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Mit dem hier vorgestellten Untersuchungs- und Auswertealgorithmus konnte die Myokardperfusion weitgehend automatisiert semiquantitativ und quantitativ bestimmt werden. Dafür wurden zunächst die Bilddaten segmentiert und in Signalintensitäts-Zeit-Kurven transferiert. Durch eine Basislinien- und Kontaminationskorrektur wurden Artefakte minimiert. Mit Anwendung des Parallel-Bildgebungs-Verfahrens Auto-SENSE konnte zusätzlich eine Erhöhung der Schichtanzahl erreicht werden. Durch die angewendete Basislinienkorrektur konnten Inhomogenitäten verringert werden, welche durch Verwendung einer Oberflächenspule methodenbedingt auftreten. Partialvolumeneffekte, die durch die Morphologie des Herzens insbesondere basis- und spitzennah auftraten, führten durch eine Mischung aus KM-Anflutung im Myokard und Kontamination aus dem Ventrikellumen zu einer Beeinflussung der Perfusionsergebnisse. Durch die Verwendung der vorgestellten Kontaminationskorrektur konnten diese Artefakte erheblich minimiert werden. Die so errechneten Perfusionswerte korrelierten gut mit den in der Literatur angegebenen Daten, welche sowohl in tierexperimentellen als auch Probanden- und auch Patientenstudien mit unterschiedlichen Modalitäten ermittelt wurden. Eine regionale Heterogenität konnte nicht signifikant nachgewiesen werden. Molekular-physiologische Untersuchungen legen zwar nahe, dass es diese Heterogenität gibt, die regionale Verteilung der Perfusion wird jedoch kontrovers und noch keinesfalls abschließend in der Literatur diskutiert. Durch Anwendung von Auto-SENSE konnte mit einer Erhöhung der Schichtanzahl bei gleichbleibender Schichtdicke das gesamte linksventrikuläre Myokard untersucht werden. Trotz verringertem SNR waren die Ergebnisse vergleichbar mit der konventionellen Turbo-FLASH-Technik. Ob das Potential der Parallelbildgebung für eine Abdeckung des gesamten Herzens oder für eine höhere Auflösung von 3-4 Schichten pro Untersuchungen genutzt werden soll, ist in der aktuellen Literatur noch Gegenstand der Diskussion. Die hochaufgelösten Untersuchungen scheinen jedoch derzeit vorteilhafter aufgrund geringerer Partialvolumeneffekte sowie der besseren Beurteilbarkeit einer subendokardialen Zone und eines transmuralen Perfusionsgradienten. Die MR-Perfusionsbildgebung ist ein aktives und rasch wachsendes Gebiet innerhalb der kardialen Bildgebung mit großem Entwicklungspotential. Durch Einbindung in ein umfassendes Herz-MR-Untersuchungsprotokoll (z.B. Morphologie, Kinetik, evtl. MR-Koronarangiographie) ist in einem Untersuchungsgang eine umfassende Diagnostik bei Patienten mit Verdacht auf KHK möglich.
Echinococcus multilocularis is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a life-threatening disease with limited options of chemotherapeutic treatment. Anti-AE chemotherapy is currently based on a single class of drugs, the benzimidazoles. Although acting parasitocidic in vitro, benzimidazoles are merely parasitostatic during in vivo treatment of AE and cause severe site effects. In the case of operable lesions, the resection of parasite tissue needs to be supported by a prolonged chemotherapy. Thus, the current treatment options for AE are inadequate and require alternatives. In the present work, the flatworm signaling pathways were analyzed to establish potential targets for novel therapeutic approaches. I focused on factors that are involved in development and proliferation of E. multilocularis using molecular, biochemical and cell biological methods. Among the analysed factors were three MAP kinases of the parasite, EmMPK1, an Erk-1/2 orthologue, EmMPK2, a p38 orthologue and EmMPK3, an Erk7/8 orthologue. Further, I identified and characterized EmMKK2, a MEK1/2 orthologue of the parasite, which, together with the known kinases EmRaf and EmMPK1, forms an Erk1/2-like MAPK module. Moreover, I was able to demonstrate several influences of host growth factors such as EGF (epidermal growth factor) and insulin on worm signaling mechanisms and larval growth, including the phosphorylation of Elp, an ezrin-radixin-moesin like protein, EmMPK1, EmMPK3 and increased mitotic activity of Echinococcus cells. In addition, several substances were examined for their efficacy against the parasite including (i) general tyrosine kinase inhibitors (PP2, leflunamide), (ii) compounds designed to inhibit the activity of receptor tyrosine kinases, (iii) anti-neoplastic agents (miltefosine, perifosine), (iv) serine/threonine kinase inhibitors that have been designed to block the Erk1/2 MAPK cascade and (v) inhibitors of p38 MAPKs. In these studies, EmMPK2 proved to be a promising drug target for the following reasons. Amino acid sequence analysis disclosed several differences to human p38 MAPKs, which is likely to be the reason for the observed enhanced basal activity of recombinant EmMPK2 towards myelin basic protein in comparison to human recombinant p38 MAPK-α. In addition, the prominent auto-phosphorylation activity of the recombinant EmMPK2 protein together with the absence of an interaction with the Echinococcus MKKs suggest a different mechanism of regulation compared to the human enzyme. EmMPK2 activity could be effectively inhibited in vitro and in cultivated metacestode vesicles by treatment with SB202190 and ML3403, two ATP-competitive pyridinyl imidazole inhibitors of p38 MAPKs, in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, both compounds, in particular ML3403, caused parasite vesicle inactivation at concentrations which did not affect cultured mammalian cells. Likewise, during the cultivation of Echinococcus primary cells, the presence of ML3403 prevented the generation of new vesicles. Targeting members of the EGF signaling pathway, particulary of the Erk1/2-like MAPK cascade, with Raf and MEK inhibitors prevented the phosphorylation of EmMPK1 in metacestodes cultivated in vitro. However, although parasite growth was prevented under these conditions, the structural integrity of the metacestode vesicles maintained during long-term cultivation in the presence of the MAPK cascade inhibitors. Similar results were obtained when studying the effects of other drugs mentioned above. Taken together, several targets could be identified that reacted with high sensitivity to the presence of inhibitory substances, but did not cause the parasite’s death with one exception, the pyridinyl imidazoles. Based on the presented data, I suggest pyridinyl imidazoles as a novel class of anti-Echinococcus drugs and imply EmMPK2 as survival signal mediating factor, the inhibition of which could be used for the treatment of AE.
Insects living in temperate latitudes need to adjust their life-history to a seasonally variable environment. Reproduction, growth, and development have to be completed within the limited period where environmental conditions are favourable while climatically adverse conditions have to be spent in a state of diapause. Consequently, questions how individuals adapt their life-history to seasonality and which mechanisms underlie the responses to seasonal cues, like photoperiod, are important issues in the study of life-history strategies. This thesis focuses on the life-history adaptation to seasonality in the wing-dimorphic common pond skater Gerris lacustris L. (Heteroptera: Gerridae). Using a combination of field and laboratory studies as well as mathematical modelling, it is adressed how variation in the availability of thermal energy impacts on various aspects of larval development such as accumulated thermal energy (i.e. physiological development time), developmental pathway (direct reproduction vs. diapause) and wing dimorphism.