paradoxical: when Ss had to caress the face of a heterosexual vis-a-vis, they reported high experienced stress, but pulse frequences dropped rapidely below the resting pulse. Some suggestions are made to explain these findings. The question arises whether an autonomic somatic process, induced by social Stimulation, but independent of the cognitive coping is responsible for these results.
Es wird argumentiert, daß bei der Prüfung der Homgenität von Zentren in mehrfaktoriellen Multicenter-Studien vor allem entscheidend ist, daß sich die Zentren in den faktoriellen Variablen nicht unterscheiden, deren Effekte in der späteren Auswertung interpretiert werden sollen. Dazu wird folgendes Procedere vorgeschlagen: (1) überprüfe, ob in allen Zentren die Randomisierungsbedingungen eingehalten wurden, (2) überprüfe, ob die Zentren homogen bezogen auf die eingebrachten Schichtvariablen (z.B. Geschlecht, Indikation) sind und (3) überprüfe, ob die Zentren homogen sind bezogen auf die Wechselwirkungen zwischen den eingebrachten faktoriellen Variablen. Es wird gezeigt, daß vor allem Forderung (3) für die Interpretationsfähigkeit der Ergebnisse von entscheidender Bedeutung ist. Möglichkeiten der statistischen Prüfung dieser Voraussetzungen werden an einem Beispiel aus der klinischen Prüfung eines Psychopharmakons vorgestellt.
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K-Ar dating on hornblendes and micas from the Tepla Domazlice zone revealed a pattern of dates which significantly deviates from the mid-Carboniferous to early Permian one that is found in the adjacent low-pressure metamorphic Moldanubian and Saxothuringian. Especially for the Marianske Lazne metabasic complex, confirming early Czech determinations, the dates resemble the early Devonian pattern determined for the Munchberg Gneiss Massif and the Erbendorf-Vohenstrau zone of northeastern Bavaria. This supports the idea that all three units are remnants of a huge' complex which suffered a metamorphic overprint under medium-pressure conditions, probably in the early Devonian. Strong rejuvenation is found in the southern part of the Tepla-Domazlice zone by which micas and even two hornblendes were reset to mid-Carboniferous ages. According to the geological setting, part of the apparently preDevonian dates may be explained by inherited argon from earlier metamorphic and magmatic events, e.g. the high-pressure metamorphism documented in eciogitic relics. However, excess argon, caused by the mid-Carboniferous overprint cannot be excluded.
K-Ar dating on hornblendes and micas from the TepläDomazlice zone revealed a pattern of dates which significantly deviates from the mid-Carboniferous to early Permian one that is found in the adjacent low-pressure metamorphic Moldanubian and Saxothuringian. Especially for the Mariänske Läzne metabasic complex, confirming early Czech determinations, the dates resemble the early Devonian pattern determined for the Münchberg Gneiss Massif and the Erbendorf-Vohenstrauß zone of northeastern Bavaria. This supports the idea that all three units are remnants of a huge complex which suffered a metamorphic overprint under medium-pressure conditions, probably in the early Devonian. Streng rejuvenation is found in the southern part of the Teplä-Domailice zone by which micas and even two hornblendes were reset to mid-Carboniferous ages. According to the geological setting, part of the apparently preDevonian dates may be explained by inherited argon from earlier metamorphic and magmatic events, e.g. the high-pressure metamorphism documented in eclogitic relics. However, excess argon, caused by the mid-Carboniferous overprint cannot be excluded.
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Summary (Social Situations as Experimental Conditions in Psychopharmacology): To reduce a great variability of drug effects in healthy subjects, stress conditions are used often in pharmacopsychology. However, empirical results show that the desired stress effects are failing. This paper suggests to realize social stress Situations as interactions between subjects, expecting higher challenging effects than experimentator-subject-interactions, usually used in experimental designs. Two experimental studies are reported: the call-upsituation and the group-therapy situation. The experimental effects were measured by changes of pulse-frequencies. The results indicate that in the two situations high and low dosages of tranquilizing drugs lead to comparable (and so predictable) effects only, if a Situation is high challenging for the experimental subjects. The call-up situation, which proves performance, challenges male subjects highly. The emotional or social competence demanding group-therapy situation is a high challenging situation for warnen. It is concluded that no situation is stressing a person generally. Depending from personality characteristics, differential stressor effects appear. Consequences for experiments in pharmacopsychology are discussed.
Immersive, sensor-enabled technologies such as augmented and virtual reality expand the way human beings interact with computers significantly. While these technologies are widely explored in entertainment games, they also offer possibilities for educational use. However,their uptake in education is so far very limited. Within the ImTech4Ed project, we aim at systematically exploring the power of interdisciplinary, international hackathons as a novel method to create immersive educational game prototypes and as a means to transfer these innovative technical prototypes into educational use. To achieve this, we bring together game design and development, where immersive and interactive solutions are designed and developed; computer science, where the technological foundations for immersive technologies and for scalable architectures for these are created; and teacher education, where future teachers are educated. This article reports on the concept and design of these hackathons.
Viele Studierende der Geschichte und anderer Geisteswissenschaften streben das Lehramt an. Darin Fuß zu fassen, wird in den kommenden Jahren immer schwieriger. Andere Studierende haben sogar überhaupt keine Vorstellungen von ihrer beruflichen Zukunft. Dieser Leitfaden möchte Orientierung bei der Berufswahl vermitteln und mit Hilfe von Experten Perspektiven eröffnen.
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Eine wichtige Grundlage für die quantitative Analyse von Erzähltexten, etwa eine Netzwerkanalyse der Figurenkonstellation, ist die automatische Erkennung von Referenzen auf Figuren in Erzähltexten, ein Sonderfall des generischen NLP-Problems der Named Entity Recognition. Bestehende, auf Zeitungstexten trainierte Modelle sind für literarische Texte nur eingeschränkt brauchbar, da die Einbeziehung von Appellativen in die Named Entity-Definition und deren häufige Verwendung in Romantexten zu einem schlechten Ergebnis führt. Dieses Paper stellt eine anhand eines manuell annotierten Korpus auf deutschsprachige Romane des 19. Jahrhunderts angepasste NER-Komponente vor.
The International Symposium on Phytochemicals in Medicine and Food (ISPMF2015), organized by the Phytochemical Society of Europe (PSE) and the Phytochemical Society of Asia (PSA), was held June 26-29, 2015, in Shanghai of China. This was the first time that a PSE meeting has been held in Asia and a PSE-PSA joint symposium provided an opportunity for communication between scientists from Europe and Asia and other continents. ISPMF2015 has been jointly sponsored by Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Guizhou Medical University, Shanghai Normal University, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Beijing Normal University, and Fudan University. More than 270 scientists from 48 countries attended this meeting and presented their research and opinions on phytochemistry, phytomedicine and phytoneering. The international organizing committee and scientific advisory board of ISPMF 2015 comprised of outstanding scientists from around the globe. Dr. Jianbo Xiao was the chairman of the International Organizing Committee of ISPMF2015 and moderated the open address on June 26.
The organizing committee of ISPMF2015 assembled an exciting and diverse program, featuring 16 sessions including 12 plenary lectures, 20 invited talks, 55 short oral presentations, and more than 130 posters, which were dedicated to creating a podium for exchanging the latest research results in the phytochemicals for food and human health.
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