Refine
Has Fulltext
- yes (1440)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (1440)
Year of publication
Document Type
- Journal article (1440) (remove)
Keywords
- Biochemie (80)
- Physiologische Chemie (48)
- Biologie (30)
- biodiversity (26)
- evolution (21)
- gene expression (17)
- cancer (16)
- Cytologie (14)
- foraging (14)
- Apis mellifera (13)
- bees (13)
- honey bees (13)
- circadian clock (12)
- pollination (12)
- Drosophila melanogaster (11)
- apoptosis (11)
- climate change (11)
- honeybee (11)
- metabolism (11)
- biology (10)
- expression (10)
- infection (10)
- insects (10)
- land use (10)
- melanoma (10)
- SARS-CoV-2 (9)
- Schwertkärpfling (9)
- ants (9)
- autophagy (9)
- ecosystem services (9)
- mushroom body (9)
- olfaction (9)
- super-resolution microscopy (9)
- transcription (9)
- transcriptome (9)
- DNA damage (8)
- DNA methylation (8)
- Drosophila (8)
- Xiphophorus (8)
- colorectal cancer (8)
- diversity (8)
- forest management (8)
- global change (8)
- meiosis (8)
- membrane proteins (8)
- pollen (8)
- species richness (8)
- vision (8)
- DNA (7)
- Trypanosoma (7)
- Trypanosoma brucei (7)
- body size (7)
- central complex (7)
- cytoskeleton (7)
- differentiation (7)
- ecology (7)
- fungi (7)
- genetics (7)
- genome (7)
- insect (7)
- memory (7)
- nutrition (7)
- protein (7)
- proteins (7)
- symbiosis (7)
- Chrysomelidae (6)
- Staphylococcus aureus (6)
- T cells (6)
- Zoologie (6)
- active zone (6)
- animal behaviour (6)
- binding (6)
- bioinformatics (6)
- biomarker (6)
- brain (6)
- circadian rhythms (6)
- dSTORM (6)
- deadwood (6)
- gene (6)
- learning (6)
- lung cancer (6)
- mass spectrometry (6)
- metagenomics (6)
- metapopulation (6)
- microbiome (6)
- mushroom bodies (6)
- neurons (6)
- nuclear envelope (6)
- reveals (6)
- Alps (5)
- COVID-19 (5)
- Chlamydia trachomatis (5)
- HeLa cells (5)
- MYC (5)
- Metapopulation (5)
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae (5)
- altitudinal gradient (5)
- antennal lobe (5)
- behavior (5)
- breast cancer (5)
- cell cycle (5)
- chemotherapy (5)
- cuticular hydrocarbons (5)
- cytokines (5)
- cytokinins (5)
- cytotoxicity (5)
- database (5)
- drosophila melanogaster (5)
- ecosystem function (5)
- gene regulation (5)
- genomics (5)
- in vitro (5)
- leaf-cutting ants (5)
- metabarcoding (5)
- metastasis (5)
- mitochondria (5)
- molecular biology (5)
- mouse (5)
- mutualism (5)
- natural disturbance (5)
- neuroanatomy (5)
- oilseed rape (5)
- p53 (5)
- phosphorylation (5)
- plant-insect interactions (5)
- plasticity (5)
- regulation (5)
- resistance (5)
- sequence alignment (5)
- telomeres (5)
- temperature (5)
- virulence (5)
- 3D tissue model (4)
- Biology (4)
- Candida albicans (4)
- ITS2 (4)
- Lepidoptera (4)
- Neurospora crassa (4)
- antibodies (4)
- apis mellifera (4)
- bacterial pathogens (4)
- bee decline (4)
- caloric restriction (4)
- cell biology (4)
- cell death (4)
- cell membranes (4)
- ceramide (4)
- ceramides (4)
- chlamydia (4)
- chromatin (4)
- comparative genomics (4)
- conservation (4)
- developmental biology (4)
- dispersal (4)
- dynamics (4)
- endocytosis (4)
- epithelial cells (4)
- evolutionary genetics (4)
- forest (4)
- functional diversity (4)
- fungal structure (4)
- global warming (4)
- growth (4)
- honeybees (4)
- host cells (4)
- hymenoptera (4)
- identification (4)
- imaging (4)
- immunoprecipitation (4)
- in-vitro (4)
- individual-based model (4)
- inflammation (4)
- insect brain (4)
- larvae (4)
- leukemic cells (4)
- mRNA (4)
- machine learning (4)
- medaka (4)
- mice (4)
- microRNA (4)
- microglomeruli (4)
- microscopy (4)
- migration (4)
- molecular docking (4)
- mutation (4)
- navigation (4)
- neuropeptides (4)
- next generation sequencing (4)
- octopamine (4)
- oncolytic virus (4)
- optogenetics (4)
- phylogenetic trees (4)
- proliferation (4)
- proteomics (4)
- recombination (4)
- reconstruction (4)
- saproxylic beetles (4)
- secondary structure (4)
- sex chromosomes (4)
- sexual selection (4)
- social systems (4)
- speciation (4)
- sphingolipids (4)
- spiders (4)
- synaptic plasticity (4)
- toe (4)
- toxicity (4)
- transcriptomics (4)
- transmission (4)
- wild bees (4)
- Acyrthosiphon pisum (3)
- Ameisen (3)
- Amphibian oocytes (3)
- Aspergillus fumigatus (3)
- Biene (3)
- C. elegans (3)
- Caenorhabditis elegans (3)
- Chlamydia (3)
- Coleoptera (3)
- DNA replication (3)
- DNA-binding proteins (3)
- Echinococcus (3)
- Electron microscopy (3)
- Epichloë (3)
- Evolution (3)
- Fitness (3)
- Formicidae (3)
- HIV (3)
- HUWE1 (3)
- Hymenoptera (3)
- IL-4 (3)
- Käfer (3)
- LC/MS (3)
- Lolium perenne (3)
- MIZ1 (3)
- MYCN (3)
- Macaranga (3)
- Medizin (3)
- NRF2 (3)
- Onkogen (3)
- PALM (3)
- PER (3)
- Protein-Tyrosin-Kinasen (3)
- RNA (3)
- RNA interference (3)
- Sentinel-2 (3)
- USP28 (3)
- X-ray crystallography (3)
- abandonment (3)
- adaptation (3)
- african trypanosomes (3)
- agriculture (3)
- agroecology (3)
- alignment (3)
- altitudinal gradients (3)
- angiogenesis (3)
- animal sociality (3)
- annotation (3)
- antimicrobials (3)
- arabidopsis thaliana (3)
- architecture (3)
- arthropods (3)
- bacteria (3)
- behavioral conditioning (3)
- biogenic amines (3)
- biological locomotion (3)
- birds (3)
- blood (3)
- bumblebees (3)
- butterflies (3)
- cancer metabolism (3)
- canola (3)
- carabid beetles (3)
- cell cycle and cell division (3)
- cell differentiation (3)
- chlamydia infection (3)
- chlamydia trachomatis (3)
- cisplatin (3)
- climate (3)
- cognition (3)
- competition (3)
- complex (3)
- cryptochrome (3)
- culture (3)
- cytokinesis (3)
- deadwood enrichment (3)
- decay (3)
- decision making (3)
- decision-making (3)
- development (3)
- diversity gradients (3)
- division of labor (3)
- ecological intensification (3)
- electron microscopy (3)
- feeding (3)
- flowers (3)
- fluorescence microscopy (3)
- fluorescent probes (3)
- forestry (3)
- fungal rhodopsins (3)
- gametogenesis (3)
- grazing (3)
- habitats (3)
- herbivores (3)
- honey bee (3)
- host-pathogen interaction (3)
- humidity (3)
- immune response (3)
- immunoreactive neurons (3)
- immunotherapy (3)
- in vivo (3)
- infectious diseases (3)
- land-use change (3)
- localization microscopy (3)
- luciferase (3)
- macrophages (3)
- malaria (3)
- management (3)
- melanogaster (3)
- membrane potential (3)
- messenger RNA (3)
- metabolomics (3)
- methionine restriction (3)
- methylation (3)
- microbial rhodopsins (3)
- mitosis (3)
- model (3)
- molecular neuroscience (3)
- monoclonal antibodies (3)
- mortality (3)
- neisseria meningitidis (3)
- nephroblastoma (3)
- network analysis (3)
- neural circuits (3)
- nucleolus (3)
- nutrients (3)
- oncogenes (3)
- organization (3)
- perception (3)
- photoperiodism (3)
- phylogeny (3)
- pollinator (3)
- prostate cancer (3)
- protein domains (3)
- recruitment (3)
- remote sensing (3)
- resolution (3)
- senescence (3)
- signal transduction (3)
- signaling (3)
- single-molecule biophysics (3)
- sleep (3)
- software (3)
- specialization (3)
- spillover (3)
- sturgeon (3)
- sucrose responsiveness (3)
- super-resolution (3)
- superresolution (3)
- survival (3)
- systems biology (3)
- time series (3)
- tool (3)
- toxins (3)
- transcriptional regulation (3)
- translational research (3)
- transposable elements (3)
- trypanosoma (3)
- tsetse fly (3)
- tumor (3)
- vaccinia virus (3)
- winter wheat (3)
- zebrafish (3)
- "-omics" (2)
- 3D reconstruction (2)
- ATF4 (2)
- Acromyrmex fracticornis (2)
- African Trypanosomes (2)
- Annotation (2)
- Anthropocene (2)
- Araneae (2)
- Aspergillus (2)
- Ausbreitung (2)
- B cell receptors (2)
- B lymphocytes (2)
- BBCH (2)
- BDNF (2)
- BMP (2)
- Bacillus (2)
- Bees (2)
- Bioinformatik (2)
- Blattkäfer (2)
- Bordetella pertussis (2)
- Botanik (2)
- Bruchpilot (2)
- C-60 fullerene (2)
- C-MYC (2)
- CRC (2)
- CSF (2)
- Camponotus floridanus (2)
- Cancer (2)
- Chromatin structure (2)
- Circular dichroism (2)
- Climate change (2)
- Computersimulation (2)
- Conservation (2)
- DM-domain gene (2)
- DNA antibodies (2)
- DNA barcoding (2)
- DNA storage (2)
- DNA-PK (2)
- ELISPOT (2)
- ESS (2)
- Ecology (2)
- Eiablage (2)
- Eiparasitismus (2)
- Endosymbiont (2)
- Enzymes (2)
- European beech (2)
- Expansion microscopy (2)
- Fagus sylvatica (2)
- Fish (2)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy (2)
- Flussufer (2)
- Frosch (2)
- Fusion proteins (2)
- Galeruca tanaceti (2)
- Gene-expression (2)
- Genetik (2)
- Genome (2)
- Germany (2)
- HPV (2)
- Habitat fragmentation (2)
- Hemolysin (2)
- Hill numbers (2)
- Host-parasite interaction (2)
- Host-parasite interactions (2)
- I-tasser (2)
- IL-2 (2)
- In vitro (2)
- Insects (2)
- Insekten (2)
- Japankärpfling (2)
- Jena Experiment (2)
- Kenyon cells (2)
- Ki67 (2)
- Krebs <Medizin> (2)
- L929 (2)
- LINC complex (2)
- Lampbrush chromosomes (2)
- Lebendgebärende Zahnkarpfen (2)
- LiDAR (2)
- MAPK signaling cascades (2)
- Malaysia (2)
- Mc4r (2)
- Mechanisms (2)
- Melanom (2)
- Melanoma (2)
- Metabolic pathways (2)
- Microtubules (2)
- Mitochondria (2)
- Mushroom bodies (2)
- NDVI (2)
- NF-KAPPA-B (2)
- NGS (2)
- NOTCH (2)
- Neisseria meningitidis (2)
- Nucleolus (2)
- Olea (2)
- Oocytes (2)
- Oomyzus galerucivorus (2)
- Orthoptera (2)
- PCR (2)
- PI3K (2)
- PTEN (2)
- Parasit (2)
- Patterns (2)
- Pflanzenfressende Insekten (2)
- Polymerase chain reaction (2)
- R package (2)
- RCC (2)
- RNA polymerase II (2)
- RNA secondary structure (2)
- RNA sequencing (2)
- RNA-SEQ data (2)
- RNA-Seq (2)
- RNAseq (2)
- Rectal cancer (2)
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2)
- Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) (2)
- Scarabaeidae (2)
- Serotonin (2)
- Skorpion (2)
- Spermatogenesis (2)
- Squalius alburnoides (2)
- Surgery (2)
- T-cells (2)
- TP53 (2)
- Theoretische Ökologie (2)
- Transcription (2)
- Visualisierung (2)
- WH2 domain (2)
- Wilms tumor (2)
- Wilms tumour (2)
- Wirt (2)
- Y chromosome (2)
- Zebrafish (2)
- abscisic acid (ABA) (2)
- abundance (2)
- acid sphingomyelinase (2)
- actin (2)
- action potentials (2)
- activity rhythm (2)
- acute myeloid leukaemia (2)
- adaption (2)
- agri-environment schemes (2)
- agroecosystems (2)
- algorithm (2)
- alternative splicing (2)
- amino acid (2)
- animal behavior (2)
- animal physiology (2)
- ant (2)
- ant brain (2)
- antibiotics (2)
- antigenic variation (2)
- antimicrobial (2)
- auxin (2)
- avoidance learning (2)
- bark beetles (2)
- bats (2)
- bee (2)
- bee conservation (2)
- beech forests (2)
- behavioral plasticity (2)
- behavioural ecology (2)
- binding protein (2)
- biodiversity conservation (2)
- biogenesis (2)
- biological techniques (2)
- biophysics (2)
- blood platelets (2)
- bone morphogenetic proteins (2)
- brain development (2)
- breed predisposition (2)
- c-MYC (2)
- caenorhabditis elegans (2)
- calcium (2)
- cancer cells (2)
- cancer genomics (2)
- cancer microenvironment (2)
- cancer therapy (2)
- cancer treatment (2)
- canine (2)
- canine cancer therapy (2)
- capacitance (2)
- carbon dioxide (2)
- carcinomas (2)
- carpenter ant (2)
- cell binding (2)
- cell growth (2)
- cell proliferation (2)
- cell staining (2)
- cell surface (2)
- cells (2)
- cellular neuroscience (2)
- cellular signalling networks (2)
- cerebrospinal fluid (2)
- chaperones (2)
- chemical communication (2)
- chemical ecology (2)
- chemical mimicry (2)
- chromatin structure (2)
- chronobiology (2)
- circadian clock neurons (2)
- circadian rhythm (2)
- cloning (2)
- co-culture (2)
- combination therapy (2)
- communities (2)
- community (2)
- community composition (2)
- community ecology (2)
- complication (2)
- compound eye (2)
- conservation biology (2)
- cotton (2)
- crosstalk (2)
- cytotoxic T cells (2)
- dendritic cells (2)
- depth (2)
- diapause (2)
- diet (2)
- disease (2)
- dispersal ability (2)
- dispersal rate (2)
- distribution (2)
- domain (2)
- drug design (2)
- drug repurposing (2)
- ecosystem service (2)
- electron tomography (2)
- elevation (2)
- elevation gradient (2)
- endophyte (2)
- endosomes (2)
- engineering (2)
- entomology (2)
- envelopment (2)
- ethanol (2)
- eugenol (2)
- exome sequencing (2)
- expansion microscopy (2)
- experiment (2)
- extinction risk (2)
- fertility (2)
- fish (2)
- fish model (2)
- fission yeast (2)
- fitness (2)
- flagellar pocket (2)
- flooding (2)
- flow cytometry (2)
- fluorescence imaging (2)
- fluorescence spectroscopy (2)
- fluorescent proteins (2)
- fluorescent-probes (2)
- flupyradifurone (2)
- flybow (2)
- forensic neuropathology (2)
- forensic neurotraumatology (2)
- forest succession (2)
- formicidae (2)
- fruit set (2)
- functional analysis (2)
- functional characterization (2)
- functional traits (2)
- fungal pathogens (2)
- fusion (2)
- gastric cancer (2)
- gastrointestinal tract (2)
- gene targeting (2)
- generalization (2)
- genetic diversity (2)
- genetic variation (2)
- genome annotation (2)
- glioblastoma multiforme (2)
- grading (2)
- grasslands (2)
- guard cell (2)
- gynogenesis (2)
- habitat heterogeneity (2)
- herbivore (2)
- herpes virus (2)
- histology (2)
- histones (2)
- homeostasis (2)
- homologous chromosomes (2)
- homologous recombination (2)
- host-pathogen interactions (2)
- human (2)
- human immunodeficiency virus (2)
- hybridomas (2)
- hyperexpression techniques (2)
- hypothalamus (2)
- hypotonic (2)
- hypoxia (2)
- ichthyology (2)
- imaging the immune system (2)
- immune system (2)
- in-vivo (2)
- induced pluripotent stem cells (2)
- induction (2)
- inflammatory bowel disease (2)
- insect decline (2)
- insect monitoring (2)
- insect vision (2)
- insecticide (2)
- insulin (2)
- interaction networks (2)
- interactome (2)
- intracellular bacterial pathogens (2)
- intracellular membranes (2)
- intracellular pathogens (2)
- invasion (2)
- isothermal titration calorimetry (2)
- isotonic (2)
- juvenile hormone (2)
- land use intensification (2)
- land-use intensity (2)
- landscape heterogeneity (2)
- language (2)
- learning and memory (2)
- lepidoptera (2)
- linguistic morphology (2)
- lipid metabolism (2)
- lipidomics (2)
- liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2)
- living cells (2)
- lncRNAs (2)
- localization (2)
- locomotor activity (2)
- long non-coding RNA (2)
- lysosome (2)
- macroecology (2)
- magnetic compass (2)
- maize (2)
- mating success (2)
- measles virus (2)
- mechanisms (2)
- mechanisms of disease (2)
- membrane biophysics (2)
- membrane receptor signaling (2)
- meta-analysis (2)
- metabolic adaptation (2)
- metabolic flux (2)
- metabolic modeling (2)
- miR (2)
- miRNA (2)
- microRNAs (2)
- microarrays (2)
- microbial ecology (2)
- microclimate (2)
- microswimmer (2)
- models (2)
- molecular cloning (2)
- molecular dynamics (2)
- molecular phylogeny (2)
- morphology (2)
- morphometry (2)
- mosquito (2)
- mouse model (2)
- multiparticle collision dynamics (2)
- mutants (2)
- national park (2)
- natural enemies (2)
- natural language processing (2)
- natural pest control (2)
- natural variation (2)
- nature conservation (2)
- necrobiome (2)
- nervous system (2)
- nesting habits (2)
- networks (2)
- neuroethology (2)
- neuromodulation (2)
- neuromuscular junction (2)
- neuroscience (2)
- neurotransmitter release (2)
- nuclear organization (2)
- nucleosomes (2)
- numerical cognition (2)
- obesity (2)
- olfactory memory (2)
- olive (2)
- oncolysis (2)
- orientation (2)
- outcome (2)
- oxidative stress (2)
- pH (2)
- paediatric cancer (2)
- parasite (2)
- parasitic cell cycles (2)
- parasitic diseases (2)
- parasitology (2)
- paraspeckles (2)
- parthenogenesis (2)
- patch-clamp (2)
- pathogenicity (2)
- pathway (2)
- perfusion culture (2)
- phagocytosis (2)
- pharmacology (2)
- phenology (2)
- phenotypic plasticity (2)
- photoreceptor (2)
- photoswitchable organic fluorophores (2)
- phototransduction (2)
- phylogenetics (2)
- piRNA (2)
- plant diversity (2)
- plant–insect interactions (2)
- platelet (2)
- pluripotency (2)
- pollination network (2)
- pollinator decline (2)
- polymerase chain reaction (2)
- polymorphism (2)
- polyploidy (2)
- population genetics (2)
- population structure (2)
- populations (2)
- positive selection (2)
- potassium (2)
- predation (2)
- preexisting bias (2)
- proboscis extension response (PER) (2)
- projection neurons (2)
- propulsion (2)
- protein structure (2)
- protein-protein interaction (2)
- proteomes (2)
- psychiatric disorders (2)
- psycholinguistics (2)
- puberty (2)
- pupae (2)
- quality control (2)
- quantity discrimination (2)
- radiation sensitivity (2)
- reactive oxygen species (2)
- receptor (2)
- receptor signalling (2)
- release (2)
- renal cancer (2)
- replication (2)
- reproductive success (2)
- resin (2)
- resource use (2)
- retinoic acid (2)
- ribosome (2)
- ribosome biogenesis (2)
- salt stress (2)
- sampling method (2)
- seasonality (2)
- selection (2)
- self-organization (2)
- semi-natural habitats (2)
- sequence databases (2)
- sequestration (2)
- serotonin (2)
- sesame (2)
- sex determination (2)
- sex differentiation (2)
- signal peptides (2)
- signaling pathway (2)
- signals (2)
- simulation (2)
- sleeping sickness (2)
- solitary bee (2)
- solitary bees (2)
- somatic mutations (2)
- species concept (2)
- species diversity (2)
- spermatocytes (2)
- spermatogenesis (2)
- sphingomyelinase (2)
- spider (2)
- sporidia (2)
- structural biology (2)
- structural synaptic plasticity (2)
- structure prediction (2)
- structured illumination microscopy (2)
- succession (2)
- sun exposure (2)
- surgical and invasive medical procedures (2)
- sustainable agriculture (2)
- sustainable intensification (2)
- swarming (2)
- synapsis (2)
- synaptonemal complex (2)
- synergistic effect (2)
- synthetic biology (2)
- systematics (2)
- temperate forests (2)
- testis (2)
- therapy (2)
- thermogenesis (2)
- transcription factor MIZ-1 (2)
- trap nests (2)
- trees (2)
- triglycerides (2)
- tumour immunology (2)
- turnover (2)
- ubiquitin (2)
- ubiquitination (2)
- ultrastructure (2)
- urbanization (2)
- vaccine (2)
- variants (2)
- vascular plants (2)
- viruses (2)
- viscosity (2)
- visual system (2)
- visualization (2)
- wood-inhabiting fungi (2)
- β-diversity (2)
- ( L. ivanovii ) (1)
- ( L. selligeri) (1)
- (classical and atypical) Werner syndrome (1)
- 16S metabarcoding (1)
- 16S ribosomal-RNA (1)
- 18S (1)
- 2-DG (1)
- 2-deoxy-D-glucose (1)
- 26S RDNA Data (1)
- 28 (1)
- 3-dimensional structure (1)
- 3D lung tumor model (1)
- 3D lung tumor tissue models (1)
- 3D modeling (1)
- 3D tissue models (1)
- 4TH-Corner Problem (1)
- 5-fluorouracil (1)
- 5-methylcytosine (1)
- 6-benzylaminopurine (1)
- A-type lamins (1)
- A. thaliana (1)
- A2a-R receptor (1)
- ABP1 (1)
- ACKR4 (1)
- AFLP (1)
- AI (1)
- AIModules (1)
- AKT (1)
- ALPH (1)
- ALPH1 (1)
- ANOVA (1)
- AP-1 (1)
- APEX2 (1)
- ARF tumor-suppressor induced lymphomagenes (1)
- ATG7 (1)
- ATM (1)
- ATP carrier (1)
- ATP synthase (1)
- ATP-DnaA complex (1)
- ATP-adenosine triphosphate (1)
- ATPase mutants (1)
- AUX1 (1)
- Aaskäfer (1)
- Abbe-Limit (1)
- Abstandsmessung (1)
- Accurate (1)
- Acetabularia (1)
- Acetylated tubulin (1)
- Acids (1)
- Acipenser baerii (1)
- Acromyrmex ambiguus (1)
- Acromyrmex heyeri (1)
- Actin nucleation (1)
- Actinomycin D (1)
- Action potentials (1)
- Activation (1)
- Adenocarcinomas (1)
- Advanced snowmelt (1)
- African agriculture (1)
- African trypanosome (1)
- African trypanosomes (1)
- Agricultural intensification (1)
- Agro-ecology (1)
- AldoA (1)
- Alkaline phosphatase (1)
- Allelic loss (1)
- Alpine habitats (1)
- Alvis (1)
- Alzheimers disease (1)
- AmGr1 (1)
- AmGr2 (1)
- AmGr3 (1)
- Amazon Molly (1)
- Amazonia (1)
- Amazonian forest (1)
- Ambrosiella (1)
- American foulbrood (1)
- Aminosäuren (1)
- Ampfer (1)
- Amphibians (1)
- Amplification (1)
- Amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis (1)
- Analysis (1)
- Aneuploidy (1)
- Angiopoietin-2 (1)
- Angiopoietin-like 4 (1)
- Angiosperms ; Ant-plant interactions ; domatia ; Flora of Malaysia (1)
- Anisandrus (1)
- Anoplolepis gracilipes (1)
- Ant-following birds (1)
- Ant-plant interactions (1)
- Ant-plant interactions ; Herbivory Macaranga ; Mutualism ; Myrmecophytes (1)
- Ant/plant interaction (1)
- Antibody (1)
- Anticoagulants (1)
- Ants (1)
- ApaH (1)
- ApaH like phosphatase (1)
- Apidae (1)
- Apis dorsata (1)
- Apoidea (1)
- Apoptosis (1)
- Arabidopsis-thaliana (1)
- Araneidae (1)
- Araneus diadematus (1)
- Arena experiment (1)
- Argonaute (1)
- Arthropod (1)
- Arthropods (1)
- Articular-Cartilage (1)
- Aspergillus fumigalus (1)
- Aspergillus medium (1)
- Assemblages (1)
- Aulonocara (1)
- Aureobasidium (1)
- Australian stingless bees (1)
- Autism (1)
- Autism spectrum disorders (1)
- Automated analysis (1)
- Axl tyrosine kinase (1)
- Axon degeneration (1)
- Axonal degeneration (1)
- Axonal transport (1)
- B cells (1)
- B chromosomes (1)
- B-MYB (1)
- B-cell (1)
- BCL-X-L P53 (1)
- BH3 domains (1)
- BM (1)
- BMP antagonist (1)
- BMP signaling (1)
- BRAF (1)
- BRAF mutation (1)
- BRCA1 positive (1)
- BRCA1/2 negative (1)
- BRCA2 positive (1)
- Bacillus-subtilis (1)
- Bacterial symbionts (1)
- Barcodes (1)
- Barrier (1)
- Bartak (1)
- Baum (1)
- BayPass (1)
- Bcl-2 proteins (1)
- Beauveria bassiana (1)
- Bee abundance (1)
- Behavior (1)
- Behavioural ecology (1)
- Bembix (1)
- Berberine (1)
- Berger-Parker (1)
- Bevacizumab (1)
- Bialowieza (1)
- Bienenverhalten (1)
- Bienenwolf (1)
- BioID (1)
- Biodiversity (1)
- Biokinetics (1)
- Biological identifications (1)
- Biomarker (1)
- Biomarkers (1)
- Biomechanical Properties (1)
- Blattschneiderameisen (1)
- Blood-brain-barrier (1)
- Bocas-del-Toro (1)
- Body size (1)
- Body weight (1)
- Bombus (1)
- Bombus Spp. Hymenoptera (1)
- Bombus terrestris (1)
- Bone disease (1)
- Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (1)
- Bone regeneration (1)
- Boolean function (1)
- Boolean signaling network (1)
- Boolean tree (1)
- Bottom-up (1)
- Brain (1)
- Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (1)
- Brassicaceae (1)
- Brassicogethes spp. (1)
- BrdU-Hoechst (1)
- Brownsche Bewegung (1)
- Brucei (1)
- Bumblebee (1)
- Buntbarsche (1)
- Burkina Faso (1)
- C-MYC PUMA (1)
- C.376A>G (p.S126G) (1)
- C60 fullerene (1)
- CA2+ channels (1)
- CA3 (1)
- CA3 pyrimidal cells (1)
- CCAP (1)
- CCDC79 (1)
- CCHamide1 (1)
- CCL3 (1)
- CCL4 (1)
- CCL5 (1)
- CCR7 (1)
- CCl\(_4\) (1)
- CD117 (1)
- CD23 (1)
- CD274 (1)
- CD28 (1)
- CD4 (1)
- CD4+T cells (1)
- CD8 (1)
- CD8+T cells (1)
- CD95 (1)
- CDC14A (1)
- CENP-A (1)
- CETCH cycle (1)
- CHAC1 (1)
- CIDP (1)
- CIR aerial imagery (1)
- CLAVATA3 (1)
- CLL (1)
- CLV3p (1)
- CNG channel (1)
- CNV (1)
- CO2-sequestration (1)
- COI (1)
- COL9A1 (1)
- COVID-19 pandemic (1)
- COX2 expression (1)
- CPAF activation (1)
- CPF (1)
- CRISPR-Cas9 (1)
- CRISPR/Cas9 (1)
- CRY evolution (1)
- CSE4, CENP-A (1)
- CX5461 (1)
- CYR61 (1)
- C\(_{60}\) fullerene (1)
- Ca\(^{2+}\) channels (1)
- Cadherin-13 (CDH13) (1)
- Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) (1)
- Cancer Cell (1)
- Cancer genetics (1)
- CarO (1)
- Carabidae (1)
- Carbon Metabolism (1)
- Cataglyphis (1)
- Cataglyphis-Wüstenameisen (1)
- Cataglyphis-fortis (1)
- Cdu1 (1)
- Cell Motility (1)
- Cell stainin (1)
- Cell surface (1)
- Cell surface proteomics (1)
- Cell-line (1)
- Cellular imaging (1)
- Central complex (1)
- Central nervous system (1)
- Cervical cancer (1)
- Cestoda (1)
- Cestode (1)
- ChIP-sequencing (1)
- Chagas diagnosis (1)
- Chagas disease (1)
- Chagas monitoring (1)
- Chagas real time PCR (1)
- Chemical composition (1)
- Chemical nature (1)
- Chemotaxis (1)
- Children (1)
- Chirurgie (1)
- Chl (1)
- ChlaDUB1 (1)
- Chlamydia pneumoniae (1)
- Chlamydiales (1)
- Chromatin (1)
- Chromatin and Epigenetics (1)
- Chromosomes (1)
- Chrysididae (1)
- Cimex lectularius (1)
- Circadian rhythms and sleep (1)
- Cisplatin (1)
- Clever Hans Phenomenon (1)
- Climate Change (1)
- Co-option (1)
- CoA (1)
- Coagulation factor IX (1)
- Coahuila (1)
- Cobl domain (1)
- Cocalodinae (1)
- Coexpression (1)
- Coffin–Lowry syndrome (1)
- Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae (1)
- Collagen (1)
- Colonial volvocales chlorophyta (1)
- Colonization (1)
- Colony growth (1)
- Common Agricultural Policy (1)
- Community ecology (1)
- Complex medium (1)
- Components (1)
- Compressive Properties (1)
- Computational and Systems Biology (1)
- Computer modelling (1)
- Computer software (1)
- Confocal microscopy (1)
- Conifers (1)
- Context (1)
- Coreidae (1)
- Costa Rica (1)
- Coumarin (1)
- CpG (1)
- Crematogaster borneensis (1)
- Cross-bridges (1)
- Cross-species analyses (1)
- CrossQuery (1)
- Cryptic species (1)
- Curculionidae (1)
- Cushing (1)
- Cushing’s disease (1)
- Cynoglossus semilaevis (1)
- Cysteine: motif (1)
- Cytosol (1)
- Cytotoxic (1)
- DFNB32 (1)
- DFNB68 (1)
- DLS and AFM measurements (1)
- DMRT1 (1)
- DNA barcodes (1)
- DNA complex (1)
- DNA double-strand breaks (1)
- DNA electrophoresis (1)
- DNA fingerprinting (1)
- DNA helicase (1)
- DNA hybridization (1)
- DNA immunolocalization (1)
- DNA mediated gene transfer (1)
- DNA metabarcoding (1)
- DNA methylation (DNAm) age (1)
- DNA methylation dynamics (1)
- DNA nanotechnology (1)
- DNA recombination (1)
- DNA replication initiation (1)
- DNA sequences (1)
- DNA transcription (1)
- DNA-based species delimitation (1)
- DNA-binding (1)
- DNA-binding domain (1)
- DNA-binding vesicles (1)
- DNA-damage checkpoint (1)
- DNA-repair (1)
- DOT1 (1)
- DOT1B (1)
- DRD1 (1)
- DUB (1)
- DUB inhibitor (1)
- Danio-rerio (1)
- Dasycladales chlorophyta (1)
- DeepSqueak (1)
- Delayed snowmelt (1)
- Deletion analysis (1)
- Densities (1)
- Desert ant navigation (1)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (1)
- Deutschland (1)
- Diabetic polyneuropathy (1)
- Dichte (1)
- Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid (1)
- Dionaea-muscipula ellis (1)
- Dmrt1bY (1)
- Dopamine (1)
- Dopaminergic PAM cluster neurons (1)
- Dorylinae (1)
- Down syndrome (1)
- Doxorubicin (1)
- Drosha (1)
- Drosophila Antennal Lobe (1)
- Drosophila melanogaster motoneuron (1)
- Drought (1)
- Dufours gland (1)
- Dunce isoforms (1)
- Dynamics (1)
- E. coli atp operon (1)
- E3 ligase (1)
- EEG (1)
- EF-1A (1)
- EGF receptor (1)
- EMT (1)
- ENV (1)
- ERG (1)
- ERK signaling (1)
- EZH2 (1)
- Echinococcosis (1)
- Ecological Networks (1)
- Ecological networks (1)
- Ecologically important traits (1)
- Ecosystem ecology (1)
- Ecosystem services (1)
- Ectopic bone formation (1)
- Edema formation (1)
- Egfr (1)
- Einfluss (1)
- Electron Microscopy (1)
- Elektrofusion (1)
- Elektroporation (1)
- Embryo (1)
- Embryonic induction (1)
- Emotional behavior (1)
- Endothelial growth-factor (1)
- Enhancer (1)
- Enterobacteriaceae (1)
- Environment (1)
- Environmental impact (1)
- Enzyme Regulation (1)
- Enzyme kinetics (1)
- Enzyme metabolism (1)
- Enzyme regulation (1)
- Epicardium-derived cells (1)
- Epichloë spp. (1)
- Epidermal growth-factor (1)
- Epidermaler Wachstumsfaktor-Rezeptor (1)
- Epigenetics (1)
- Epitope (1)
- Epstein-Barr-virus (1)
- Erigone atra (1)
- Escberichia coli (1)
- Escherichia coli (1)
- Escherichia coli-derived recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (1)
- Estivation (1)
- Eukaryoten (1)
- Eulophidae (1)
- Europe (1)
- European foulbrood (1)
- European orchard bee (Osmia cornuta) (1)
- Evaluation (1)
- Event (1)
- Evolutionary developmental biology (1)
- Evolutionary emergence (1)
- Exosome (1)
- Experimental intracerebral hemorrhage (1)
- Explorative analyses (1)
- Expression (1)
- Extracellular matrix (1)
- Extrembiotop (1)
- F-actin (1)
- FBXW7 (1)
- FIB-SEM (1)
- FISH-CLEM (1)
- FLIMbee (1)
- FLS2 receptor (1)
- FSC (1)
- FWGE (1)
- Fabaceae (1)
- Fabry disease (1)
- Factor sigma(B) (1)
- Fagus orientalis (1)
- Fbw7 (1)
- Fetal brain development (1)
- Fgf-signalling (1)
- Fische (1)
- Flagellum (1)
- Flow cytometry (1)
- Flowering (1)
- Flowering plants (1)
- Flowers (1)
- Fluorescence microscopy (1)
- Fluoreszenzsonden (1)
- FoSTeS/MMBIR mechanism (1)
- Foragers (1)
- Forests (1)
- Fourthcorner analysis (1)
- Fragmentierung (1)
- Freeze-etching (1)
- French-Canadian patients (1)
- Frontal cortex (1)
- Functional diversity (1)
- Functional modules (1)
- Fungal cell-walls (1)
- Fungal traits (1)
- Fusarium fujikuroi (1)
- Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (1)
- G-protein-coupled receptors (1)
- GABA (1)
- GABA-A receptor (1)
- GABAA receptors (1)
- GAD1 (1)
- GAG (1)
- GDNF5 (1)
- GIS (1)
- GP41 cytoplasmic tail (1)
- GPCR (1)
- GPI-anchor (1)
- GPVI (1)
- GSH (1)
- Galectin-1 (1)
- Gefäßpflanzen (1)
- Gen (1)
- Gene (1)
- Gene Regulation (1)
- Gene cloning (1)
- Gene duplication (1)
- Gene expression analysis (1)
- Gene expression profiling (1)
- Gene expression vectors (1)
- Gene sets (1)
- Genetics (1)
- Genetics research (1)
- Genom / Genkartierung / Genanalyse (1)
- Genome assembly (1)
- Genome comparison (1)
- Genome evolution (1)
- Genomics (1)
- Genomics data sets (1)
- Gentransfer (1)
- German Research Foundation (1)
- Germinative cell (1)
- Germline (1)
- Geruch (1)
- Gewebe (1)
- Goldbrasse (1)
- Golgi (1)
- Golgi apparatus (1)
- Government research funding (1)
- Gram-positive bacteria (1)
- Grasses (1)
- H7N9 influenza virus (1)
- HDBSCAN (1)
- HECT (1)
- HECT Ligase (1)
- HGF (1)
- HGPS (1)
- HHV-6 (1)
- HHblits (1)
- HIV-1 (1)
- HIV-1 protease (1)
- HKT transporter (1)
- HLA class ll (1)
- HMG-Proteine (1)
- HNSCC (1)
- HPLC-ESI-MS (1)
- HPLC/UPLC methods (1)
- HRAS (1)
- HSP90 inhibitor (1)
- Habitats (1)
- Halictidae (1)
- Halobacterium halobium (1)
- Harold Garnet Callan (1)
- Hautflügler (1)
- Health (1)
- Hela Cells (1)
- Heparan-sulfate (1)
- Hepatitis B Virus (1)
- Herbivory (1)
- Heteroptera (1)
- Hibernation (1)
- High mobility group (1)
- High-End-Mikroskopie (1)
- High-throughput data (1)
- Hill's powers (1)
- Himmelskompass (1)
- Histone gamma H2AX (1)
- Homoptera aphididae (1)
- Honey bees (1)
- Honey-bees (1)
- Honeybee (1)
- Horizontal transfer (1)
- Human (1)
- Human Knee (1)
- Human Medial Meniscus (1)
- Human atrial stromal cells (1)
- Human lung-cancer (1)
- Human prefrontal cortex (1)
- Human-immunodeficiency-virus (1)
- Hybridisierung <Biologie> (1)
- Hyperolius viridiflavus (1)
- Hypopharyngeal glands (1)
- Hypothalamus (1)
- Hypoxia (1)
- ICEP (1)
- ICP27 (1)
- IFN-γ (1)
- IGFBP2 (1)
- III adenylyl cyclases (1)
- III secretion (1)
- III secretion system (1)
- IL-17 (1)
- IL-4 antagonists (1)
- IL-4-receptor (1)
- IL-5 (1)
- IL-7 (1)
- IL2 branching (1)
- IN-VIVO (1)
- IR (1)
- ImageJ (1)
- ImageJ plugin (1)
- Imd pathway (1)
- Immunohistochemistry (1)
- Immunoprecipitation (1)
- Improved survival (1)
- In vivo (1)
- In-vivo (1)
- Inc (1)
- Inclusion (1)
- IncuCyte\(^®\)S3 (1)
- Induced senescence (1)
- Injuries (1)
- Inoculum production (1)
- Insect flight (1)
- Insect hosts (1)
- Insect pests (1)
- Insect symbiois (1)
- Insekt (1)
- Insektennavigation (1)
- Insulin (1)
- Integrated network analysis (1)
- Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL) (1)
- Interleukin 2 (1)
- Interleukin 4 (1)
- Interleukin 4 (human) (1)
- Interleukin 7 (1)
- Interleukin-4 (1)
- Interleukin-4 (IL-4) (1)
- Intermediate filaments (1)
- Invasion (1)
- Ionizing radiation (1)
- Ips typographus (1)
- IronChip Evaluation Package (1)
- Isoenzym (1)
- JAK2 (1)
- JNK (1)
- JUN (1)
- Jasmonate perception (1)
- Java 3D (1)
- Jmjd6 (1)
- Johnstons organ (1)
- K-RAS (1)
- KIT (1)
- KRAS biomarker signatures (1)
- KRAS mutation signature (1)
- Karyotyp (1)
- Karyotype; chromosome banding; Desertellio elongatus; Crustacea; Isopoda; Oniscidea (1)
- Kidney cancer (1)
- Kinase inhibitor (1)
- Kinase pathway (1)
- Kinetoplastea (1)
- Kinetoplastida (1)
- Klimaneutralität (1)
- Klimapflanzen (1)
- Klimawandel (1)
- Konservierung (1)
- Krebs (1)
- Kryptolebias marmoratus (1)
- LAMN (1)
- LASP1 (1)
- LC-MS/MS (1)
- LC–HRESIMS (1)
- LEDs (1)
- LINC complexes (1)
- LMNA mutations (1)
- LS-MIDA (1)
- Labial glands (1)
- Lacking neurofilaments (1)
- Lamto Reserve (1)
- Land plants (1)
- Land-use change (1)
- Landsat (1)
- Landsat 8 (1)
- Landscape ecology (1)
- Landschaft (1)
- Landwirtschaft (1)
- Laparoscopy (1)
- Lariophagus distinguendus (1)
- Latimeria menadoensis (1)
- Latrophilin (1)
- Laufkäfer (1)
- Leaf cutting ants (1)
- Learning and memory (1)
- Leaves (1)
- Legionella (1)
- Legume crops (1)
- Legumes (1)
- LeishBASEedit (1)
- Leishmania (1)
- Lichtheimia (1)
- Life expectancy (1)
- Ligand <Biochemie> (1)
- Limb development (1)
- Limit (1)
- Listeria (1)
- Listeria monocytogenes (1)
- Listeriolysin O (1)
- Live cells (1)
- Living cells (1)
- Llullaillaco Volcano (1)
- Locomotion compensator (1)
- Locomotor activity (1)
- Locus (1)
- Logged forests (1)
- Lov domain (1)
- Lung-cancer (1)
- Lymantria dispar (1)
- Lymph nodes (1)
- Lynx lynx (1)
- M14 carboxypeptidasses (1)
- MALDI imaging (1)
- MAX (1)
- MDSCs (1)
- ME/CFS (1)
- MET receptor (1)
- MHC I (1)
- MHC II (1)
- MITE (1)
- MITF (1)
- MMP-1 (1)
- MOD13Q1 (1)
- MODIS (1)
- MORN-repeat (1)
- MSCI (1)
- MTH1 (1)
- MTL30 (1)
- MYCNv (1)
- Maculinea butterfly (1)
- Madagascar (1)
- Magnetic-resonance microscopy (1)
- Magnetkompass (1)
- Malaise trap (1)
- Malaya (1)
- Male intromittent organ (1)
- Malignant melanoma (1)
- Mamestra brassicae (1)
- Maus (1)
- Mbt (1)
- Mcl-1 (1)
- Measurement (1)
- Mechanistic model (1)
- Medaka - Genetransfer - Transient expression - DNA fate - Fish developmental biology (1)
- Medaka fish (1)
- Medicine (1)
- Megalobrama amblycephala (1)
- Megaponera analis (1)
- Meiosis (1)
- Meliponini (1)
- Melophorus-bagoti (1)
- Membranes (1)
- Merogone experiments (1)
- Mesenchymal stem cells (1)
- Mesocestoides corti (1)
- Messenger Ribonucleoprotein Particles (1)
- Messenger-RNS (1)
- Met (1)
- Metabolic profiles (1)
- Metabolismus (1)
- Metacestode (1)
- Metarhizium anisopliae (1)
- Methylation (1)
- Methylome (1)
- Mexican coffee plantations (1)
- MiMIC (1)
- Microarray (1)
- Microarray analysis (1)
- Microarray data (1)
- Microbiology and Infectious Disease (1)
- Microorganisms (1)
- Middle cerebral-artery (1)
- Mikroarray (1)
- Milnesium tardigradum (1)
- Minimally invasive surgery (1)
- MircoRNA (1)
- Missense mutation (1)
- Model (1)
- Models (1)
- Molecular Biophysics (1)
- Molecular biophysics (1)
- Molecular neuroscience (1)
- Molecular systematics (1)
- Molecules (1)
- Moleküle (1)
- Monogamie (1)
- Monte-Carlo-Simulation (1)
- Motion (1)
- Motoneuron disease (1)
- Motor nerve biopsy (1)
- Mouse model (1)
- Mouse-brain (1)
- Movement (1)
- Mt. Kinabalu (1)
- Mucin (1)
- Multiple Traits (1)
- Multiple myeloma (1)
- Multipolar mitosis (1)
- Multivariate analysis (1)
- Mund-Kiefer-Gesichts-Chirurgie (1)
- Muscidifurax (1)
- Mutation screening (1)
- Mutations (1)
- Myb-MuvB (1)
- Myc Transcription (1)
- Mycobacterium (1)
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1)
- Mycoplasma (1)
- Myofibroblast differentiation (1)
- Myrmecophytes (1)
- Myrmecophytism ; Malaysia ; trophobionts ; colony foundation ; Cladomyrma (1)
- Myrmica ant non-equilibrium dynamics (1)
- N-Myc (1)
- N-terminal domain (1)
- NAD (1)
- NCI-60 (1)
- NEAT1 (1)
- NF-κB (1)
- NFATc1 (1)
- NHX1 (1)
- NMD (1)
- NMR (1)
- NMR spectroscopy (1)
- NO (1)
- NONO (1)
- NSCLC (1)
- NTP-binding-properties (1)
- NaCl transport (1)
- Nanda-Hamner (1)
- Nanos (1)
- Nasonia (1)
- Nasonia courtship (1)
- National Science Foundation (1)
- Natural Language Processing (1)
- Negative geotaxis (1)
- Neisseria (1)
- Neoblast (1)
- Nephroblastoma (1)
- Nerve growth factor (1)
- Nervenzelle (1)
- Nervous system (1)
- Nesting resources (1)
- Neural circuits (1)
- Neuro-blastoma (1)
- Neurofilament (1)
- Neuromuscular junctions (1)
- Neuronal survival (1)
- Neuropathy (1)
- Neuropeptide (1)
- Neurotrophic factors (1)
- New Species (1)
- New Zealand (1)
- Niedere Wirbeltiere (1)
- Nitrogen metabolism (1)
- Njassasee (1)
- Non-phototrophic bacteria (1)
- Normal Distribution (1)
- Northeastern Costa Rica (1)
- Nuclear RDNA (1)
- Nuclear envelope (1)
- Nuclear pore complex (1)
- Nuclear pores (1)
- Nucleocytoplasmic exchange (1)
- Nucleocytoplasmic transport (1)
- Nucleolus-DNA (1)
- Nurses (1)
- OGEE v2 (1)
- OLFM4 (1)
- Oilseed rape (1)
- Omp85 (1)
- Oncogene (1)
- Oncology (1)
- Oogenesis (1)
- Open-source tool (1)
- OpsA (1)
- Opsins (1)
- Oralchirurgie (1)
- Ordination methods (1)
- Oryza sativa (1)
- Osmia (1)
- Osmia bicornis (1)
- Osmoregulation (1)
- Osteoarthritis (1)
- Osteogenic precursor cells (1)
- Outer membrane proteins (1)
- P14ARF (1)
- P15(INK4B) (1)
- P21 (1)
- P53 (1)
- PABPs (1)
- PAK4 (1)
- PD-L1 (1)
- PDE4d (1)
- PICD (1)
- PKCζ, (1)
- POTRA domain (1)
- POZ domain (1)
- PSMA (1)
- Pacific Ocean (1)
- Paenibacillus (1)
- Paenibacterin (1)
- Pain (1)
- Pakistan (1)
- Parasite development (1)
- Parataxonomy (1)
- Parkinson's disease (1)
- Parkinsons diesease (1)
- Partially parallel acquisitions (1)
- Path-integraton (1)
- Peptidoglycan recognition (1)
- Period (1)
- Perugia-Kärpfling (1)
- Pfam domain (1)
- Phenols (1)
- Photoactivated localization microscopy (1)
- Phylogenetics (1)
- Phylogenie (1)
- Pilze (1)
- PknB (1)
- Plant growth promotion (1)
- Plant root endophyte (1)
- Plant utricularia-gibba (1)
- Plant-herbivore interactions (1)
- Plant-insect interactions (1)
- Plantation forests (1)
- Plants (1)
- Plasma-membrane (1)
- Plataspidae (1)
- Platelet-derived growthfactor (1)
- Podocarpus National Park (1)
- Poecilia (Teleostei: Poeciliidae) (1)
- Poecilia reticulata (1)
- Poeciliid fish (1)
- Polistine wasps (1)
- Pollen (1)
- Pollination (1)
- Pollinators (1)
- Polycistronic mRNA (1)
- Polylactide-co-glycolide (1)
- Polyspermy (1)
- Poor-prognosis (1)
- Poplars (1)
- PorB (1)
- Predictive toxicology (1)
- Prfa-mediated virulence (1)
- Primary endosymbiont (1)
- Proenzyme (1)
- Profile distances (1)
- Profiling (1)
- Prognose (1)
- Prognosis (1)
- Programmed cell-death (1)
- Programmierbare logische Anordnung (1)
- Progressive motor neuronopathy (1)
- Proliferation (1)
- Promotor (1)
- Proteasen (1)
- Protection (1)
- Protein folding (1)
- Protein kinase D3 (PKD3) (1)
- Proteine (1)
- Proteinmarkierungen (1)
- Proteus vulgaris (1)
- Protoonkogen (1)
- Protopterus annectens (1)
- Protoscolex (1)
- Prunus-africana (1)
- Präferenz (1)
- Pseudotsuga menziesii (1)
- Pteromalidae (1)
- Purkinje cells (1)
- QTL analysis (1)
- R-loop (1)
- R. sphaeroidesl (1)
- R0 (1)
- RAS (1)
- RBCL (1)
- RBCL Gene-sequences (1)
- RBM8A (1)
- RET6 (1)
- RFID (1)
- RIM-binding protein (1)
- RIM1α (1)
- RLQ analysis (1)
- RNA extraction (1)
- RNA in situ hybridization (1)
- RNA metabolism (1)
- RNA sequence (1)
- RNA splicing (1)
- RNA transport (1)
- RNA-SEQ (1)
- RNA-Seq analysis (1)
- RNA-binding protein (1)
- RNA-binding proteins (1)
- RNA-seq transcriptome (1)
- RNAPOL1 (1)
- RNAi (1)
- RRID: AB_2314041 (1)
- RRID: AB_2314242 (1)
- RRID: AB_2315311 (1)
- RRID: AB_2315425 (1)
- RRID: AB_2315460 (1)
- RRID: AB_2337244 (1)
- RRID: AB_300798 (1)
- RRID: AB_760350 (1)
- RSK (1)
- RT -PCR (1)
- RTK (1)
- Rab (1)
- Radiation biology (1)
- Radiation sensitivity (1)
- Radiochemotherapy (1)
- Raf kinases (1)
- Rain-forest (1)
- Random-Walk (1)
- Rat spinal-cord (1)
- Real-time (1)
- Receptor (1)
- Receptor kinase (1)
- Receptor ytva (1)
- Recombinant (1)
- Recombinant DNA (1)
- Recombinant DNA ; Growth hormone gene ; PCR; Silver carp ; Fish (1)
- Recombinant DNA ; polymerase chain reaction ; metallothionein gene ; rainbow trout ; fish (1)
- Recombinant protein expression (1)
- Recurrent neural-networks (1)
- Regenwald (1)
- Relapse (1)
- Renal cell carcinoma (1)
- Reovirus (1)
- Repair (1)
- Reproduction (1)
- Rescorla-Wagner model (1)
- Research Article (1)
- Reveals (1)
- Rhodopsins (1)
- Ribosomal protein gene (1)
- Richness (1)
- Rumex (1)
- S-type anion channel (1)
- S1PR2 (1)
- SCC (1)
- SCD (1)
- SEMA domain (1)
- SF3 helicase (1)
- SGNH hydrolase (1)
- SLAH3 (1)
- SLC7A11 (1)
- SMAD signaling (1)
- SMART (1)
- SMART version 9 (1)
- SMLM (1)
- SOX9 (1)
- SPRED (1)
- SPRED2 (1)
- SPT5 (1)
- SPT6 (1)
- SREC-I (1)
- SSCP analysis (1)
- SSI (1)
- STORM (1)
- SUN domain protein (1)
- SUN domain proteins (1)
- SUN1 (1)
- SUPT5H (1)
- SV pool (1)
- Salmonella (1)
- Salmonella Typhimurium (1)
- Salmonella enterica (1)
- Salmonella-containing vacuole (1)
- Salt Overly Sensitive pathway (1)
- Salvia pratensis (1)
- Sanger sequencing (1)
- Savanna (1)
- Savanna–Forest mosaic (1)
- Scatter factor (1)
- Schizophrenia (1)
- Schwertkräpfling (1)
- Science history (1)
- Sea urchin development (1)
- Seahorse XF (1)
- Secondary structure (1)
- Seed dispersal (1)
- Self-renewal (1)
- Sentinel-1 (1)
- Septins (1)
- Serendipita indica (1)
- Serum autoantibodies (1)
- Sex chromosome (1)
- Sex determination (1)
- Sexual development and function (1)
- Shaggy kinase (1)
- Shotgun method (1)
- Si-rhodamine (1)
- Sigma(B)-dependent stress-response (1)
- Signal transduction (1)
- Signaling (1)
- Simkania (1)
- Simkania negevensis (1)
- Single nucleotide change (1)
- Site-directed mutagenesis (1)
- Sleep fragmentation (1)
- Small interfering RNAs (1)
- Small-holder agriculture (1)
- Smooth-muscle-cells (1)
- Social entrainment (1)
- Software product lines (1)
- Solid tumors (1)
- Solution-state NMR (1)
- Somatotropin (1)
- South Korea (1)
- Sox5 (1)
- Sozialität (1)
- Sparus aurata (1)
- Species Traits (1)
- Species delimitation (1)
- Species richness (1)
- Sperma (1)
- Spongilla lacustris (1)
- Sporosarcina (1)
- Sprouting angiogenesis (1)
- Spumaviren (1)
- Stachellose Biene (1)
- Staphylococcal infection (1)
- Staphylococcus (1)
- Stat3 (1)
- Stathmin (1)
- Stem cell (1)
- Stickler syndrome (1)
- Stimulated-emission (1)
- Stp (1)
- Strains (1)
- Stress responses (1)
- Structural Biology (1)
- Structure-function (1)
- Strukturanalyse (1)
- Subtercola vilae (1)
- Subtilisin Carlsberg (1)
- Subtilisin maturation (1)
- Sun1 (1)
- Sunitinib (1)
- Super-Resolution Microscopy (1)
- Superagonistic antibody (1)
- Suppressors EXT1 (1)
- Surgical and invasive medical procedures (1)
- Surgical oncology (1)
- Switch (1)
- Synapses (1)
- Synaptic vesicles (1)
- Synaptische Vesikel (1)
- Synaptophysin (1)
- Synthetic biology (1)
- Syrphidae (1)
- Systematic search (1)
- Süßwasserpolypen (1)
- T cell receptor (1)
- T cell receptors (1)
- T lymphocytes (1)
- T-Lymphozyt (1)
- T-RFLP analysis (1)
- T-cadherin (1)
- T-cell (1)
- T-cell epitope (1)
- T. brucei (1)
- TCR signaling cascade (1)
- TERB1 (1)
- TGF-beta (1)
- TGF-β (1)
- TGF-β superfamily (1)
- TH1579 (1)
- TH588 (1)
- TME (1)
- TNF-α (1)
- TNNI3 (1)
- TYPE-1 (1)
- Tanzania (1)
- Tapeworm (1)
- Tarp (1)
- Taxonomy (1)
- TbMORN1 (1)
- Teamwork (1)
- Teichläufer (1)
- Temperatur (1)
- Temperature rhythms (1)
- Tetrahymena (1)
- Text analysis (1)
- Textanalyse (1)
- Th1 cells (1)
- Therapy (1)
- Thiol-activated cytolysin (1)
- Tierpsychologie (1)
- Time (1)
- Time interval (1)
- Timeless (1)
- Timing (1)
- Tn1549 transposon (1)
- Tn916-like transposon family (1)
- Townes (1)
- Toxicity (1)
- Tp63 (1)
- Trafficking (1)
- Traits-Environment Relationships (1)
- Transcription units (1)
- Transcriptional control (1)
- Transcriptome (1)
- Transcriptomic (1)
- Transcriptomics (1)
- Transgene Tiere (1)
- Transgenic mice (1)
- Translation (1)
- Transmission electron microscopy (1)
- Transovarial transmission (1)
- Transport (1)
- Transposable element (1)
- TreM monitoring (1)
- TreMs (1)
- Trees (1)
- Trend test (1)
- Trichomalopsis (1)
- Trigona fuscipennis (1)
- Trinidadian guppy (1)
- Triple co-culture (1)
- Triton X 100 (1)
- TrkB (1)
- Trophobiosis (1)
- Tropical agriculture (1)
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (1)
- Trypanosoma cruzi (1)
- Trypanosome (1)
- Trypanosomes (1)
- Tumor (1)
- Tumor angiogenesis (1)
- Tumor cell (1)
- Tumor suppressor gene (1)
- Tumorzelle (1)
- Tumour markers (1)
- Type III secretion (1)
- Tyrosine kinase inhibition (1)
- USP25 (1)
- UV–Vis (1)
- Ubiquitin (1)
- Unc-13 (1)
- Usher syndrome (1)
- Ustilago maydis (1)
- V-ATPase (1)
- V-antigen (1)
- V1–V9 (1)
- V4 (1)
- V7/V8 (1)
- VACV (1)
- VASP (1)
- VEGFA (1)
- VKORC1 (1)
- VSG (1)
- Vaccine (1)
- Variability (1)
- Varroa destructor (1)
- Vasodilatator-stimuliertes Phosphoprotein (1)
- Vegetable juice (1)
- Veracruz <Stadt> (1)
- Verhalten (1)
- Verhaltensökologie (1)
- Verteilung (1)
- Verzeichnis (1)
- Vesicles (1)
- Vicia faba (L.) (1)
- Viral infections (1)
- Virtual sequencing (1)
- Visualization (1)
- Vitamin K epoxide reductase (1)
- Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) (1)
- WDR5 (1)
- WNT (1)
- WTI (1)
- Wachstum (1)
- Wallemia ichthyophaga (1)
- Warfarin (1)
- Wasserläufer (1)
- West Africa (1)
- White-matter (1)
- Wiesensalbei (1)
- Wild bees (1)
- Williamsia sp. ARP1 (1)
- Wilms' tumor (1)
- Wonderful plants (1)
- X-Ray Chrystallography (1)
- X. couchianus (1)
- X. hellerii (1)
- Xenopus oocytes (1)
- Xiphophorus fish (1)
- Xylosandrus (1)
- Y chromosome degeneration (1)
- Y14 (1)
- YAP (1)
- Yersinia enterocolitica (1)
- Yield (1)
- Yolk protein (1)
- Zelldifferenzierung (1)
- Zelle (1)
- Zellen (1)
- ZfKD (1)
- Zika virus (1)
- Zinc finger gene (1)
- \(\alpha\)-latrotoxin (1)
- abdominal (1)
- abdominal surgery (1)
- abiotic (1)
- abiotic factors (1)
- accumulation (1)
- acetate (1)
- acetyltransferase RTT109 (1)
- achaete-scute homolog 1 (1)
- achiasmatic (1)
- acipenserid minisatellite (1)
- acipenseridae (1)
- acoustic communication (1)
- acoustic signals (1)
- acoustic stream (1)
- acromyrmex ambiguus (1)
- actin cortex (1)
- actin nucleation (1)
- activity (1)
- activity rhythms (1)
- activity-based probes (1)
- acts downstream (1)
- acute appendicitis (1)
- acute brain slices (1)
- acylcarnitine (1)
- adaptive evolution (1)
- adaptive growth (1)
- adaptive plasticity (1)
- adaptive radiation (1)
- adenylate cyclase toxin (1)
- adhesion GPCR (1)
- adipose (1)
- adipose tissue (1)
- adipose tissue dysfunction (1)
- adipose tissue-derived MSCs (1)
- adjuvant (1)
- adrenal surgery (1)
- adrenal tumors (1)
- adrenalectomia (1)
- adrenocortical adenocarcinoma (1)
- adrenocortical carcinoma (1)
- adult bee (1)
- adult bees (1)
- adult drosophila (1)
- advanced (1)
- aerobiology (1)
- age polyethism (1)
- ageing (1)
- agent-based model (1)
- aging (1)
- agonist (1)
- agri-environment scheme (1)
- agricultural intensification (1)
- agricultural intensity (1)
- agricultural landscapes (1)
- agricultural soils (1)
- agrobacterium tumefaciens (1)
- agroforestry (1)
- airborne laser scanning (ALS) (1)
- airway epithelia (1)
- alagille syndrome (1)
- albinaria (1)
- alcohol tolerance (1)
- aldolase A (1)
- alkaloid detection methods (1)
- alkaloids (1)
- alkyloctahydronaphthalene (1)
- all-fish genes (1)
- allatostatin‐A (1)
- allergens (1)
- allergy (1)
- allometric scaling (1)
- allometry (1)
- alpha (1)
- alpha-helical structure (1)
- alpha-toxin (1)
- alpha-tubulin-II (1)
- alpine plants (1)
- alternating management (1)
- alternative trapping strategies (1)
- alu elements (1)
- alveolar fibrosis (1)
- alveolar regeneration (1)
- alzheimer's disease (1)
- alzheimers disease (1)
- ambrosia beetle (1)
- ambrosia beetles (1)
- ambrosia fungi (1)
- ambrosia fungus (1)
- ambystoma opacum (1)
- amino acid analogues (1)
- amino acid restriction (1)
- amino acid sequence (1)
- amino acid transporter (1)
- amino acids (1)
- aminoacyl-transfer-RNA (1)
- amphibian metamorphosis (1)
- amphibian oocytes (1)
- amphids (1)
- amphimixis (1)
- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (1)
- amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis (1)
- analysis of variance (1)
- anaplasia (1)
- anastomotic leakage (1)
- androgen-induced masculinization (1)
- angiogenic cytokines (1)
- animal communication (1)
- animal migration (1)
- animal sexual behavior (1)
- animals (1)
- anion channel (1)
- ant communities (1)
- ant-butterfly interaction (1)
- ant-mimicking spiders (1)
- ant-plant interactions (1)
- antagonist (1)
- antagonists (1)
- antenna (1)
- antennal lobes (1)
- anterior optic tubercle (1)
- anthropogenic activities (1)
- anthropogenic disturbance (1)
- anthropogenic drivers (1)
- anthropogenic food subsidies (1)
- anthropogenic noise (1)
- anti-cancer drug-like molecules (1)
- anti-contactin-1 (1)
- anti-microbial activit (1)
- anti-thrombotic therapies (1)
- antibiotic resistance (1)
- antibody (1)
- anticancer activity (1)
- antigen processing and recognition (1)
- antigenetic variation (1)
- antimicrobial peptides (1)
- antimycotics (1)
- antioxidants (1)
- antiproliferative (1)
- antitumor immune response (1)
- antiviral immunity (1)
- aortic-valve (1)
- aphids (1)
- apixaban (1)
- apomixis (1)
- aposematism (1)
- appeasement substance (1)
- appendectomy (1)
- appendicitis (1)
- appendix (1)
- approved drugs (1)
- arabidopsi (1)
- arabidopsis (1)
- arabidpsis thaliana (1)
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (1)
- area‐concentrated search (1)
- arginine (1)
- arginine metabolism (1)
- army ants (1)
- armyworm Lepidoptera (1)
- arthropod predators (1)
- artificial diet (1)
- artificial rearing (1)
- asexual reproduction (1)
- asexuality (1)
- ash dieback (1)
- aspergillus fumigatus (1)
- assay systems (1)
- assemblages (1)
- assembly (1)
- assembly mechanisms (1)
- associative learning (1)
- assortative mating (1)
- astrocytes (1)
- asymmetric dispersal costs (1)
- atopic diseases (1)
- attraction (1)
- auditory masking (1)
- autoantibody (1)
- autofluorescence (1)
- automated solid-phase Edman degradation (1)
- automixis (1)
- autophagosomes (1)
- autosomal recessive hearing loss (1)
- autosomal recessive non-synstromic hearing loss (1)
- autotoxicity (1)
- axial skeletal defects (1)
- azido-ceramides (1)
- b/c1 complex (1)
- bPAC (1)
- bacillus thuringiensis (1)
- background odor (1)
- bacterial genomics (1)
- bacterial infection (1)
- bacterial invasion (1)
- bacterial meningitis (1)
- bacterial migration (1)
- bacterial persistence (1)
- bacterial spread (1)
- bacterial transcription (1)
- bacterial transmission (1)
- bacterial virulence (1)
- bacteriology (1)
- bacteriophage lambda (1)
- bacteriorhodopsin (1)
- bacterium Legionella pneumophila (1)
- bagworms Lepidoptera (1)
- baited traps (1)
- bakanae (1)
- balance (1)
- balance hypothesis (1)
- barcoding (1)
- bark and ambrosia beetles (1)
- bark beetle (1)
- bark beetle disturbance (1)
- bark-peeling (1)
- basal ganglia (1)
- bax (1)
- bed bug (1)
- bee abundance (1)
- bee body size (1)
- bee communities (1)
- bee community (1)
- bee disease (1)
- bee larva (1)
- bee pollination (1)
- bee pollinator (1)
- bee pollinators (1)
- bee richness (1)
- bee species richness (1)
- beech forest (1)
- beetle (1)
- beetle communities (1)
- beetle horns (1)
- behavioral experiments (1)
- behavioral transition (1)
- behaviour (1)
- behavioural flexibility (1)
- behavioural plasticity (1)
- benzoquinone (1)
- bet-hedging (1)
- beta diversity (1)
- beta-TRCP (1)
- beta-catenin (1)
- beta-diveristy (1)
- beta-diversity (1)
- beta-lactamase inhibition (1)
- beta-oxidation (1)
- bevacizumab (1)
- big brown bats (1)
- bilayers (1)
- binary decision diagram (1)
- binding pocket (1)
- bioassay-guided fractionation (1)
- bioassays (1)
- biocatalysis (1)
- biodiversity assessment (1)
- biodiversity estimation (1)
- biodiversity exploratories (1)
- biodiversity index (1)
- biodiversity measure (1)
- biodiversity threats (1)
- biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (1)
- biodiversity-friendly forest management (1)
- biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationship (1)
- bioenergetics (1)
- biofilm formation (1)
- biofluid (1)
- biofuel (1)
- biofuels (1)
- biogeography (1)
- bioinformatics and computational biology (1)
- bioinformatics tool (1)
- biological activities (1)
- biological control (1)
- biological fluorescence (1)
- biological macromolecules (1)
- biological pest control (1)
- biological scaffold (1)
- biological sciences (1)
- biomanufacturing (1)
- biomarker signature (1)
- biomarkers (1)
- biomaterial surfaces (1)
- biomaterials (1)
- biomimetic 3D tissue model (1)
- biomimetic tissue models (1)
- biominarlization proteins (1)
- bioreactor culture (1)
- biosecurity (1)
- biosonar (1)
- biospecies (1)
- biosynthetic glycosylation (1)
- biotic interaction (1)
- bipartite metabolism (1)
- bipolar disorder (1)
- bird communities (1)
- bird diversity (1)
- bird species richness (1)
- birth rates (1)
- bisulfite pyrosequencing (1)
- bitter taste (1)
- black woodpecker (1)
- black yeast (1)
- bladder (1)
- blocking antibodies (1)
- blood brain barrier (1)
- blood stream (1)
- blood-stream forms (1)
- blowfly calliphora-vomitoria (1)
- bodies (1)
- body condition (1)
- body size distributions; (1)
- body weight (1)
- body-size (1)
- bohemian forest ecosystem (1)
- bombus terrestris (1)
- bone (1)
- boolean in silico models (1)
- boolean modeling (1)
- bottom‐up and top‐down control (1)
- brachtydacyly type A2 (1)
- brain disorders (1)
- brain endothelial cells (1)
- brain metastases (1)
- brain signal complexity (1)
- brain-injury (1)
- breast-cancer (1)
- breast-cancer cells (1)
- breeding season (1)
- brefeldin-a (1)
- broadleaf tree species (1)
- broodtranslocation (1)
- brucei (1)
- brucei genome (1)
- bryophytes (1)
- bug riptortus-pedestris (1)
- building behavior (1)
- building behaviour (1)
- bumblebee nest density (1)
- buparlisib (1)
- burned savanna (1)
- burnt-wood (1)
- bursicon (1)
- bush ecotone (1)
- butterfly euphydryas-aurinia (1)
- bypass (1)
- c-Fos (1)
- c-Myc (1)
- c-kit (1)
- c-myc (1)
- c-src (1)
- cAMP (1)
- cAMP / cGMP / cytoskeleton / phosphorylation / protein kinase (1)
- cDNA (1)
- cabbage Brassica oleracea var. capitata (1)
- caco-2 cells (1)
- cadherin-13 (CDH13) (1)
- calcium signaling (1)
- calcium signaling pathway (1)
- calcofluor white staining (1)
- call (1)
- calyx (1)
- cameleon (1)
- camponotus aethiops (1)
- camponotus ants (1)
- camponotus floridanus (1)
- camponotus schmitzi (1)
- camptothecin (1)
- cancer biology (1)
- cancer cell (1)
- cancer diagnosis (1)
- cancer dissemination (1)
- cancer imaging (1)
- cancer immunotherapy (1)
- cancer models (1)
- cancer predisposition syndromes (1)
- cancer-cells (1)
- cancers (1)
- candida genome database (1)
- canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (cAdMSCs) (1)
- canine cancer cell lines (1)
- canine soft tissue sarcoma (CSTS) (1)
- canopy fogging (1)
- canopy herbivory (1)
- canopy spiders (1)
- capsid protein (1)
- capture (1)
- carbenes (1)
- carbohydrates (1)
- carbon dioxide (CO2) (1)
- carbon dioxide avoidance (1)
- carbonaria (1)
- carboxylation (1)
- cardiac aging (1)
- cardiac fibrosis (1)
- cardioactive factor (1)
- cardiolipin (1)
- cardiomyopathy (1)
- cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) (1)
- carriage (1)
- carrion ecology (1)
- carrying capacity (1)
- cartilage induction (1)
- cascade (1)
- cash crops (1)
- caspase-3 (1)
- caspases (1)
- catabolism (1)
- cathepsin (1)
- catheterization (1)
- catheters (1)
- cations (1)
- ceiba pentandra (1)
- cell compartmentation (1)
- cell cultures (1)
- cell cycle arrest (1)
- cell differentation (1)
- cell division (1)
- cell fate (1)
- cell fusion (1)
- cell membrane model (1)
- cell migration (1)
- cell motility (1)
- cell size (1)
- cell surface proteome (1)
- cell velocimetry (1)
- cell wall (1)
- cell wall synthesis (1)
- cell-autonomous defense (1)
- cell-cycle arrest (1)
- cell-cycle arrest cancer therapy (1)
- cell-cycle regulation (1)
- cellline transfection (1)
- cellular camp (1)
- cellular function (1)
- cellular imaging (1)
- cellular proteins (1)
- cellular reprogramming (1)
- cellular senescence (1)
- cellular stress (1)
- cellular waveform (1)
- centomeres (1)
- central clocks (1)
- central nervous system (1)
- central-nervous-system (1)
- centrality (1)
- centromere (1)
- cephalotes (1)
- ceramidase (1)
- ceramide analogs (1)
- cereals (1)
- cerebEND cells (1)
- cerebral ischemia (1)
- cerebral metastases (1)
- chain (1)
- chain reaction (1)
- chalcidoid wasps (1)
- chalinolobus-tuberculatus (1)
- channelrhodopsin (1)
- channelrhodopsin-2 (1)
- checkered beetles (1)
- chemical diversity (1)
- chemical glycosylation (1)
- chemical similarity (1)
- chemische Familienabzeichen (1)
- chemokine receptor (1)
- chemoresistance (1)
- chemosensory protein (1)
- chemosensory system (1)
- chemotherapy resistance (1)
- chemotypes (1)
- chi square tests (1)
- chimera formation (1)
- chimeric RTKs (1)
- chimpanzee (1)
- chlamydia serine proteases (1)
- chlamydial inclusion (1)
- chlorantraniliprole (1)
- chlorophyta (1)
- cholera (1)
- cholesterol (1)
- chondrosarcoma (1)
- chordotonal organ (1)
- chordotonal organs (1)
- chromatin assembly factors (1)
- chromosome movement (1)
- chromosome pairing (1)
- chromosomes (1)
- chrysididae (1)
- ciliostasis (1)
- circRNA (1)
- circadian mechanisms (1)
- circadian oscillators (1)
- circadian photoreception (1)
- circular DNA (1)
- circular transcriptome sequencing (1)
- circular-dichroism (1)
- citrus (1)
- classical conditioning (1)
- classification (1)
- clathrin (1)
- clausiliidae (1)
- click chemistry (1)
- click-chemistry (1)
- climate changes (1)
- climate factors (1)
- climate-change (1)
- climate‐smart pest management (1)
- climatic factors (1)
- climatic gradients (1)
- clinical genetics (1)
- clinical malformations (1)
- clock (1)
- clock network (1)
- clock reproduction ecology (1)
- clonal fungiculture (1)
- clumping factor-B (1)
- cluster (1)
- cluster analysis (1)
- co-immunoprecipitation (1)
- cocoa (1)
- coexistence (1)
- coffee (1)
- cognitive ability (1)
- cognitive functions (1)
- cohesin SMC1-Beta (1)
- coincidence (1)
- cold adaptation (1)
- cold stress (1)
- coleoptera (1)
- collagen (1)
- collections (1)
- collective building (1)
- collective pattern (1)
- collybistin (1)
- colon (1)
- colon cancer (1)
- colon resection (1)
- colonies (1)
- colony (1)
- colony survival (1)
- colony-stimulating factor (1)
- color (1)
- color discrimination (1)
- color lightness (1)
- color vision (1)
- coloration (1)
- colorectal carcinoma (1)
- colour patterns (1)
- comb (1)
- combinatorial drug predictions (1)
- combined retinal dystrophy (1)
- commercial grades (1)
- common garden experiment (1)
- communication (1)
- community data (1)
- community functional-responses (1)
- community structure (1)
- community structures (1)
- community‐weighted mean (1)
- compaction (1)
- comparative sequence analysis (1)
- compartment boundary (1)
- compatible solutes and other metabolites (1)
- complement deposition (1)
- complex behavior (1)
- complex networks (1)
- complex traits (1)
- complex-III (1)
- complexes (1)
- complexome (1)
- complications (1)
- components (1)
- comportement des travailleurs (1)
- compound conditioning (1)
- compressed sensing (1)
- computational (1)
- computational biology and bioinformatics (1)
- computational modelling (1)
- computational prediction (1)
- computational systems biology (1)
- computer modelling (1)
- computer-assisted (1)
- concerted evolution (1)
- conditional sex allocation (1)
- conditioned response (1)
- conduction de protons (1)
- confidence interval (1)
- confidence intervals (1)
- confocal laser microscopy (1)
- confocal laser scanning microscopy (1)
- confocal-microscopy based automated quantification (1)
- conformational restriction (1)
- conifers (1)
- conjugate (1)
- conjugative transposition (1)
- connectance (1)
- connector (1)
- consanguinity (1)
- constraints (1)
- contact inhibition (1)
- containing neurons (1)
- contralateral breast cancer (1)
- contributes (1)
- control group (1)
- control profiles (1)
- controllability (1)
- conventional laparoscopic appendectomy (1)
- conversion (1)
- cool-season grass species (1)
- cooperative breeding (1)
- coprophagous beetles (1)
- copy number (1)
- copy number variation (1)
- copy number variation (CNV) (1)
- copy numbers (1)
- copy-number alteration (1)
- coral reef ecosystem (1)
- coral reef resilience (1)
- corazonin (1)
- corn pollen (1)
- correlative light and electron microscopy (1)
- cortico-striatal synapse (1)
- corticosteroids (1)
- corticotropin-releasing hormone (1)
- cost-effectiveness (1)
- cotton rats (1)
- counting (1)
- courtship displays (1)
- crematogaster (1)
- cristae (1)
- crop (1)
- crop diversity (1)
- crop management (1)
- crop modeling (1)
- crop models (1)
- crop pollination (1)
- crop rotation (1)
- crop yield (1)
- crops (1)
- cross pollination (1)
- cross-link repair (1)
- crossing-over (1)
- crotonase (1)
- cryo-electron microscopy (1)
- cryptic (1)
- cryptochrome/photolyase family (1)
- crystal structure (1)
- crystal-structure (1)
- crystallography (1)
- cultivation (1)
- cultures (1)
- cuticular chemistry (1)
- cuticular hydrocarbon (1)
- cuticular profiles (1)
- cyanine dyes (1)
- cycle (1)
- cycle regulation (1)
- cyclic nucleotide signaling (1)
- cylic GMP (1)
- cysteine restriction (1)
- cysteine synthase inhibitor (1)
- cytokine (1)
- cytokine profiling (1)
- cytokine release (1)
- cytokinin (1)
- cytokinin kinetin (1)
- cytoplasmic incompatibility (1)
- cytosine base editor (CBE) toolbox (1)
- cytosol (1)
- cytosolic acidification (1)
- cytosolic pH (1)
- cytostatic (1)
- c‐Myc (1)
- dCIRL (1)
- dMyc (1)
- dSPN (1)
- damped circadian clock (1)
- damped-oscillator-model of photoperiodic clock (1)
- dart-poison frog (1)
- data mining/methods (1)
- data pool (1)
- data sharing (1)
- data storage (1)
- data-bank (1)
- date palm (1)
- dauer (1)
- day length (1)
- ddPCR (1)
- dead tree (1)
- dead-wood enrichment (1)
- deadwood experiments (1)
- death pathway sar locus (1)
- death rates (1)
- decentralized control (1)
- decline (1)
- declines (1)
- decomposition (1)
- deep learning (1)
- deep learning–artificial neural network (DL-ANN) (1)
- defense and evasion strategies (1)
- defense signaling (1)
- defenses (1)
- definition (1)
- defoliation severity (1)
- deformed wing virus (1)
- degradation (1)
- dehydrogenase (1)
- delayed development (1)
- delayed radiation effects (1)
- delayed snowmelt (1)
- demographic stochasticity (1)
- dendritic cell (1)
- dendritic specializations (1)
- dendrobates pumilio (1)
- denritic cells (1)
- density (1)
- density-dependent dispersal (1)
- dentichasmias busseolae (1)
- dependent magnetosensitvity (1)
- depreissia decipiens (1)
- deprivation (1)
- desert ants (1)
- desiccation (1)
- desiccation resistance (1)
- design (1)
- determinant (1)
- determination locus (1)
- determining genes (1)
- detoxification (1)
- detoxified lipooligosaccharide (1)
- deubiquitinase (1)
- deubiquitinases (1)
- deuterostomes (1)
- developmental forms (1)
- developmental plasticity (1)
- developmental reprogramming (1)
- diacylglycerol (DAG) (1)
- diagnostic accuracy (1)
- dichthadiigynes (1)
- diet breadth (1)
- differential olfactory conditioning (1)
- differentially expressed genes (1)
- diffraction limit (1)
- digestive system (1)
- digit (1)
- dimeric peptide (1)
- dimerization (1)
- dimorphic expression (1)
- direct drivers (1)
- direct muss spectrometric profiling (1)
- direct oral anticoagulants (1)
- direct pathway (1)
- direct stochasticoptical reconstruction microscopy (1)
- direct thrombin inhibitor (1)
- directionality (1)
- discharge definition (1)
- discovery (1)
- discrimination (1)
- disease model (1)
- diseases (1)
- dispersal distance (1)
- disruption project (1)
- distance (1)
- distance gradient (1)
- distance-decay function (1)
- distance-dependent decay (1)
- distance‐based specialization index (1)
- disturbance extent (1)
- disturbance gradient (1)
- disturbance severity (1)
- disturbed humid area (1)
- divergent expression regulation (1)
- diversity–disturbance relationship (1)
- dmP53 (1)
- docking (1)
- dog (1)
- dog microbiome (1)
- domain-specific language (1)
- dominant optic atrophy (1)
- dominant-negative mutatio (1)
- dorsal clock neurons (1)
- dorsal raphe (1)
- dosage (1)
- doxorubicin (1)
- draft genome (1)
- drosophila (1)
- drosophila embryo (1)
- drosophila larvae (1)
- drosophila mushroom body (1)
- drought stress (1)
- drug (1)
- drug design/partial agonists (1)
- drug discovery (1)
- drug release (1)
- drug resistance (1)
- drug selection (1)
- drug-minded protein (1)
- dry weight (1)
- dry-mounted samples (1)
- dunce (1)
- dung beetle (1)
- dung beetle coleoptera (1)
- dust microbiomes (1)
- dwelling bat (1)
- dye stains-all (1)
- dynamic protein-protein interactions (1)
- eEF1A1 (1)
- early diagnosis (1)
- early secretory pathway (1)
- ecdysis (1)
- echinocytes (1)
- eclosion (1)
- eco-evolutionary dynamics (1)
- ecological genetics (1)
- ecological network (1)
- ecological niche (1)
- ecological stoichiometry (1)
- economy services (1)
- ecosystem functioning (1)
- ecosystem services; (1)
- ecosystemservices (1)
- ectotherms (1)
- efficient intervention points (1)
- egg parasitism (1)
- electrolytes (1)
- electron cryo microscopy (1)
- electron cryo-microscopy (1)
- electroporation (1)
- electrostatic potential (1)
- element translocation (1)
- elementary body (1)
- elementary mode analysis (1)
- elementary modes (1)
- elevational diversity (1)
- elevational diversity patterns (1)
- elevational gradient (1)
- elevational gradients (1)
- elongation (1)
- elongation rate (1)
- embryonic stem-cells (1)
- embryos (1)
- emergence (1)
- emigration (1)
- encapsulation (1)
- encephalitis dementia (1)
- endemism (1)
- endocytic multivesicular bodies (1)
- endophytic fungi (1)
- endoplasmic reticulum (1)
- endoplasmic-reticulum (1)
- endoreplication (1)
- endosponge (1)
- endosymbiotic bacteria (1)
- endothelial cells (1)
- enemy free space (1)
- enercy-richness hypothesis (1)
- energy homeostasis (1)
- energy restriction (1)
- enhance (1)
- enhancer (1)
- enteric glial cells (1)
- enteric nervous system (1)
- enteric pathogens (1)
- enterica serovar Typhimurium (1)
- envelope (1)
- environment (1)
- environmental association (1)
- environmental association analysis (1)
- environmental correlation (1)
- environmental filtering (1)
- environmental impact (1)
- environmental justice (1)
- environmental monitoring (1)
- environmental sciences (1)
- environmental variability (1)
- environments (1)
- enzyme (1)
- enzyme regulation (1)
- enzyme-linked immunoassays (1)
- enzymes (1)
- epidemiology (1)
- epidermal growth factor receptor (1)
- epidural block (1)
- epigenetic modification (1)
- epigenetics (1)
- epiphytic fern (1)
- epitope mapping (1)
- epitope prediction (1)
- eptesicus-fuscus (1)
- error (1)
- error-transfer (1)
- erythroyte invation (1)
- escherichia coli infections (1)
- estrogens (1)
- eucalyptus (1)
- eucera berlandi (1)
- euglena (1)
- euglenids (1)
- eukaryota (1)
- european beech forests (1)
- european countries (1)
- eusociality (1)
- evolution of myrmecophytism (1)
- evolution; (1)
- evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) (1)
- evolutionary (1)
- evolutionary arms race (1)
- evolutionary biology (1)
- evolutionary ecology (1)
- evolutionary modelling (1)
- evolutionary mutant model (1)
- evolutionary response (1)
- ex vivo (1)
- exaptation (1)
- excitation-secretion coupling (1)
- excretory-secretory (1)
- exit (1)
- exocrine glands (1)
- exocytosis (1)
- exome (1)
- exotic plants (1)
- exotic species (1)
- experimental evolution (1)
- explainability of machine learning (1)
- export (1)
- expressed sequence tag (1)
- expression analysis (1)
- expression plasmid (1)
- expression signature (1)
- expression site attenuation (1)
- extinction (1)
- extinction dynamics (1)
- extracellular matrix (1)
- extracellular vesicle (1)
- extrafloral nectaries (1)
- eyes (1)
- factor 1-alpha (1)
- factor B (1)
- factor EEF1A2 (1)
- factor XA inhibitor (1)
- factor acetylhydrolase activity (1)
- facultatively intracellular pathogens (1)
- family (1)
- feature analysis (1)
- feature selection (1)
- feeding behavior (1)
- feeding experiment (1)
- feeding guilds (1)
- female choice (1)
- female reproductive tract (1)
- female-specific (1)
- feral honey bees (1)
- fetal brain development (1)
- fetal cord blood (1)
- fetal programming (1)
- fibroblasts (1)
- field boundaries (1)
- filamentous Salmonella Typhimurium (1)
- finger protein 11 (1)
- fire (1)
- fishes Xiphophorus (1)
- fission (1)
- flagella (1)
- flagellar (1)
- flagellar motility (1)
- flagellar pocket collar (1)
- flagellate (1)
- flagellum (1)
- flg22 (1)
- flies (1)
- flight behaviour (1)
- flight characteristics (1)
- flight control (1)
- flippase (1)
- flooding disturbance (1)
- floral display (1)
- floral larceny (1)
- floral resource distribution (1)
- floral resources (1)
- flow (1)
- flower morphology (1)
- flower visitors (1)
- flower-visiting insects (1)
- flowering (1)
- flowering grassland plants (1)
- flowering plants (1)
- fluid collectives (1)
- fluorescence (1)
- fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (1)
- fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (1)
- fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (1)
- fluorescent dyes (1)
- fluorescent protein (1)
- fluorescent recombinant vaccinia virus (1)
- fluorophore (1)
- fluoxetine (1)
- flux balance analysis (1)
- flux measurements (1)
- fly pollination (1)
- foliar fungal community (1)
- folliculin (1)
- food bodies (1)
- food consumption (1)
- food resources (1)
- food safety (1)
- food web (1)
- forage resources (1)
- forager (1)
- foragers (1)
- foraging activities (1)
- foraging behavior (1)
- foraging behaviour (1)
- foraging patterns (1)
- forecasting (1)
- forest biodiversity (1)
- forest communities (1)
- forest conservation (1)
- forest conversion (1)
- forest degradation (1)
- forest disturbance (1)
- forest dynamics (1)
- forest ecology (1)
- forest ecosystem science (1)
- forest edges (1)
- forest fire (1)
- forest fragmentation (1)
- forest hedges (1)
- forest pests (1)
- forest physiognomy (1)
- forest proximity (1)
- forest soils (1)
- forest specialists (1)
- forests (1)
- format (1)
- formica cunicularia (1)
- formin (1)
- fostamatinib (1)
- fragmented landscapes (1)
- frameshift (1)
- framework (1)
- free energy (1)
- friut fly behaviour (1)
- frontal cortex (1)
- fruit fly (1)
- fruit-quality (1)
- fuel wood (1)
- functional complementarity (1)
- functional diversity analysis; (1)
- functional modules (1)
- functional network analysis (1)
- functional redundancy (1)
- fungal biology (1)
- fungal diseases (1)
- fungal ecology (1)
- fungal evolution (1)
- fungal infection (1)
- fungal infection model (1)
- fungal physiology (1)
- fungicide (1)
- fungus community (1)
- fungus-farming (1)
- fungus-farming insects (1)
- fungus-plant interaction (1)
- fused in sarcoma (1)
- gain (1)
- gambiense (1)
- gametocyte (1)
- gamma (1)
- gamma H2AX-foci (1)
- gangliosides and lipid rafts (1)
- gap junction (1)
- gating (1)
- gefitinib (1)
- gel electrophoresis (1)
- gene activity (1)
- gene duplications (1)
- gene editing (1)
- gene encoding noggin (1)
- gene essentiality database (1)
- gene expression analysis (1)
- gene flow (1)
- gene ontology (1)
- gene prediction (1)
- gene regulator agr (1)
- gene regulatory network evolution (1)
- gene transfer (1)
- gene-expression (1)
- generation (1)
- genes (1)
- genes and chromosomes (1)
- genetic code expansion (1)
- genetic diagnosis (1)
- genetic dissection (1)
- genetic engineering (1)
- genetic loci (1)
- genetic markers (1)
- genetic oscillators (1)
- genetic regulatory network (1)
- genetic screen (1)
- genetically modified crops (1)
- genetically modified plants (1)
- genome analysis (1)
- genome architecture (1)
- genome assembly (1)
- genome browser (1)
- genome cells (1)
- genome collection (1)
- genome evolution (1)
- genome integrity (1)
- genome sequencing (1)
- genome-wide linkage analysis (1)
- genome-wide screen (1)
- genomic databases (1)
- genomic integrity (1)
- genomic libraries (1)
- genomic organization (1)
- genomic sequence (1)
- genomic traits (1)
- genomics research (1)
- genotype (1)
- genus Aspergillus (1)
- genus Xiphophorus (1)
- geographic biases (1)
- geographical variation (1)
- geometric mean (1)
- gephyrin (1)
- geriatric (1)
- germinal center (1)
- germination speed (1)
- gestational diabetes mellitus (1)
- glial cells (1)
- glioblastoma (1)
- global (1)
- global DNA methylation (1)
- global biomes (1)
- global dataset (1)
- global dispersal (1)
- globotriaosylceramide (1)
- glomeruli (1)
- glomerulus (1)
- glucose restriction (1)
- glucose transporter (1)
- glycerol (1)
- glycoengineering (1)
- glycolytic flux control (1)
- glycophyte Arabidopsis (1)
- glycoprotein Ib (1)
- glycoprotein incorporation (1)
- glycosphingolipids (1)
- gonadal development (1)
- gonococcal invasion (1)
- gonopodium (1)
- gradient (1)
- gradients (1)
- grass endophytes (1)
- grasshopper (1)
- grassland (1)
- grassland ecology (1)
- graviception (1)
- gray tree frogs (1)
- green algae (1)
- green light perception (1)
- greenhouse gases (1)
- grey dunes (1)
- ground dwelling predators (1)
- ground nesters (1)
- ground-dwelling predators (1)
- ground‐dwelling predators (1)
- growing escherichia coli (1)
- growth and differentiation factor 5 (1)
- growth dimorphism (1)
- growth factor beta (1)
- growth hormone gene (1)
- guanylyl cyclase-A (1)
- guard cells (1)
- guides (1)
- guild constancy (1)
- gustatory receptors (Grs) (1)
- gut bacteria (1)
- gut barrier (1)
- gut microbiota (1)
- gut microflora (1)
- gynogeaesls (1)
- gypsy moth (1)
- habitat availability (1)
- habitat destruction (1)
- habitat filter (1)
- habitat fragmentation (1)
- habitat information (1)
- habitat patch (1)
- habitat quality (1)
- habitat requirements (1)
- habitat restoration (1)
- habitat suitability model (HSM) (1)
- habitat types (1)
- haematopoietic stem cells (1)
- haemolymph (1)
- haircoat (1)
- half-lives (1)
- halophilic fungus (1)
- halophyte (1)
- halophyte Thellungiella/Eutrema (1)
- hand pollination (1)
- hangover (1)
- harvesting (1)
- hawkmoth (1)
- head and neck cancer (1)
- head involution (1)
- health effects (1)
- hearing (1)
- hearing impairment (1)
- hearing loss (1)
- heat shock response (1)
- heat transfer (1)
- hedge index (1)
- hedgerow (1)
- helicase (1)
- helitron (1)
- hematopoietic receptors (1)
- hemibrain (1)
- hemiptera (1)
- hemoglobin jet (1)
- hemolymph lipids (1)
- hemolysin (1)
- hemophilus influenzae (1)
- hepatic fibrosis (1)
- hepatitis B core protein (1)
- hepatitis B virus (1)
- hepatocyte-growth-factor (1)
- hepatotoxicity (1)
- herbivorous beetles (1)
- herbivorous diet (1)
- herbivorous insects (1)
- herbivory (1)
- heterochromatin (1)
- heterococcus (1)
- heterogamety (1)
- heterogeneous background (1)
- heterogenity (1)
- heterosis (1)
- high resolution visualisation (1)
- high throughput sequencing (1)
- high-confidence proteome (1)
- high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) (1)
- high-pressure freezing (1)
- high-resolution imaging (1)
- high-risk Prostate Cancer (1)
- high-risk prostate cancer (1)
- high-throughput screening (1)
- higher pitch (1)
- hill numbers (1)
- hindbrain boundary (1)
- hippocampal (1)
- hippocampal mossy fiber bouton (1)
- hippocampal neurons (1)
- histidine kinase (1)
- histone H2AX (1)
- histone variants (1)
- histone γH2AX (1)
- hive (1)
- hollow tree (1)
- homocysteine (1)
- homodimers (1)
- homology modeling (1)
- honey (1)
- honey bees and native bees (1)
- honeybee taste perception (1)
- hook complex (1)
- hormone transport (1)
- horses (1)
- host cell death (1)
- host cell interface (1)
- host discrimination (1)
- host pathogen interactions (1)
- host plant density (1)
- host recognition (1)
- host screening (1)
- host selection (1)
- host specificity (1)
- host-cells (1)
- host-pathogen adaption (1)
- hostparasitoid interactions (1)
- host–parasitoid interaction (1)
- hour-glass (1)
- hourglass clock (1)
- human african trypanosomiasis (1)
- human airway mucosa tissue models (1)
- human breast (1)
- human cancer cell lines (1)
- human cells (1)
- human ectoparasite (1)
- human genomics (1)
- human growth factor (1)
- human immune system (1)
- human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) (1)
- human jagged1 (1)
- human melanoma (1)
- human microbiome (1)
- human mineralocorticoid receptor (1)
- human nasal epithelial cells (1)
- human pathogenic fungi (1)
- human tracheo-bronchial epithelial cells (1)
- human xenografted mouse models (1)
- humans (1)
- hybrid origin (1)
- hybrid-selected translation (1)
- hybridization (1)
- hybridogenesis (1)
- hybrids (1)
- hydrodynamics (1)
- hyper-IL-6 (1)
- hyphae (1)
- hypotonic solutions (1)
- hypoxia-independent (1)
- hypoxia-inducible factor 3A (1)
- hypthesis (1)
- iNOS (1)
- idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (1)
- illumina MiSeq platform (1)
- illumination microscopy (1)
- image analysis (1)
- image correlation spectroscopy (1)
- image data (1)
- image processing (1)
- imaginal disk (1)
- imaging and sensing (1)
- immigration (1)
- immune cells (1)
- immune epitope mapping (1)
- immune evasion (1)
- immune genes (1)
- immune organs (1)
- immune receptors (1)
- immune serum (1)
- immune-informatics (1)
- immunity (1)
- immuno-magnetic purification (1)
- immunocytochemistry (1)
- immunofluorescence (1)
- immunofluorescence microscopy (1)
- immunohistochemistry (1)
- immunohistochemistry techniques (1)
- immunological cross-talk (1)
- immunotherapies (1)
- impact (1)
- import (1)
- in silico analysis (1)
- in silico simulation (1)
- in situ hybridization (1)
- in vitro and in vivo expression (1)
- in vitro expression (1)
- in vitro kinase assay (1)
- in vivo toxicity (1)
- in-vivo expression (1)
- inclusion of nature in one’s self (1)
- indicator species (1)
- individual based model (1)
- individual based model (IBM) (1)
- individual based simulation (1)
- individual drug responses (1)
- individual-based simulation (1)
- individual-based simulations (1)
- individual‐based model (1)
- individuelles Kennen (1)
- indole-3-acetic acid (1)
- indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (1)
- indoor dust (1)
- indoxacarb (1)
- inducible factor-I (1)
- infected bee (1)
- infected-cell protein (1)
- infection biology (1)
- infection rates (1)
- infection spread (1)
- infections (1)
- infectious-disease diagnostics (1)
- inflammation mediators (1)
- infrared radiation (1)
- ingle-molecule microscopy (1)
- inhibition of H+ translocation (1)
- inhibitor (1)
- inhibitors (1)
- innate immune system (1)
- innexins (1)
- insect abundance (1)
- insect agriculture (1)
- insect collection (1)
- insect communities (1)
- insect conservation (1)
- insect disturbance (1)
- insect flight (1)
- insect fungal interactions (1)
- insect nutrition (1)
- insect pests (1)
- insect populations (1)
- insect standard brain atlas (1)
- insect timing (1)
- insect tracking (1)
- insect-fungus mutualism (1)
- insect-fungus symbiosis (1)
- insecticidal knockdown (1)
- insecticides (1)
- insights (1)
- insilico drug screening too (1)
- instensively managed farmland (1)
- instinct (1)
- insulin resistance (1)
- insulin treatment (1)
- integrase (1)
- integrated stress response (1)
- integrative genomics viewer (1)
- integrative management strategy (1)
- integrative taxonomy (1)
- intelligence (1)
- intensification (1)
- interaction (1)
- interaction map (1)
- intercellular junctions (1)
- interferon γ (1)
- interleukin 2 (1)
- interleukin 4 (1)
- interleukins (1)
- intermediate disturbance hypothesis (1)
- intermediate host (1)
- intermuscular bone (1)
- internal transcribed spacer 2 (1)
- interolog (1)
- interpolation (1)
- interspecies comparison (1)
- interspecific aggression (1)
- interspecific comparison (1)
- inter‐tegular distance (1)
- intestinal control (1)
- intestinal enteroids (1)
- intestinal epithelial barrier (1)
- intra-annual time-series (1)
- intracellular bacteria (1)
- intracellular pH (1)
- intrinsic metabolism (1)
- introgression (1)
- introgressive hybridization (1)
- invasion protein-INLB (1)
- invasive species (1)
- invasiveness (1)
- inventory (1)
- invertebrate herbivory (1)
- ion channel (1)
- ion channels in the nervous system (1)
- ion signaling (1)
- ion transport (1)
- ionizing radiation (1)
- irradiation (1)
- island biogeography (1)
- isoform (1)
- isolation (1)
- isosteviol sodium (1)
- isothiocyanates (1)
- isotopolog profiling (1)
- isthmic oragnizer (1)
- iterative shape averaging (1)
- jewel beetles (1)
- jumping spiders (1)
- junction proteins (1)
- kappa-B (1)
- katydids orthoptera (1)
- ketogenic diet (1)
- ketone bodies (1)
- key innovation (1)
- kidney cancer (1)
- kidneys (1)
- kin competition (1)
- kin-selection (1)
- kinase inhibitors (1)
- kinase signaling (1)
- kinesin (1)
- kinetics (1)
- kinetin (1)
- kisspeptin/galanin/spexin signalling (1)
- knockout (1)
- laboratory techniques and procedures (1)
- lactate dehydrogenase (1)
- lactic acid bacteria (1)
- lactobacillus (1)
- lamin (1)
- laminopathies (1)
- lamins (1)
- lampbrush chromosomes (1)
- land sharing (1)
- land-use (1)
- land-use intensification (1)
- landmark (1)
- landmark panorama (1)
- landsat (1)
- landscape (1)
- landscape complexity (1)
- landscape compositionv (1)
- landscape diversity (1)
- landscape ecology (1)
- landscape structure (1)
- lantana canescens (1)
- laparoscopic appendectomy (1)
- laparoscopic right colectomy (1)
- larva (1)
- larval and pupal development (1)
- larval density (1)
- latency (1)
- latitudinal gradient (1)
- leaf beetle (1)
- leaf nitrogen content (1)
- leaf response (1)
- leaf-cutter ants (1)
- leaf-litter utilization (1)
- learning curve (1)
- learning performances (1)
- leaves (1)
- left hemicolectomy (1)
- legionary ants (1)
- lentic inland water bodies (1)
- leptomeningeal cells (1)
- lethality rate (1)
- lexicography (1)
- library screening (1)
- life cycle (1)
- life history (1)
- life span (1)
- life stage (1)
- life-cycle (1)
- life-history (1)
- life-history traits (1)
- life-span regulation (1)
- ligand CD55 (1)
- ligand-gated ion channels (1)
- ligand-receptor complex (1)
- light avoidance (1)
- light pulses (1)
- light stimuli (1)
- light-driven metabolism (1)
- light-gated proteins (1)
- light-induced gene expression (1)
- light-trapping (1)
- light‐gated (1)
- likelihood approach (1)
- limiting dilution cloning (1)
- linkage map (1)
- lipid asymmetry (1)
- lipid bilayer (1)
- lipid desaturation (1)
- lipids (1)
- lipogenesis (1)
- liposome (1)
- listeria-monocytogenes (1)
- liver (1)
- liver metastasis (1)
- livestock (1)
- ln vitro mutagenesis (1)
- local cues (1)
- local enhancement (1)
- localization micoscopy (1)
- location behavior (1)
- locomotion (1)
- long-distance dispersal (1)
- long-term outcome (1)
- long-term reuse (1)
- long-term-memory (1)
- long‐term monitoring (1)
- look-back behavior (1)
- loss of chromosome Y (LOY); (1)
- low carb (1)
- low fidelity (1)
- low-grade mucinous neoplasm (1)
- low-secretion phenotype mutants (1)
- lowland beech forests (1)
- lowland rainforest (1)
- lowland river banks (1)
- lridophores (1)
- lung fibrosis (1)
- lungfish (1)
- lymph nodes (1)
- lymphocyte activation (1)
- lymphocyte differentiation (1)
- lymphocytes (1)
- lymphotoxicity (1)
- lysosomal recruitment (1)
- m7G cap (1)
- mRNA and gene (1)
- mRNA cap (1)
- mRNA decapping (1)
- mRNP-Proteins (1)
- mTOR (1)
- macro moths (1)
- macro- and micro-elements (1)
- macroglomerulus (1)
- macrophages immunobiology (1)
- major depressive disorder (1)
- major environmental values (1)
- major histocompatibility complex (1)
- male bees (1)
- male mating success (1)
- male size polymorphism (1)
- male-specific traits (1)
- males emerge (1)
- malignant tumors (1)
- mammalian CRY1 (1)
- mammalian cells (1)
- mammalian septins (1)
- mammalian system (1)
- managed grasslands (1)
- map (1)
- marine biology (1)
- markers (1)
- marrow stromal cells (1)
- mass spectometry (1)
- master sex-determining gene (1)
- mate recognition (1)
- material composition (1)
- mathematical modeling (1)
- mating preference (1)
- matrix metalloproteinases (1)
- maturation signal (1)
- mean annual temperature (1)
- mean fruit body size (1)
- measles (1)
- mechanics (1)
- mechanism (1)
- mechanisms of persister formation (1)
- mechanistic model (1)
- mechanistic modelling (1)
- mechanobiology (1)
- mechanotransduction (1)
- medaka fish (1)
- medakafish oryzias latipes (1)
- media geométrica (1)
- median and dorsal raphe (1)
- medical and biological imaging (1)
- medida de la biodiversidad (1)
- megakaryocytes (1)
- meiotic chromosome dynamics (1)
- meiotic prophase (1)
- melanogenesis (1)
- melanoma ; oncogene regulation ; esterase ; molecular marker sequences (1)
- melanoma malignancy (1)
- meliponines (1)
- membrane characteristics (1)
- membrane fission (1)
- membrane immunoglobulin (1)
- membrane occupation (1)
- membrane organization (1)
- membrane recycling (1)
- membrane structures (1)
- membrane trafficking (1)
- memory formation (1)
- memory immune responses (1)
- meningeal blood-csf barrier (1)
- meningococcal disease (1)
- menstrual cycles (1)
- mesenchymal stem cells (1)
- mesenchymal stem-cells (1)
- meta-data (1)
- meta-transcriptome (1)
- metaanalysis (1)
- metabolic modelling (1)
- metabolic network model (1)
- metabolic pathways (1)
- metabolic profile (1)
- metabolic theory (1)
- metabolism and growth (1)
- metabolism of infected and uninfected host cells (1)
- metabolome (1)
- metabolomic profiling (1)
- metabotropic signalling (1)
- metastasis-directed therapy (1)
- metastatic melanoma (1)
- methanogens (1)
- methionine (1)
- methods (1)
- methylation array (1)
- methylation array analysis (1)
- methylene blue (1)
- miR-126 (1)
- miR-146a (1)
- miR-193a (1)
- miR-205 (1)
- miR-21 (1)
- miR-22 (1)
- miRNAs (1)
- microRNA-221 (1)
- microRNA–target interaction (1)
- microarray (1)
- microbes (1)
- microbial community abundance and compositions (1)
- microbial diversity (1)
- microbial diversity and composition (1)
- microbiology (1)
- microbiology techniques (1)
- microbiome metabarcoding (1)
- microbiomes (1)
- microbot (1)
- microdissection (1)
- microenvironment (1)
- microhabitats (1)
- microsatellites (1)
- microstates (1)
- microstructure (1)
- microtubule cytoskeleton (1)
- microvilli (1)
- mikroskopische Untersuchung (1)
- mimecan (1)
- mimicry rings (1)
- mini-exon (1)
- miniature schnauzer (1)
- mitigation strategies (1)
- mitochondrial ADP (1)
- mitochondrial DNA (1)
- mitochondrial activity (1)
- mitochondrial genome (1)
- mitochondrial membrane (1)
- mitochondrially translated (1)
- mitochondrion (1)
- mitofilin (1)
- mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) (1)
- mitotic genes (1)
- mixed hearing loss (1)
- mixed models (1)
- mixed-species forestry (1)
- mobility (1)
- model reduction (1)
- model selection (1)
- modeling (1)
- modular tumor tissue models (1)
- modularity (1)
- modulates virulence (1)
- modulating (1)
- modulation (1)
- modulatory effects (1)
- modules (1)
- mole crickets (1)
- molecular conformation (1)
- molecular diversity (1)
- molecular dynamics simulation (1)
- molecular evolution (1)
- molecular mass (1)
- molecular mechanism (1)
- molecular mechanisms (1)
- molecular mobility (1)
- molecular modeling (1)
- molecular modelling (1)
- molecular recognition (1)
- molecular systematics (1)
- molecular-dynamics simulations (1)
- molting (1)
- monitoring (1)
- monoallelic expression (1)
- monoclonal antibody (1)
- monoclonal stable cell (1)
- monoclonial gammopathy (1)
- monocytes (1)
- monodelphis domestica (1)
- monolayer (1)
- moon (1)
- more-individuals hypothesis (1)
- morphogenetic furrow progression (1)
- morphogenetic protein receptors (1)
- mortality rate (1)
- mortality rates (1)
- mossy fiber synapses (1)
- moth manduca sexta (1)
- moths (1)
- moths and butterflies (1)
- motile behaviour (1)
- motility (1)
- motor learning (1)
- motor proteins (1)
- mountain (1)
- mountain biodiversity (1)
- mountain ecology (1)
- mountain ecosystems (1)
- mouse microbiome (1)
- mouse models (1)
- mouse testis differentiation (1)
- mouse xenografts (1)
- mouse-brain (1)
- movement ecology (1)
- mtDNA (1)
- mullerian hormone AMH (1)
- multi-electrode-recording (1)
- multi-species approach (1)
- multi-unit recording (1)
- multidrug-resistant bacteria (1)
- multimodal (1)
- multiple linear regression (1)
- multiple myeloma (1)
- multiple sequence alignments (1)
- multisensory integration (1)
- multisensory navigation (1)
- multispecies metapopulation (1)
- multispecies studies (1)
- multitrophic (1)
- multivariate analyses (1)
- murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (1)
- mushroom body calyx (1)
- mustard oil bomb (1)
- mutation detection (1)
- mutation screening (1)
- mutations (1)
- mutualistic interactions (1)
- mycoplasma tests (1)
- mycotoxins (1)
- myeloma (1)
- myoinhibitory peptide (1)
- myrmrcophytism (1)
- nacreous layer formation (1)
- nanoarchitecture (1)
- nanocarrier (1)
- nanocellulose (1)
- nanocomplex (1)
- nanoscale imaging (1)
- nanotube formation (1)
- nanovesicle formation (1)
- nasopharyngeal colonization (1)
- native bees (1)
- native pollinators (1)
- native populations (1)
- natriuretic peptides (1)
- natural disturbances (1)
- natural enemy (1)
- natural environment (1)
- natural killer cell (1)
- natural killer cells (1)
- natural processing (1)
- naturalistic stimuli (1)
- naturalized species (1)
- naturally occurring polymorphisms (1)
- ncuCyte\(^®\)S3 (1)
- nearest-neighbour dispersal (1)
- nectar (1)
- nectar macronutrients (1)
- negative density dependence (1)
- neisseria gonorrhoeae (1)
- neo-Y (1)
- neoadjuvant (1)
- neobellieria bullata (1)
- neophyte trees (1)
- neotropical region (1)
- nepenthes bicalcarata (1)
- nephroblastomatosis (1)
- nervous-system (1)
- nervous-sytem (1)
- nest material (1)
- nest microbiota (1)
- nest site selection (1)
- nesting (1)
- nesting ecology (1)
- nesting habit (1)
- nestmate recognition cues (1)
- netcar-feeding bats (1)
- network (1)
- network biology (1)
- network inference (1)
- network simulation (1)
- network specialization index (H2′) (1)
- neural coding (1)
- neural crest (1)
- neural networks (1)
- neural stem-cells (1)
- neuraminidase (1)
- neuroblast growth (1)
- neuroblastoma (1)
- neuroblastoma cell (1)
- neuroblastoma – diagnosis (1)
- neurodevelopment (1)
- neurogenic locus notch homolog (1)
- neuroimaging (1)
- neuronal (1)
- neuronal and synaptic plasticity (1)
- neuronal development (1)
- neuronal network (1)
- neuronal plasticity (1)
- neurons form (1)
- neuropeptide (1)
- neuropeptide pathway (1)
- neuropeptide signalling (1)
- neuropeptidomics (1)
- neuropil (1)
- neuropils (1)
- neuroprotection (1)
- neuropsychiatric disorders (1)
- neurospheres (1)
- neurotransmitter (1)
- neurotransmitters (1)
- neurotrophic factors (1)
- neutral processes (1)
- neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (1)
- neutral sphingomyelinase-2 (1)
- neutral theory (1)
- neutralizing antibodies (1)
- neutrophil transmigration (1)
- neutrophils (1)
- next-generation sequencing (1)
- niche (1)
- niche breadth (1)
- niche differentiation (1)
- niche partitioning (1)
- nicotinic acetylcholine-receptors (1)
- nitric oxide (1)
- nitrogen (1)
- nitrogen uptake (1)
- non-SBI fungicide (1)
- non-crop habitats (1)
- non-invasive biomarkers (1)
- non-muscle myosin (1)
- non-sense mediated mRNA decay (1)
- non-small cell lung cancer (1)
- non-syndromic hearing loss (1)
- noncovalent complex (1)
- noncovalent nanocomplex (1)
- none (1)
- nonhost plant (1)
- nonhuman-primates (1)
- non‐native plants (1)
- normal distribution (1)
- northern Tanzania (1)
- norway spruce (1)
- novel disturbance (1)
- nuclear antigen (1)
- nuclear export (1)
- nuclear import (1)
- nuclear lamina (1)
- nuclear pore complex (1)
- nuclear proe (1)
- nuclear-pore complexes (1)
- nucleator (1)
- nucleic acid motifs (1)
- nucleologenesis (1)
- nucleosome (1)
- nucleotide exchange (1)
- nucleotide sequence (1)
- nucleotide-gated channel (1)
- number of interactions (1)
- numerical model (1)
- nurse bee (1)
- nurse bees (1)
- nurses (1)
- nursing (1)
- nutritional adaptations (1)
- nutritional ecology (1)
- nyctalus noctula (1)
- nympahlidae (1)
- oaks (1)
- obstructive pulmonary disease (1)
- octogenerians (1)
- octopamine receptors (1)
- odor marks (1)
- odorants (1)
- oil bees (1)
- oil palm plantations (1)
- oil seed rape (1)
- oil-seed rape (1)
- olfactomedin 4 (1)
- olfactometer (1)
- olfactory glomeruli (1)
- olfactory information (1)
- olfactory learning (1)
- oligorecurrence (1)
- olyelectrolyte domains (1)
- omics (1)
- oncogene amplification (1)
- oncogene-induced senescence (1)
- oncogenesis (1)
- oncogenic transformation (1)
- oncology (1)
- oncolytic virus therapy (1)
- oncolytic viruses (1)
- oogenesis (1)
- oophaga pumilio (1)
- open appendectomy (1)
- operational sex ratio (1)
- ophrys heldreichii (1)
- opoisomerase I (1)
- optic flow (1)
- optic lobes (1)
- optical control (1)
- optical reconstruction microscopy (1)
- optical tracts (1)
- optimal drug combination (1)
- optimal drug targeting (1)
- optimal pharmacological modulation (1)
- optimal size (1)
- optimal treatment strategies (1)
- orb web geometry (1)
- oreochromis niloticus (1)
- organic amendment (1)
- organismal evolution (1)
- organogenesis (1)
- organoid (1)
- organoids (1)
- origin (1)
- orthopoxvirus (1)
- oryzias latipes (1)
- oryzias-latipes (1)
- oscillator (1)
- osmia (1)
- osmotic effects (1)
- osteoblast differentiation (1)
- osteocytes (1)
- osteoglycin (1)
- otitis media (1)
- outer membrane proteins (1)
- outer-membrane proteins (1)
- ovarian cancer (1)
- ovarian tumor (1)
- ovary (1)
- overfishing (1)
- overstory (1)
- oviposition site (1)
- oxaliplatin (1)
- oxidative phosphorylation (1)
- ozone (O3) (1)
- pacemaker neuron (1)
- packaging (1)
- painful (1)
- painted nest preference (1)
- paleoecology (1)
- palynolog (1)
- palynology (1)
- pancreatectomy (1)
- pancreatic cancer (1)
- pangolin (1)
- panorama (1)
- pantanal wetland (1)
- parabiosis (1)
- parabiotic ants (1)
- parabiotic association (1)
- paracrine release (1)
- parallel evolution (1)
- paralogs (1)
- paranodopathy (1)
- parasite biology (1)
- parasite evolution (1)
- parasite genetics (1)
- parasites (1)
- parasitic life cycles (1)
- parasitism (1)
- parasitoid (1)
- parasitoid wasps (1)
- parasitoids (1)
- parasitophorous vacuole (1)
- parten-offspring conflict (1)
- partial agonists (1)
- partial least square regression (1)
- particles (1)
- particulate matter (1)
- passes (1)
- passive transfer (1)
- patch size (1)
- paternal introgression (1)
- path integration (1)
- pathogen (1)
- pathogen vacuole (1)
- pathogen vector (1)
- pathogen-host interaction (PHI) (1)
- pathogenesis (1)
- pathogenic bacteria (1)
- pathogens (1)
- pathology (1)
- pathways (1)
- patient data (1)
- patient-derived organoid (PDOs) (1)
- patient-derived tumor organoid (PDTO) (1)
- pattern recognition receptors (1)
- patterns (1)
- pediatric (1)
- pediatric adrenocortical adenoma (1)
- pediatric adrenocortical cancer (1)
- pediatric adrenocortical tumor (1)
- pediatrics (1)
- peptidase inhibitor PI15 (1)
- peptide (1)
- peptide inhibitor design (1)
- peptide inhibitor of envelopment (1)
- peptide microarray (1)
- peptidomoics (1)
- perennial ryegrass (1)
- performance liquid chromatography (1)
- perfusion-based bioreactor system (1)
- period (1)
- peripheral clocks (1)
- peripheral nervous system (1)
- peripheral-blood (1)
- peritoneal metastasis (1)
- permeability (1)
- persistence (1)
- personalized medicine (1)
- pest (1)
- pest control (1)
- pest species (1)
- pesticide (1)
- pesticide mixture (1)
- pesticides (1)
- pestis infection (1)
- pests (1)
- phage (1)
- phagosomalescape (1)
- phagosome maturation arrest (1)
- phenological escape (1)
- phenological response (1)
- phenological shift (1)
- phenology shifts (1)
- phenotype (1)
- phenotypic screening (1)
- pheromone (1)
- pheromone trail (1)
- pheromones (1)
- philanthidae (1)
- phlorizin (1)
- phosphates (1)
- phosphatidylethanolamine (1)
- phosphatidylserine (1)
- phosphatidylserine transport (1)
- phosphoglycolate phosphatase (1)
- phosphoproteome (1)
- phosphorylation sites (1)
- photoactivation (1)
- photodanamic therapy (1)
- photodynamic chemotherapy (1)
- photodynamic therapy (1)
- photolyase (1)
- photoperiodic time mesurement (1)
- photorespiration (1)
- phototaxis (1)
- phototropin (1)
- phyllosphere (1)
- phylogenetic analysis (1)
- phylogenetic tree (1)
- phylogenomics (1)
- physical properties (1)
- physiological constraints (1)
- physiological parameters (1)
- physiological traits (1)
- phytohormones (1)
- phytophagous beetles (1)
- pied flycatchers (1)
- pig microbiome (1)
- pigment pattern (1)
- pigment-dispersing factor (1)
- pili and fimbriae (1)
- pines (1)
- pitcher-plant mosquito (1)
- plant bacteria (1)
- plant community composition (1)
- plant composition (1)
- plant ecology (1)
- plant evolution (1)
- plant fresh/dry weight (1)
- plant functional groups (1)
- plant functional traits (1)
- plant functional types (1)
- plant genomics (1)
- plant growth (1)
- plant guilds (1)
- plant hormones (1)
- plant invasion (1)
- plant physiology (1)
- plant quality (1)
- plant richness (1)
- plant system (1)
- plant traits (1)
- plant vigour (1)
- plant-animal interactions (1)
- plant-herbivore interactions (1)
- plant-insect-microbe interactions (1)
- plantago lanceolata (1)
- plantations (1)
- plant–bee visitation networks (1)
- plant–herbivore interactions (1)
- plant–microbe–pollinator triangle (1)
- plant–pollinator interaction (1)
- plant–pollinator interactions (1)
- plaque assay (1)
- plaque isolation (1)
- plasma membrane (1)
- plasma membrane depolarization (1)
- plasmodium falciparum (1)
- platelet activation factor (1)
- platform (1)
- platyfish (1)
- pneumonic plague (1)
- pocket factor (1)
- poeciliid fishes (1)
- poeciliidae (1)
- polar ion transport (1)
- polarization (1)
- polarization vision (1)
- polarized cell culture (1)
- polarized epithelium (1)
- policy (1)
- pollen and nectar resources (1)
- pollen beetle (1)
- pollen limitation (1)
- pollen metabarcoding (1)
- pollen nutrients (1)
- pollen provisions (1)
- pollen quality (1)
- pollen tube (1)
- pollimetry (1)
- pollination ecology (1)
- pollination services (1)
- pollinator attraction (1)
- pollinator diversity (1)
- pollinator friendly plants (1)
- pollinator interactions (1)
- pollinators (1)
- pollution (1)
- polyarcylamide gels (1)
- polycistronic mRNA (1)
- polyelectrolyte domains (1)
- polyergus rufescens (1)
- polymerase (1)
- population (1)
- population coverage (1)
- population divergence (1)
- pore (1)
- post-fire management (1)
- post-harvest quality (1)
- postoperative inflammation (1)
- posttranscriptional regulation (1)
- potassium channel (1)
- potential role (1)
- poxvirus (1)
- pp6oc-src (1)
- precedes multiple-myeloma (1)
- precision agriculture (1)
- precision-cut tumor slices (1)
- preclinical model (1)
- predation risk (1)
- predator-exclusion (1)
- predictive factors (1)
- predictive markers (1)
- predictive modeling (1)
- predictive models (1)
- preference–performance hypothesis (1)
- prefrontal cortex (1)
- pregnancy (1)
- premature aging (1)
- preproteins (1)
- presynapse (1)
- presynaptic (1)
- presynaptic calcium (1)
- presynaptic differentiation (1)
- presynaptic homeostasis (1)
- presynaptic plasticity (1)
- prey (1)
- prey growth rate (1)
- prey selection (1)
- prezygotic reproductive isolation (1)
- primary biliary-cirrhosis (1)
- primary tumor cell culture (1)
- primeval forest (1)
- principal (1)
- principal component analysis (1)
- pristine forests (1)
- pro-oxidant (1)
- proGenomes (1)
- probes (1)
- proboscis extension reflex (1)
- proboscis extension response (1)
- procambarus-clarkii (1)
- processivity (1)
- productivity (1)
- productivity hypothesis (1)
- profile distances (1)
- progenitors (1)
- progeria (1)
- prognosis (1)
- prognostic factors (1)
- prognostic marker (1)
- prokaryotic clade (1)
- prokaryotic subspecies (1)
- prolactin (1)
- proliferation assays (1)
- prolonged survival (1)
- promoter (1)
- promoter affinity (1)
- propagation (1)
- proportion of seminatural habitat (1)
- protandry (1)
- protease (1)
- protease; Indinavir; lead expansion; docking; pharmacophore (1)
- proteasome system (1)
- protected area management (1)
- protected forests (1)
- protein analysis (1)
- protein biosynthesis & quality control (1)
- protein chip (1)
- protein complexes (1)
- protein crowding (1)
- protein docking (1)
- protein domain architectures (1)
- protein expression (1)
- protein familiy (1)
- protein interaction database (1)
- protein interactions (1)
- protein kinases (1)
- protein pathway (1)
- protein phosphorylation (1)
- protein processing (1)
- protein synthesis (1)
- protein translocation (1)
- protein tyrosine kinase (1)
- protein-coupled receptors (1)
- protein-interaction networks (1)
- protein-protein interaction (PPI) (1)
- protein-protein interaction network (1)
- protein-protein interactions (1)
- protein-protein recognition (1)
- proteines membranaires (1)
- proteolipid (1)
- proteome (1)
- proteomic analysis (1)
- protocadherin gamma cluster (1)
- proton channel (1)
- proton conduction (1)
- protooncogene (1)
- protophormia terraenovae (1)
- prototheca (1)
- protozoan (1)
- proximity labeling (1)
- proximity ligation (1)
- psbA/rbcL spacer (1)
- pseudomas-syringae (1)
- pulmonata (1)
- pyramidal neurons (1)
- pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (1)
- quali-chick chimeras (1)
- quality (1)
- quantification (1)
- quantitative stigmergy (1)
- queens (1)
- quinoa (1)
- rDNA (1)
- radial (1)
- radial glia (1)
- radiation (1)
- radiation response (1)
- radiation-induced genome instability (RIGI) (1)
- radiofrequency identification (1)
- radiotherapy (1)
- rafflesiana (1)
- rain forest (1)
- rainforest (1)
- rana temporaria populations (1)
- random forest (1)
- range limits (1)
- range shifts (1)
- rapid evolution (1)
- rare (1)
- ras (1)
- rat calyx (1)
- rat hepatocytes (1)
- rat hippocampal neurons (1)
- rational drug design (1)
- re-annotation (1)
- reactivating p53 and inducing tumor apoptosis (RITA) (1)
- reactive electrophilic species (1)
- reactive oxygen (1)
- real-time (1)
- receptor tyrosine kinase (1)
- receptor tyrosine kinases (1)
- recognition nexus domain (1)
- recognize images (1)
- recolonization (1)
- recombinant protein rVE (1)
- recombinant proteins (1)
- recombinat-human-erythropoietin (1)
- reconstruction microscopy (1)
- recreation (1)
- rectal cancer (1)
- rectal resection (1)
- rectum (1)
- red blood cells (1)
- red lists (1)
- redox homeostasis (1)
- regime shift (1)
- regional species pool (1)
- regression analysis (1)
- regulatory T cells (1)
- regulatory circuit downstream (1)
- regulatory networks (1)
- regulatory regions (1)
- relA (1)
- relative abundance (1)
- relevance (1)
- reliability (1)
- remote sensing‐enabled essential biodiversity variables (1)
- renal cell carcinoma (1)
- replication stress (1)
- reporter gene (1)
- reproductive asynchrony (1)
- reproductive character displacement (1)
- reproductive diapause (1)
- reproductive health (1)
- reproductive performance (1)
- reproductive toxicity (1)
- reprogamming of host cell metabolism (1)
- rescue behavior (1)
- resolution limit (1)
- resonance theory (1)
- resource allocation (1)
- resource availability (1)
- resource selection (1)
- resources (1)
- respiratory chain (1)
- response regulator (1)
- resting-state (1)
- restoration strategy (1)
- reticulate body (1)
- retinal development (1)
- retinal differentiation (1)
- retinal dystrophies (1)
- retinoblastoma protein (1)
- retrotransposons (1)
- reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (1)
- reward (1)
- rheumatic diseases (1)
- rheumatoid arthritis (1)
- rheumatology (1)
- rhodopsin (1)
- rhythm (1)
- rhythmic components (1)
- rhythms (1)
- ribosomal RNA (1)
- ribosomes (1)
- riboswitch (1)
- rice–plant infection (1)
- richtersius coronifer (1)
- riesgo de extinción (1)
- riparian ecology (1)
- risk assessment (1)
- risk factor (1)
- risk factors (1)
- risk management (1)
- risk stratification (1)
- river restoration (1)
- robotic surgery (1)
- robustness (1)
- rocus sieberi (1)
- rolling-circle transposons (1)
- root (1)
- rove beetle (1)
- rs112587690 (1)
- rs12628 (1)
- rural domain (1)
- sRNA (1)
- sacbrood virus (1)
- saccharomyces cerevisiae (1)
- saccharomyes cerevisiae (1)
- salinity (1)
- salinity stress (1)
- salivary gland (1)
- salt tolerance (1)
- salvage logging (1)
- salvage radiotherapy (1)
- sample (1)
- sampling behavior (1)
- sampling bias (1)
- sanitary logging (1)
- saprobic and ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes (1)
- saproxylic organisms (1)
- saproxylic species (1)
- sarcomere (1)
- sarcopterygian fish (1)
- satellite (1)
- satellite DNA (1)
- savanna woodland (1)
- scaffold search (1)
- scalable functional genomic screening (1)
- scaling relationships (1)
- scanning electron microscopy (1)
- scavender receptor (1)
- schizophrenia (1)
- schizosaccaromyces-pombe (1)
- screening (1)
- seahorse (1)
- season (1)
- seasonal phenology (1)
- secondary invader (1)
- secondary site infection (1)
- secreted effectors (1)
- seed yield (1)
- segmental progeria (1)
- self-renewal (1)
- semantic segmentation (1)
- semi-natural habitat (1)
- semi‐natural habitats (1)
- sensitization (1)
- sensor (1)
- sensory cues (1)
- sensory neurons (1)
- sensory physiology (1)
- sensory systems (1)
- sentinel prey (1)
- sentinel-2 (1)
- sept3 (1)
- sept5a (1)
- sept5b (1)
- septin (1)
- sequence (1)
- sequence assembly tools (1)
- sequence motif analysis (1)
- sequence subunit (1)
- sequencing (1)
- sequencing data (1)
- sequential introduction (1)
- sequential mate choice (1)
- serotonin transporter (1)
- serotonin-specific neurons (1)
- serum (1)
- set (1)
- sex chromosome evolution (1)
- sex combs (1)
- sex linked pigmentation pattern (1)
- sex pheromone (1)
- sex pheromones (1)
- sex-biased dispersal (1)
- sex-determining genes. (1)
- sex-determining region (1)
- sex-specific competition (1)
- sex-specific mortality (1)
- sexual antagonistic genes (1)
- sexual conflict (1)
- sexual deception (1)
- sexual development (1)
- sexual development dysgenesis (1)
- sexual dimorphism (1)
- sexual dimorphism in timing (1)
- sexual isolation (1)
- sexually antagonistic genes (1)
- shade cover (1)
- shannon index (1)
- shear stress (1)
- shelf life (1)
- shoot apical meristem (1)
- shootin-1 (1)
- shoot–root interaction (1)
- short‐rotation coppice (1)
- shrub‐cover (1)
- signal peptide peptidase (1)
- signal tranduction (1)
- signaling network (1)
- signalling (1)
- signalling pathways (1)
- silico model (1)
- silk (1)
- silkworm (1)
- silver staining (1)
- similarity (1)
- simple repeat sequences (1)
- simple repetitive sequences (1)
- simpson's index (1)
- single cell analysis (1)
- single molecule localization microscopy (1)
- single molecule real time (SMRT) (1)
- single strand blocking (1)
- single-electron transistors (1)
- single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy (1)
- single-molecule photobleaching (1)
- single-molecule tracking (1)
- single-port appendectomy (1)
- single-trial learning (1)
- size determination (1)
- size dimorphism (1)
- size polymorpbism (1)
- size-dependent movement (1)
- skin (1)
- sky compass (1)
- sky kinases (1)
- sky-compass orientation (1)
- sky-compass pathway (1)
- sleep/activity (1)
- smORFs (1)
- small RNA-sequencing (1)
- small cell lung cancer (1)
- small interfering RNAs (1)
- small interferring RNA (1)
- small intestinal submucosa scaffold (1)
- small-cell lung cancer (1)
- small-colony variants (1)
- snags (1)
- snoRNA (1)
- snowmelt (1)
- social (1)
- social bees (1)
- social behavior (1)
- social calls (1)
- social immunity (1)
- social insect (1)
- social insects (1)
- social parasitism (1)
- sociality (1)
- sodal domlnance (1)
- sodium (1)
- soil (1)
- soil characteristics (1)
- soil fauna (1)
- soil macrofauna (1)
- solution scattering (1)
- solvent (1)
- sonic hedghog (1)
- sound production (1)
- southern hybridization (1)
- sown flower field age and size (1)
- space-for-time approach (1)
- spanlastic (1)
- spatial (1)
- spatial representation (1)
- spatial scales (1)
- spatial variation (1)
- spatially structured population (1)
- specialists (1)
- species as individuals (1)
- species as natural kinds (1)
- species coexistence mechanism (1)
- species community composition (1)
- species composition (1)
- species density (1)
- species diversification (1)
- species energy theory (1)
- species gastropoda (1)
- species interactions (1)
- species problem (1)
- species range shifts (1)
- species richness estimation (1)
- species spillover (1)
- species traits (1)
- species turnover (1)
- species‐area hypothesis (1)
- spectral sensitivity (1)
- spectrometry-based proteomics (1)
- sperm (1)
- sperm head formation (1)
- spermatogenic cell sorting (1)
- spermiogenesis (1)
- sphingolipid expansion microscopy (1)
- sphingomyelinase release (1)
- sphingosine (1)
- sphingosine 1-phosphate (1)
- sphingosine kinases (1)
- sphingosine-1-phosphate (1)
- spidroin (1)
- spire (1)
- spiroplasma (1)
- spliceosomes (1)
- splicing (1)
- splicing factors (1)
- spot size (1)
- spotted knifejaw (1)
- squalius alburnoides (1)
- squamous (1)
- squamous cell carcinoma (1)
- squamous tumors (1)
- stability (1)
- stable state (1)
- stable-isotope (1)
- stage III (1)
- stalk cell (1)
- stalking predators (1)
- standard schnauzer (1)
- standardized major axis regression (1)
- standing deadwood (1)
- standing variation (1)
- staphylinid beetles (1)
- staphylococcal alpha-toxin (1)
- staphylococcus aureus (1)
- statistical disperison (1)
- statistics (1)
- stem arena (1)
- stem cell niche (1)
- stem cell transplantation (1)
- stem weevil (1)
- stem-cell (1)
- stem-cell-triggered immunity (1)
- stemness (1)
- stepping patterns (1)
- stocks (1)
- stoichiometry (1)
- stomata (1)
- stomatal conductance (1)
- strategies (1)
- strategy (1)
- stratification (1)
- strawberry (1)
- stress (1)
- stress conditions (1)
- string database (1)
- stringent response (1)
- structural insights (1)
- structure (1)
- structure-activity relationship (1)
- structure-function relationships (1)
- structured illumination (1)
- structured illumination microscope (1)
- study design (1)
- study system (1)
- sturgeon karyotype (1)
- sub-Saharan Africa (1)
- sublethal effect (1)
- sublethal effects (1)
- substrate channeling (1)
- substrate quality (1)
- subungual (1)
- subunit stoichiometry (1)
- successional trajectory (1)
- sucrose (1)
- sucrose sensitivity (1)
- sugar responsiveness (1)
- sulfate (1)
- sulforaphane (1)
- super resolution microscopy (1)
- super-resolution imaging (1)
- super-resolution microscopy (SRM) (1)
- superior (1)
- superoxide-dismutase (1)
- surface (1)
- surface proteins (1)
- surface water (1)
- surgery (1)
- surgical care (1)
- surgical oncology (1)
- surgical site infection (1)
- surveillance (1)
- survival analysis (1)
- sustainable (1)
- swimming (1)
- swordtails (1)
- symbiont selection (1)
- synapse formation (1)
- synapse structure (1)
- synaptic complexes (1)
- synaptic connections (1)
- synaptic delay (1)
- synaptic development (1)
- synaptic localization (1)
- synaptic signaling (1)
- synaptic transmission (1)
- synaptic ultrastructure (1)
- synaptic vesicles (1)
- synapticplasticity (1)
- synaptotagmin (1)
- synthetic pathways (1)
- system inference (1)
- systematic affiliation (1)
- systematic literature review (1)
- systematic review (1)
- systemic inflammatory response syndrome (1)
- systemic sclerosis (1)
- t-Test (1)
- tachykinin (1)
- tag fusion proteins (1)
- tandem repeats (1)
- tansy leaf beetle (1)
- tardigrada (1)
- target (1)
- target molecule (1)
- targeted combination therapy (1)
- targeted therapies (1)
- targeted therapy (1)
- targets (1)
- task allocation (1)
- taste (1)
- taxonomic biases (1)
- taxonomic description (1)
- taxonomy (1)
- tegument protein pUL36 (1)
- teichoic acids (1)
- teleost fish (1)
- teleost fishes (1)
- teleost flsh (1)
- teleostei (1)
- telomere attachment (1)
- temperature gradient (1)
- temperature-speciation hypothesis (1)
- temperature‐mediated resource exploitation hypothesis (1)
- temperature‐richness hypothesis (1)
- temporal (1)
- temporal mismatch (1)
- temporal range (1)
- temporal variation (1)
- température (1)
- tergite (1)
- term memory (1)
- terrestrial habitats (1)
- testes (1)
- testosterone (1)
- tetracyclines (1)
- tettigoniidae (1)
- the microtubule-organizing center (1)
- therapeutic strategy (1)
- thermal adaptation (1)
- thermal biology (1)
- thermal proteome profiling (1)
- thermoregulation (1)
- theta (1)
- thin sections (1)
- thiol starvation (1)
- three-dimensional microscopy (1)
- three-toed woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus) (1)
- threshold indicator taxa analysis (1)
- throat (1)
- thrombosis (1)
- tight junction (1)
- time lag (1)
- time lapse cameras (1)
- tissue model (1)
- tissue nutrient contents (1)
- tissue transport (1)
- tolerance (1)
- tonicity (1)
- tools overview (1)
- topminnow (1)
- total internal reflection microscopy (1)
- tousled-like kinases (1)
- tracheal cytotoxin (1)
- tracking (1)
- trade‐offs (1)
- traditional almond orchard (1)
- traditional land use (1)
- traffic noise (1)
- trafficking (1)
- trait-based management (1)
- trait-displacement (1)
- trampling (1)
- trans-splicing (1)
- trans-tango (1)
- transcription activation (1)
- transcription deficiency (1)
- transcription factor (1)
- transcription factors (1)
- transcription units (1)
- transcriptional control (1)
- transcriptional profiling (1)
- transcriptional responses (1)
- transcriptional rewiring (1)
- transcriptome analysis (1)
- transcriptomes (1)
- transcriptomic response (1)
- transfer RNA-synthetases (1)
- transformation (1)
- transgenic fish (1)
- transgenic mice (1)
- transient dynamics (1)
- transitional shrubland (1)
- translation (1)
- translation initiation (1)
- translational initiation (1)
- translational regulation (1)
- translocation experiment (1)
- transplantation (1)
- transportome (1)
- transposition (1)
- trans‐Tango (1)
- trap selectivity (1)
- treatment (1)
- tree cavities (1)
- tree cavity (1)
- tree plantations (1)
- tree selection (1)
- tree species (1)
- treefrogs hyla-gratiosa (1)
- triglyceride accumulation (1)
- trinervitermes (1)
- trisomy 21 (1)
- trophic interactions (1)
- trophic levels (1)
- trophic position (1)
- tropical ecology (1)
- tropical forest (1)
- tropical peat swamp forest (1)
- true bug (1)
- true diversity (1)
- trypanobot (1)
- trypanosoma brucei (1)
- trypanosoma brucei gambiense (1)
- trypanosome lytic factor (1)
- trypanosomes (1)
- tryptophan (1)
- tsetse (1)
- tumor disease (1)
- tumor microenvironment (1)
- tumor model (1)
- tumor suppressor (1)
- tumor surveillance (1)
- tumor-associated macrophage (1)
- tumorigenesis (1)
- tumors (1)
- tumour (1)
- tumour heterogeneity (1)
- tundra biome (1)
- type 1 (1)
- type-1 (1)
- type-1 matrix (1)
- tyramine (1)
- tyrosine kinase (1)
- tyrosine phosphorylation (1)
- tyrosine recombinase (1)
- ultrasound vocalizations (1)
- undernourishment (1)
- undersampling (1)
- understory (1)
- undetermined significance (1)
- unicellular cyanobacteria (1)
- unmanaged broadleaved forests (1)
- unpaired median neurons (1)
- unstructured data (1)
- unstructured proteins (1)
- unstrukturierte Daten (1)
- uper-resolution array tomography (1)
- upslope shift (1)
- uptake (1)
- urban (1)
- urban ecology (1)
- urban greening (1)
- urban-rural gradient (1)
- urinary tract infections (1)
- usurpation (1)
- vacuolar calcium sensor (1)
- validation (1)
- vancomycin (1)
- variability analysis (1)
- variable regions (1)
- variant detection (1)
- variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) (1)
- variant surface glycoproteins (1)
- variants of unknown significance (1)
- vector navigation (1)
- vegetation change (1)
- vegetation structure (1)
- vemurafenib (1)
- venom (1)
- venous infiltration (1)
- vertebrate scavenger (1)
- vertebrates (1)
- vertical mismatch (1)
- vertical stratification (1)
- vertical transmission (1)
- vesicles (1)
- vibration (1)
- vibrio cholerae (1)
- video recording (1)
- vineyard terrace (1)
- viral entry (1)
- viral load (1)
- viral replication (1)
- viral transmission and infection (1)
- virions (1)
- virtual docking (1)
- virulenceregulatory evolution (1)
- visual cues (1)
- visual learning (1)
- visual memory (1)
- visual orientation (1)
- visual pigments (1)
- vitellogenin (1)
- vocabulary (1)
- volatiles (1)
- voltage gating (1)
- volume (1)
- volume regulation (1)
- volume transmission (1)
- von Willebrand type C domain (1)
- waggle dance (1)
- walking (1)
- wasp-mimicking (1)
- wasps (1)
- water (1)
- water beetles (1)
- water microbiology (1)
- water stress (1)
- water strider (1)
- well-being (1)
- wheat yield (1)
- whole exome sequencing (1)
- whole genome (1)
- whole genome duplication (1)
- whole genome duplications (1)
- whole genome sequencing (1)
- whole-genome analysis (1)
- whole-genome duplication (1)
- whole-genome sequencing (1)
- whole-genome shotgun sequencing (1)
- wild (1)
- wild honey bees (1)
- wild honeybees (1)
- wild plant pollination (1)
- wildlife management (1)
- wind compass (1)
- windthrow (1)
- winter (1)
- woody plant richness (1)
- wood‐inhabiting fungi (1)
- work bee (1)
- worker bee larva (1)
- worker behavior (1)
- worker honeybees (1)
- wound (1)
- wound healing (1)
- wound infection (1)
- wrong labelling (1)
- wyeomyia smithii (1)
- xanthophyceae (1)
- xanthurenic acid (1)
- xenophagy (1)
- xiphophorus maculatus (1)
- xylem loading (1)
- yellow fluorescent protein (1)
- young work bee (1)
- yvcK/glmR operon (1)
- zoology (1)
- zygomorphy (1)
- Ökologie (1)
- índice de biodiversidad (1)
- ΔNp63 (1)
- α-Galactosidase A (1)
- α‐diversity (1)
- β-Hydroxybutyrate (1)
- β-barrel (1)
- β-cells (1)
- β‐diversity (1)
- ∆Np63 (1)
Institute
- Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften (1440) (remove)
Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen
- Mildred-Scheel-Nachwuchszentrum (2)
- Ökologische Station Fabrikschleichach (2)
- Core Unit Systemmedizin (1)
- DNA Analytics Core Facility, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (1)
- DNA Analytics Core Facility, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (1)
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (1)
- EMBL, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany (1)
- Forschungsstation Fabrikschleichach (1)
- Fraunhofer Institute Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB) (1)
- IZKF (Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Klinische Forschung), Universität Würzburg (1)
ResearcherID
- D-1221-2009 (1)
Social insects control brood development by using different thermoregulatory strategies. Camponotus mus ants expose their brood to daily temperature fluctuations by translocating them inside the nest following a circadian rhythm of thermal preferences. At the middle of the photophase brood is moved to locations at 30.8°C; 8 h later, during the night, the brood is transferred back to locations at 27.5°C. We investigated whether daily thermal fluctuations experienced by developing pupae affect the neuroarchitecture in the adult brain, in particular in sensory input regions of the mushroom bodies (MB calyces). The complexity of synaptic microcircuits was estimated by quantifying MB-calyx volumes together with densities of presynaptic boutons of microglomeruli (MG) in the olfactory lip and visual collar regions. We compared young adult workers that were reared either under controlled daily thermal fluctuations of different amplitudes, or at different constant temperatures. Thermal regimes significantly affected the large (non-dense) olfactory lip region of the adult MB calyx, while changes in the dense lip and the visual collar were less evident. Thermal fluctuations mimicking the amplitudes of natural temperature fluctuations via circadian rhythmic translocation of pupae by nurses (amplitude 3.3°C) lead to higher numbers of MG in the MB calyces compared to those in pupae reared at smaller or larger thermal amplitudes (0.0, 1.5, 9.6°C), or at constant temperatures (25.4, 35.0°C). We conclude that rhythmic control of brood temperature by nursing ants optimizes brain development by increasing MG densities and numbers in specific brain areas. Resulting differences in synaptic microcircuits are expected to affect sensory processing and learning abilities in adult ants, and may also promote interindividual behavioral variability within colonies.
Background
Enteric glial cells (EGCs) are the main constituent of the enteric nervous system and share similarities with astrocytes from the central nervous system including their reactivity to an inflammatory microenvironment. Previous studies on EGC pathophysiology have specifically focused on mucosal glia activation and its contribution to mucosal inflammatory processes observed in the gut of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. In contrast knowledge is scarce on intestinal inflammation not locally restricted to the mucosa but systemically affecting the intestine and its effect on the overall EGC network.
Methods and Results
In this study, we analyzed the biological effects of a systemic LPS-induced hyperinflammatory insult on overall EGCs in a rat model in vivo, mimicking the clinical situation of systemic inflammation response syndrome (SIRS). Tissues from small and large intestine were removed 4 hours after systemic LPS-injection and analyzed on transcript and protein level. Laser capture microdissection was performed to study plexus-specific gene expression alterations. Upon systemic LPS-injection in vivo we observed a rapid and dramatic activation of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP)-expressing glia on mRNA level, locally restricted to the myenteric plexus. To study the specific role of the GFAP subpopulation, we established flow cytometry-purified primary glial cell cultures from GFAP promotor-driven EGFP reporter mice. After LPS stimulation, we analyzed cytokine secretion and global gene expression profiles, which were finally implemented in a bioinformatic comparative transcriptome analysis. Enriched GFAP+ glial cells cultured as gliospheres secreted increased levels of prominent inflammatory cytokines upon LPS stimulation. Additionally, a shift in myenteric glial gene expression profile was induced that predominantly affected genes associated with immune response.
Conclusion and Significance
Our findings identify the myenteric GFAP-expressing glial subpopulation as particularly susceptible and responsive to acute systemic inflammation of the gut wall and complement knowledge on glial involvement in mucosal inflammation of the intestine.
African trypanosomes thrive in the bloodstream and tissue spaces of a wide range of mammalian hosts. Infections of cattle cause an enormous socio-economic burden in sub-Saharan Africa. A hallmark of the trypanosome lifestyle is the flagellate’s incessant motion. This work details the cell motility behavior of the four livestock-parasites Trypanosoma vivax, T. brucei, T. evansi and T. congolense. The trypanosomes feature distinct swimming patterns, speeds and flagellar wave frequencies, although the basic mechanism of flagellar propulsion is conserved, as is shown by extended single flagellar beat analyses. Three-dimensional analyses of the trypanosomes expose a high degree of dynamic pleomorphism, typified by the ‘cellular waveform’. This is a product of the flagellar oscillation, the chirality of the flagellum attachment and the stiffness of the trypanosome cell body. The waveforms are characteristic for each trypanosome species and are influenced by changes of the microenvironment, such as differences in viscosity and the presence of confining obstacles. The distinct cellular waveforms may be reflective of the actual anatomical niches the parasites populate within their mammalian host. T. vivax displays waveforms optimally aligned to the topology of the bloodstream, while the two subspecies T. brucei and T. evansi feature distinct cellular waveforms, both additionally adapted to motion in more confined environments such as tissue spaces. T. congolense reveals a small and stiff waveform, which makes these parasites weak swimmers and destined for cell adherence in low flow areas of the circulation. Thus, our experiments show that the differential dissemination and annidation of trypanosomes in their mammalian hosts may depend on the distinct swimming capabilities of the parasites.
Developmental differentiation is a universal biological process that allows cells to adapt to different environments to perform specific functions. African trypanosomes progress through a tightly regulated life cycle in order to survive in different host environments when they shuttle between an insect vector and a vertebrate host. Transcriptomics has been useful to gain insight into RNA changes during stage transitions; however, RNA levels are only a moderate proxy for protein abundance in trypanosomes. We quantified 4270 protein groups during stage differentiation from the mammalian-infective to the insect form and provide classification for their expression profiles during development. Our label-free quantitative proteomics study revealed previously unknown components of the differentiation machinery that are involved in essential biological processes such as signaling, posttranslational protein modifications, trafficking and nuclear transport. Furthermore, guided by our proteomic survey, we identified the cause of the previously observed differentiation impairment in the histone methyltransferase DOT1B knock-out strain as it is required for accurate karyokinesis in the first cell division during differentiation. This epigenetic regulator is likely involved in essential chromatin restructuring during developmental differentiation, which might also be important for differentiation in higher eukaryotic cells. Our proteome dataset will serve as a resource for detailed investigations of cell differentiation to shed more light on the molecular mechanisms of this process in trypanosomes and other eukaryotes.
Background
A growing number of studies report an abnormal expression of Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and the piRNA processing enzyme Piwi in many cancers. Whether this finding is an epiphenomenon of the chaotic molecular biology of the fast dividing, neoplastically transformed cells or is functionally relevant to tumorigenesisis is difficult to discern at present. To better understand the role of piRNAs in cancer development small laboratory fish models can make a valuable contribution. However, little is known about piRNAs in somatic and neoplastic tissues of fish.
Results
To identify piRNA clusters that might be involved in melanoma pathogenesis, we use several transgenic lines of medaka, and platyfish/swordtail hybrids, which develop various types of melanoma. In these tumors Piwi, is expressed at different levels, depending on tumor type. To quantify piRNA levels, whole piRNA populations of testes and melanomas of different histotypes were sequenced. Because no reference piRNA cluster set for medaka or Xiphophorus was yet available we developed a software pipeline to detect piRNA clusters in our samples and clusters were selected that were enriched in one or more samples. We found several loci to be overexpressed or down-regulated in different melanoma subtypes as compared to hyperpigmented skin. Furthermore, cluster analysis revealed a clear distinction between testes, low-grade and high-grade malignant melanoma in medaka.
Conclusions
Our data imply that dysregulation of piRNA expression may be associated with development of melanoma. Our results also reinforce the importance of fish as a suitable model system to study the role of piRNAs in tumorigenesis.
Background
Fermented wheat germ extract (FWGE) sold under the trade name Avemar exhibits anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo. Its mechanisms of action are divided into antiproliferative and antimetabolic effects. Its influcence on cancer cell metabolism needs further investigation. One objective of this study, therefore, was to further elucidate the antimetabolic action of FWGE. The anticancer compound 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DMBQ) is the major bioactive compound in FWGE and is probably responsible for its anticancer activity. The second objective of this study was to compare the antiproliferative properties in vitro of FWGE and the DMBQ compound.
Methods
The IC\(_{50}\) values of FWGE were determined for nine human cancer cell lines after 24 h of culture. The DMBQ compound was used at a concentration of 24 μmol/l, which is equal to the molar concentration of DMBQ in FWGE. Cell viability, cell cycle, cellular redox state, glucose consumption, lactic acid production, cellular ATP levels, and the NADH/NAD\(^+\) ratio were measured.
Results
The mean IC\(_{50}\) value of FWGE for the nine human cancer cell lines tested was 10 mg/ml. Both FWGE (10 mg/ml) and the DMBQ compound (24 μmol/l) induced massive cell damage within 24 h after starting treatment, with changes in the cellular redox state secondary to formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Unlike the DMBQ compound, which was only cytotoxic, FWGE exhibited cytostatic and growth delay effects in addition to cytotoxicity. Both cytostatic and growth delay effects were linked to impaired glucose utilization which influenced the cell cycle, cellular ATP levels, and the NADH/NAD\(^+\) ratio. The growth delay effect in response to FWGE treatment led to induction of autophagy.
Conclusions
FWGE and the DMBQ compound both induced oxidative stress-promoted cytotoxicity. In addition, FWGE exhibited cytostatic and growth delay effects associated with impaired glucose utilization which led to autophagy, a possible previously unknown mechanism behind the influence of FWGE on cancer cell metabolism.
Draft genome of the \(Arabidopsis\) \(thaliana\) phyllosphere bacterium, \(Williamsia\) sp. ARP1
(2016)
The Gram-positive actinomycete \(Williamsia\) sp. ARP1 was originally isolated from the \(Arabidopsis\) \(thaliana\) phyllosphere. Here we describe the general physiological features of this microorganism together with the draft genome sequence and annotation. The 4,745,080 bp long genome contains 4434 protein-coding genes and 70 RNA genes. To our knowledge, this is only the second reported genome from the genus \(Williamsia\) and the first sequenced strain from the phyllosphere. The presented genomic information is interpreted in the context of an adaptation to the phyllosphere habitat.
Background
Enhanced macromolecule biosynthesis is integral to growth and proliferation of cancer cells. Lipid biosynthesis has been predicted to be an essential process in cancer cells. However, it is unclear which enzymes within this pathway offer the best selectivity for cancer cells and could be suitable therapeutic targets.
Results
Using functional genomics, we identified stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), an enzyme that controls synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, as essential in breast and prostate cancer cells. SCD inhibition altered cellular lipid composition and impeded cell viability in the absence of exogenous lipids. SCD inhibition also altered cardiolipin composition, leading to the release of cytochrome C and induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, SCD was required for the generation of poly-unsaturated lipids in cancer cells grown in spheroid cultures, which resemble those found in tumour tissue. We also found that SCD mRNA and protein expression is elevated in human breast cancers and predicts poor survival in high-grade tumours. Finally, silencing of SCD in prostate orthografts efficiently blocked tumour growth and significantly increased animal survival.
Conclusions
Our data implicate lipid desaturation as an essential process for cancer cell survival and suggest that targeting SCD could efficiently limit tumour expansion, especially under the metabolically compromised conditions of the tumour microenvironment.
Sensory limitation plays an important role in the evolution of animal behaviour. Animals have to find objects of interest (e.g. food, shelters, predators). When sensory abilities are strongly limited, animals adjust their behaviour to maximize chances for success. Bats are nocturnal, live in complex environments, are capable of flight and must confront numerous perceptual challenges (e.g. limited sensory range, interfering clutter echoes). This makes them an excellent model for studying the role of compensating behaviours to decrease costs of finding resources. Cavity roosting bats are especially interesting because the availability of tree cavities is often limited, and their quality is vital for bats during the breeding season. From a bat's sensory point of view, cavities are difficult to detect and finding them requires time and energy. However, tree cavities are also long lasting, allowing information transfer among conspecifics. Here, we use a simple simulation model to explore the benefits of tree selection, memory and eavesdropping (compensation behaviours) to searches for tree cavities by bats with short and long perception range. Our model suggests that memory and correct discrimination of tree suitability are the basic strategies decreasing the cost of roost finding, whereas perceptual range plays a minor role in this process. Additionally, eavesdropping constitutes a buffer that reduces the costs of finding new resources (such as roosts), especially when they occur in low density. We conclude that natural selection may promote different strategies of roost finding in relation to habitat conditions and cognitive skills of animals.
High background noise is an impediment to signal detection and perception. We report the use of multiple solutions to improve signal perception in the acoustic and visual modality by the Bornean rock frog, Staurois parvus. We discovered that vocal communication was not impaired by continuous abiotic background noise characterised by fast-flowing water. Males modified amplitude, pitch, repetition rate and duration of notes within their advertisement call. The difference in sound pressure between advertisement calls and background noise at the call dominant frequency of 5578 Hz was 8 dB, a difference sufficient for receiver detection. In addition, males used several visual signals to communicate with conspecifics with foot flagging and foot flashing being the most common and conspicuous visual displays, followed by arm waving, upright posture, crouching, and an open-mouth display. We used acoustic playback experiments to test the efficacy-based alerting signal hypothesis of multimodal communication. In support of the alerting hypothesis, we found that acoustic signals and foot flagging are functionally linked with advertisement calling preceding foot flagging. We conclude that S. parvus has solved the problem of continuous broadband low-frequency noise by both modifying its advertisement call in multiple ways and by using numerous visual signals. This is the first example of a frog using multiple acoustic and visual solutions to communicate in an environment characterised by continuous noise.
Physiological Notch Signaling Maintains Bone Homeostasis via RBPjk and Hey Upstream of NFATc1
(2012)
Notch signaling between neighboring cells controls many cell fate decisions in metazoans both during embryogenesis and in postnatal life. Previously, we uncovered a critical role for physiological Notch signaling in suppressing osteoblast differentiation in vivo. However, the contribution of individual Notch receptors and the downstream signaling mechanism have not been elucidated. Here we report that removal of Notch2, but not Notch1, from the embryonic limb mesenchyme markedly increased trabecular bone mass in adolescent mice. Deletion of the transcription factor RBPjk, a mediator of all canonical Notch signaling, in the mesenchymal progenitors but not the more mature osteoblast-lineage cells, caused a dramatic high-bone-mass phenotype characterized by increased osteoblast numbers, diminished bone marrow mesenchymal progenitor pool, and rapid age-dependent bone loss. Moreover, mice deficient in Hey1 and HeyL, two target genes of Notch-RBPjk signaling, exhibited high bone mass. Interestingly, Hey1 bound to and suppressed the NFATc1 promoter, and RBPjk deletion increased NFATc1 expression in bone. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of NFAT alleviated the high-bone-mass phenotype caused by RBPjk deletion. Thus, Notch-RBPjk signaling functions in part through Hey1-mediated inhibition of NFATc1 to suppress osteoblastogenesis, contributing to bone homeostasis in vivo.
The transcription factor Miz1 forms repressive DNA-binding complexes with the Myc, Gfi-1 and Bcl-6 oncoproteins. Known target genes of these complexes encode the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) cdkn2b (p15\(^{Ink4}\)), cdkn1a (p21\(^{Cip1}\)), and cdkn1c (p57\(^{Kip2}\)). Whether Miz1-mediated repression is important for control of cell proliferation in vivo and for tumor formation is unknown. Here we show that deletion of the Miz1 POZ domain, which is critical for Miz1 function, restrains the development of skin tumors in a model of chemically-induced, Ras-dependent tumorigenesis. While the stem cell compartment appears unaffected, interfollicular keratinocytes lacking functional Miz1 exhibit a reduced proliferation and an accelerated differentiation of the epidermis in response to the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Tumorigenesis, proliferation and normal differentiation are restored in animals lacking cdkn1a, but not in those lacking cdkn2b. Our data demonstrate that Miz1-mediated attenuation of cell cycle arrest pathways via repression of cdkn1a has a critical role during tumorigenesis in the skin.
To highlight human impact on biodiversity in the Lamto region, termites were studied with regard to their use as bio-indicators of habitat change in the tropics. Using a standardized method, termites were sampled in the three most common habitat types, i.e., in semi-deciduous forest, savanna woodland, and annually burned savanna, all inside Lamto Reserve and its surrounding rural domain. Termite species richness fell from 25 species in the Lamto forest to 13 species in the rural area, involving strong modification in the species composition (species turnover = 59 %). In contrast, no significant change in diversity was found between the Lamto savannas and the rural ones. In addition, the relative abundance of termites showed a significantly greater decline in the rural domain, even in the species Ancistrotermes cavithorax (Sjostedt) (Isoptera: Termitidae), which is known to be ecologically especially versatile. Overall, the findings of this study suggest further investigation around Lamto Reserve on the impact of human activities on biodiversity, focusing on forest conversion to land uses (e.g. agricultural and silvicultural systems).
Background: During early stages of brain development, secreted molecules, components of intracellular signaling pathways and transcriptional regulators act in positive and negative feed-back or feed-forward loops at the mid-hindbrain boundary. These genetic interactions are of central importance for the specification and subsequent development of the adjacent mid-and hindbrain. Much less, however, is known about the regulatory relationship and functional interaction of molecules that are expressed in the tectal anlage after tectal fate specification has taken place and tectal development has commenced.
Results: Here, we provide experimental evidence for reciprocal regulation and subsequent cooperation of the paired-type transcription factors Pax3, Pax7 and the TALE-homeodomain protein Meis2 in the tectal anlage. Using in ovo electroporation of the mesencephalic vesicle of chick embryos we show that (i) Pax3 and Pax7 mutually regulate each other's expression in the mesencephalic vesicle, (ii) Meis2 acts downstream of Pax3/7 and requires balanced expression levels of both proteins, and (iii) Meis2 physically interacts with Pax3 and Pax7. These results extend our previous observation that Meis2 cooperates with Otx2 in tectal development to include Pax3 and Pax7 as Meis2 interacting proteins in the tectal anlage.
Conclusion: The results described here suggest a model in which interdependent regulatory loops involving Pax3 and Pax7 in the dorsal mesencephalic vesicle modulate Meis2 expression. Physical interaction with Meis2 may then confer tectal specificity to a wide range of otherwise broadly expressed transcriptional regulators, including Otx2, Pax3 and Pax7.
Can Joint Carbon and Biodiversity Management in Tropical Agroforestry Landscapes Be Optimized?
(2012)
Managing ecosystems for carbon storage may also benefit biodiversity conservation, but such a potential 'win-win' scenario has not yet been assessed for tropical agroforestry landscapes. We measured above-and below-ground carbon stocks as well as the species richness of four groups of plants and eight of animals on 14 representative plots in Sulawesi, Indonesia, ranging from natural rainforest to cacao agroforests that have replaced former natural forest. The conversion of natural forests with carbon stocks of 227-362 Mg C ha\(^{-1}\) to agroforests with 82-211 Mg C ha\(^{-1}\) showed no relationships to overall biodiversity but led to a significant loss of forest-related species richness. We conclude that the conservation of the forest-related biodiversity, and to a lesser degree of carbon stocks, mainly depends on the preservation of natural forest habitats. In the three most carbon-rich agroforestry systems, carbon stocks were about 60% of those of natural forest, suggesting that 1.6 ha of optimally managed agroforest can contribute to the conservation of carbon stocks as much as 1 ha of natural forest. However, agroforestry systems had comparatively low biodiversity, and we found no evidence for a tight link between carbon storage and biodiversity. Yet, potential win-win agroforestry management solutions include combining high shade-tree quality which favours biodiversity with cacao-yield adapted shade levels.
Tree invasions have substantial impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, and trees that are dispersed by animals are more likely to become invasive. In addition, hybridisation between plants is well documented as a source of new weeds, as hybrids gain new characteristics that allow them to become invasive. Corymbia torelliana is an invasive tree with an unusual animal dispersal mechanism: seed dispersal by stingless bees, that hybridizes readily with other species. We examined hybrids between C. torelliana and C. citriodora subsp. citriodora to determine whether hybrids have inherited the seed dispersal characteristics of C. torelliana that allow bee dispersal. Some hybrid fruits displayed the characteristic hollowness, resin production and resin chemistry associated with seed dispersal by bees. However, we did not observe bees foraging on any hybrid fruits until they had been damaged. We conclude that C. torelliana and C. citriodora subsp. citriodora hybrids can inherit some fruit characters that are associated with dispersal by bees, but we did not find a hybrid with the complete set of characters that would enable bee dispersal. However, around 20,000 hybrids have been planted in Australia, and ongoing monitoring is necessary to identify any hybrids that may become invasive.
Biodiversity loss can affect the viability of ecosystems by decreasing the ability of communities to respond to environmental change and disturbances. Agricultural intensification is a major driver of biodiversity loss and has multiple components operating at different spatial scales: from in-field management intensity to landscape-scale simplification. Here we show that landscape-level effects dominate functional community composition and can even buffer the effects of in-field management intensification on functional homogenization, and that animal communities in real-world managed landscapes show a unified response (across orders and guilds) to both landscape-scale simplification and in-field intensification. Adults and larvae with specialized feeding habits, species with shorter activity periods and relatively small body sizes are selected against in simplified landscapes with intense in-field management. Our results demonstrate that the diversity of land cover types at the landscape scale is critical for maintaining communities, which are functionally diverse, even in landscapes where in-field management intensity is high.
The development of insecticides requires valid risk assessment procedures to avoid causing harm to beneficial insects and especially to pollinators such as the honeybee Apis mellifera. In addition to testing according to current guidelines designed to detect bee mortality, tests are needed to determine possible sublethal effects interfering with the animal's vitality and behavioral performance. Several methods have been used to detect sublethal effects of different insecticides under laboratory conditions using olfactory conditioning. Furthermore, studies have been conducted on the influence insecticides have on foraging activity and homing ability which require time-consuming visual observation. We tested an experimental design using the radiofrequency identification (RFID) method to monitor the influence of sublethal doses of insecticides on individual honeybee foragers on an automated basis. With electronic readers positioned at the hive entrance and at an artificial food source, we obtained quantifiable data on honeybee foraging behavior. This enabled us to efficiently retrieve detailed information on flight parameters. We compared several groups of bees, fed simultaneously with different dosages of a tested substance. With this experimental approach we monitored the acute effects of sublethal doses of the neonicotinoids imidacloprid (0.15-6 ng/bee) and clothianidin (0.05-2 ng/bee) under field-like circumstances. At field-relevant doses for nectar and pollen no adverse effects were observed for either substance. Both substances led to a significant reduction of foraging activity and to longer foraging flights at doses of >= 0.5 ng/bee (clothianidin) and >= 1.5 ng/bee (imidacloprid) during the first three hours after treatment. This study demonstrates that the RFID-method is an effective way to record short-term alterations in foraging activity after insecticides have been administered once, orally, to individual bees. We contribute further information on the understanding of how honeybees are affected by sublethal doses of insecticides.
The larvae of the cabbage root fly induce serious damage to cultivated crops of the family Brassicaceae. We here report the biochemical characterisation of neuropeptides from the central nervous system and neurohemal organs, as well as regulatory peptides from enteroendocrine midgut cells of the cabbage maggot. By LC-MALDI-TOF/TOF and chemical labelling with 4-sulfophenyl isothiocyanate, 38 peptides could be identified, representing major insect peptide families: allatostatin A, allatostatin C, FMRFamide-like peptides, kinin, CAPA peptides, pyrokinins, sNPF, myosuppressin, corazonin, SIFamide, sulfakinins, tachykinins, NPLP1-peptides, adipokinetic hormone and CCHamide 1. We also report a new peptide (Yamide) which appears to be homolog to an amidated eclosion hormone-associated peptide in several Drosophila species. Immunocytochemical characterisation of the distribution of several classes of peptide-immunoreactive neurons and enteroendocrine cells shows a very similar but not identical peptide distribution to Drosophila. Since peptides regulate many vital physiological and behavioural processes such as moulting or feeding, our data may initiate the pharmacological testing and development of new specific peptide-based protection methods against the cabbage root fly and its larva.
DOT1A-dependent H3K76 methylation is required for replication regulation in Trypanosoma brucei
(2012)
Cell-cycle progression requires careful regulation to ensure accurate propagation of genetic material to the daughter cells. Although many cell-cycle regulators are evolutionarily conserved in the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, novel regulatory mechanisms seem to have evolved. Here, we analyse the function of the histone methyltransferase DOT1A during cell-cycle progression. Over-expression of DOT1A generates a population of cells with aneuploid nuclei as well as enucleated cells. Detailed analysis shows that DOT1A over-expression causes continuous replication of the nuclear DNA. In contrast, depletion of DOT1A by RNAi abolishes replication but does not prevent karyokinesis. As histone H3K76 methylation has never been associated with replication control in eukaryotes before, we have discovered a novel function of DOT1 enzymes, which might not be unique to trypanosomes.
Recently, several classifiers that combine primary tumor data, like gene expression data, and secondary data sources, such as protein-protein interaction networks, have been proposed for predicting outcome in breast cancer. In these approaches, new composite features are typically constructed by aggregating the expression levels of several genes. The secondary data sources are employed to guide this aggregation. Although many studies claim that these approaches improve classification performance over single genes classifiers, the gain in performance is difficult to assess. This stems mainly from the fact that different breast cancer data sets and validation procedures are employed to assess the performance. Here we address these issues by employing a large cohort of six breast cancer data sets as benchmark set and by performing an unbiased evaluation of the classification accuracies of the different approaches. Contrary to previous claims, we find that composite feature classifiers do not outperform simple single genes classifiers. We investigate the effect of (1) the number of selected features; (2) the specific gene set from which features are selected; (3) the size of the training set and (4) the heterogeneity of the data set on the performance of composite feature and single genes classifiers. Strikingly, we find that randomization of secondary data sources, which destroys all biological information in these sources, does not result in a deterioration in performance of composite feature classifiers. Finally, we show that when a proper correction for gene set size is performed, the stability of single genes sets is similar to the stability of composite feature sets. Based on these results there is currently no reason to prefer prognostic classifiers based on composite features over single genes classifiers for predicting outcome in breast cancer.
Behavioural Analyses of Quinine Processing in Choice, Feeding and Learning of Larval Drosophila
(2012)
Gustatory stimuli can support both immediate reflexive behaviour, such as choice and feeding, and can drive internal reinforcement in associative learning. For larval Drosophila, we here provide a first systematic behavioural analysis of these functions with respect to quinine as a study case of a substance which humans report as "tasting bitter". We describe the dose-effect functions for these different kinds of behaviour and find that a half-maximal effect of quinine to suppress feeding needs substantially higher quinine concentrations (2.0 mM) than is the case for internal reinforcement (0.6 mM). Interestingly, in previous studies (Niewalda et al. 2008, Schipanski et al 2008) we had found the reverse for sodium chloride and fructose/sucrose, such that dose-effect functions for those tastants were shifted towards lower concentrations for feeding as compared to reinforcement, arguing that the differences in dose-effect function between these behaviours do not reflect artefacts of the types of assay used. The current results regarding quinine thus provide a starting point to investigate how the gustatory system is organized on the cellular and/or molecular level to result in different behavioural tuning curves towards a bitter tastant.
We present a quantitative 3D analysis of the motility of the blood parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Digital in-line holographic microscopy has been used to track single cells with high temporal and spatial accuracy to obtain quantitative data on their behavior. Comparing bloodstream form and insect form trypanosomes as well as mutant and wildtype cells under varying external conditions we were able to derive a general two-state-run-and-tumble-model for trypanosome motility. Differences in the motility of distinct strains indicate that adaption of the trypanosomes to their natural environments involves a change in their mode of swimming.
Background: Because most human stroke victims are elderly, studies of experimental stroke in the aged rather than the young rat model may be optimal for identifying clinically relevant cellular responses, as well for pinpointing beneficial interventions.
Methodology/Principal Findings: We employed the Affymetrix platform to analyze the whole-gene transcriptome following temporary ligation of the middle cerebral artery in aged and young rats. The correspondence, heat map, and dendrogram analyses independently suggest a differential, age-group-specific behaviour of major gene clusters after stroke. Overall, the pattern of gene expression strongly suggests that the response of the aged rat brain is qualitatively rather than quantitatively different from the young, i.e. the total number of regulated genes is comparable in the two age groups, but the aged rats had great difficulty in mounting a timely response to stroke. Our study indicates that four genes related to neuropathic syndrome, stress, anxiety disorders and depression (Acvr1c, Cort, Htr2b and Pnoc) may have impaired response to stroke in aged rats. New therapeutic options in aged rats may also include Calcrl, Cyp11b1, Prcp, Cebpa, Cfd, Gpnmb, Fcgr2b, Fcgr3a, Tnfrsf26, Adam 17 and Mmp14. An unexpected target is the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A synthase 1 in aged rats, a key enzyme in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. Post-stroke axonal growth was compromised in both age groups.
Conclusion/Significance: We suggest that a multi-stage, multimodal treatment in aged animals may be more likely to produce positive results. Such a therapeutic approach should be focused on tissue restoration but should also address other aspects of patient post-stroke therapy such as neuropathic syndrome, stress, anxiety disorders, depression, neurotransmission and blood pressure.
Animals acquire predictive values of sensory stimuli through reinforcement. In the brain of Drosophila melanogaster, activation of two types of dopamine neurons in the PAM and PPL1 clusters has been shown to induce aversive odor memory. Here, we identified the third cell type and characterized aversive memories induced by these dopamine neurons. These three dopamine pathways all project to the mushroom body but terminate in the spatially segregated subdomains. To understand the functional difference of these dopamine pathways in electric shock reinforcement, we blocked each one of them during memory acquisition. We found that all three pathways partially contribute to electric shock memory. Notably, the memories mediated by these neurons differed in temporal stability. Furthermore, combinatorial activation of two of these pathways revealed significant interaction of individual memory components rather than their simple summation. These results cast light on a cellular mechanism by which a noxious event induces different dopamine signals to a single brain structure to synthesize an aversive memory.
The Serotonergic Central Nervous System of the Drosophila Larva: Anatomy and Behavioral Function
(2012)
The Drosophila larva has turned into a particularly simple model system for studying the neuronal basis of innate behaviors and higher brain functions. Neuronal networks involved in olfaction, gustation, vision and learning and memory have been described during the last decade, often up to the single-cell level. Thus, most of these sensory networks are substantially defined, from the sensory level up to third-order neurons. This is especially true for the olfactory system of the larva. Given the wealth of genetic tools in Drosophila it is now possible to address the question how modulatory systems interfere with sensory systems and affect learning and memory. Here we focus on the serotonergic system that was shown to be involved in mammalian and insect sensory perception as well as learning and memory. Larval studies suggested that the serotonergic system is involved in the modulation of olfaction, feeding, vision and heart rate regulation. In a dual anatomical and behavioral approach we describe the basic anatomy of the larval serotonergic system, down to the single-cell level. In parallel, by expressing apoptosis-inducing genes during embryonic and larval development, we ablate most of the serotonergic neurons within the larval central nervous system. When testing these animals for naive odor, sugar, salt and light perception, no profound phenotype was detectable; even appetitive and aversive learning was normal. Our results provide the first comprehensive description of the neuronal network of the larval serotonergic system. Moreover, they suggest that serotonin per se is not necessary for any of the behaviors tested. However, our data do not exclude that this system may modulate or fine-tune a wide set of behaviors, similar to its reported function in other insect species or in mammals. Based on our observations and the availability of a wide variety of genetic tools, this issue can now be addressed.
During recent years a number of severe clinical syndromes, collectively termed laminopathies, turned out to be caused by various, distinct mutations in the human LMNA gene. Arising from this, remarkable progress has been made to unravel the molecular pathophysiology underlying these disorders. A great benefit in this context was the generation of an A-type lamin deficient mouse line (Lmna\(^{−/−}\)) by Sullivan and others,1 which has become one of the most frequently used models in the field and provided profound insights to many different aspects of A-type lamin function. Here, we report the unexpected finding that these mice express a truncated Lmna gene product on both transcriptional and protein level. Combining different approaches including mass spectrometry, we precisely define this product as a C-terminally truncated lamin A mutant that lacks domains important for protein interactions and post-translational processing. Based on our findings we discuss implications for the interpretation of previous studies using Lmna\(^{−/−}\) mice and the concept of human laminopathies.
Mimicking female insects to attract male pollinators is an important strategy in sexually deceptive orchids of the genus Ophrys, and some species possess flowers with conspicuous labellum patterns. The function of the variation of the patterns remains unresolved, with suggestions that these enhance pollinator communication. We investigated the possible function of the labellum pattern in Ophrys heldreichii, an orchid species in which the conspicuous and complex labellum pattern contrasts with a dark background. The orchid is pollinated exclusively by males of the solitary bee, Eucera berlandi. Comparisons of labellum patterns revealed that patterns within inflorescences are more similar than those of other conspecific plants. Field observations showed that the males approach at a great speed and directly land on flowers, but after an unsuccessful copulation attempt, bees hover close and visually scan the labellum pattern for up to a minute. Learning experiments conducted with honeybees as an accessible model of bee vision demonstrated that labellum patterns of different plants can be reliably learnt; in contrast, patterns of flowers from the same inflorescence could not be discriminated. These results support the hypothesis that variable labellum patterns in O. heldreichii are involved in flower-pollinator communication which would likely help these plants to avoid geitonogamy.
Quantifying the spatio-temporal distribution of arthropods in tropical rainforests represents a first step towards scrutinizing the global distribution of biodiversity on Earth. To date most studies have focused on narrow taxonomic groups or lack a design that allows partitioning of the components of diversity. Here, we consider an exceptionally large dataset (113,952 individuals representing 5,858 species), obtained from the San Lorenzo forest in Panama, where the phylogenetic breadth of arthropod taxa was surveyed using 14 protocols targeting the soil, litter, understory, lower and upper canopy habitats, replicated across seasons in 2003 and 2004. This dataset is used to explore the relative influence of horizontal, vertical and seasonal drivers of arthropod distribution in this forest. We considered arthropod abundance, observed and estimated species richness, additive decomposition of species richness, multiplicative partitioning of species diversity, variation in species composition, species turnover and guild structure as components of diversity. At the scale of our study (2km of distance, 40m in height and 400 days), the effects related to the vertical and seasonal dimensions were most important. Most adult arthropods were collected from the soil/litter or the upper canopy and species richness was highest in the canopy. We compared the distribution of arthropods and trees within our study system. Effects related to the seasonal dimension were stronger for arthropods than for trees. We conclude that: (1) models of beta diversity developed for tropical trees are unlikely to be applicable to tropical arthropods; (2) it is imperative that estimates of global biodiversity derived from mass collecting of arthropods in tropical rainforests embrace the strong vertical and seasonal partitioning observed here; and (3) given the high species turnover observed between seasons, global climate change may have severe consequences for rainforest arthropods.
Background
Neisseria meningitidis is a naturally transformable, facultative pathogen colonizing the human nasopharynx. Here, we analyze on a genome-wide level the impact of recombination on gene-complement diversity and virulence evolution in N. meningitidis. We combined comparative genome hybridization using microarrays (mCGH) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of 29 meningococcal isolates with computational comparison of a subset of seven meningococcal genome sequences.
Principal Findings
We found that lateral gene transfer of minimal mobile elements as well as prophages are major forces shaping meningococcal population structure. Extensive gene content comparison revealed novel associations of virulence with genetic elements besides the recently discovered meningococcal disease associated (MDA) island. In particular, we identified an association of virulence with a recently described canonical genomic island termed IHT-E and a differential distribution of genes encoding RTX toxin- and two-partner secretion systems among hyperinvasive and non-hyperinvasive lineages. By computationally screening also the core genome for signs of recombination, we provided evidence that about 40% of the meningococcal core genes are affected by recombination primarily within metabolic genes as well as genes involved in DNA replication and repair. By comparison with the results of previous mCGH studies, our data indicated that genetic structuring as revealed by mCGH is stable over time and highly similar for isolates from different geographic origins.
Conclusions
Recombination comprising lateral transfer of entire genes as well as homologous intragenic recombination has a profound impact on meningococcal population structure and genome composition. Our data support the hypothesis that meningococcal virulence is polygenic in nature and that differences in metabolism might contribute to virulence.
The Wuerzburg Hybridoma Library against the Drosophila brain represents a collection of around 200 monoclonal antibodies that bind to specific structures in the Drosophila brain. Here we describe the immunohistochemical staining patterns, the Western blot signals of one- and two-dimensional electrophoretic separation, and the mass spectrometric characterization of the target protein candidates recognized by the monoclonal antibodies aa2 and ab52 from the library. Analysis of a mutant of a candidate gene identified the Drosophila homolog of the Epidermal growth factor receptor Pathway Substrate clone 15 (Eps15) as the antigen for these two antibodies.
Testing Pollen of Single and Stacked Insect-Resistant Bt-Maize on In vitro Reared Honey Bee Larvae
(2011)
The ecologically and economic important honey bee (Apis mellifera) is a key non-target arthropod species in environmental risk assessment (ERA) of genetically modified (GM) crops. Honey bee larvae are directly exposed to transgenic products by the consumption of GM pollen. But most ERA studies only consider responses of adult bees, although Bt-proteins primarily affect the larval phases of target organisms. We adopted an in vitro larvae rearing system, to assess lethal and sublethal effects of Bt-pollen consumption in a standardized eco-toxicological bioassay. The effects of pollen from two Bt-maize cultivars, one expressing a single and the other a total of three Bt-proteins, on the survival and prepupae weight of honey bee larvae were analyzed. The control treatments included pollen from three non-transgenic maize varieties and of Heliconia rostrata. Three days old larvae were fed the realistic exposure dose of 2 mg pollen within the semi-artificial diet. The larvae were monitored over 120 h, until the prepupal stage, where larvae terminate feeding and growing. Neither single nor stacked Bt-maize pollen showed an adverse effect on larval survival and the prepupal weight. In contrast, feeding of H. rostrata pollen caused significant toxic effects. The results of this study indicate that pollen of the tested Bt-varieties does not harm the development of in vitro reared A. mellifera larvae. To sustain the ecosystem service of pollination, Bt-impact on A. mellifera should always be a crucial part of regulatory biosafety assessments. We suggest that our approach of feeding GM pollen on in vitro reared honey bee larvae is well suited of becoming a standard bioassay in regulatory risk assessments schemes of GM crops.
Background
Currently established methods to identify viable and non-viable cells of cyanobacteria are either time-consuming (eg. plating) or preparation-intensive (eg. fluorescent staining). In this paper we present a new and fast viability assay for unicellular cyanobacteria, which uses red chlorophyll fluorescence and an unspecific green autofluorescence for the differentiation of viable and non-viable cells without the need of sample preparation.
Results
The viability assay for unicellular cyanobacteria using red and green autofluorescence was established and validated for the model organism Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Both autofluorescence signals could be observed simultaneously allowing a direct classification of viable and non-viable cells. The results were confirmed by plating/colony count, absorption spectra and chlorophyll measurements. The use of an automated fluorescence microscope and a novel ImageJ based image analysis plugin allow a semi-automated analysis.
Conclusions
The new method simplifies the process of viability analysis and allows a quick and accurate analysis. Furthermore results indicate that a combination of the new assay with absorption spectra or chlorophyll concentration measurements allows the estimation of the vitality of cells.
Sexually deceptive orchids mimic signals emitted by female insects in order to attract mate-searching males. Specific attraction of the targeted pollinator is achieved by sex pheromone mimicry, which constitutes the major attraction channel. In close vicinity of the flower, visual signals may enhance attraction, as was shown recently in the sexually deceptive orchid Ophrys heldreichii. Here, we conducted an in situ manipulation experiment in two populations of O. heldreichii on Crete to investigate whether the presence/absence of the conspicuous pink perianth affects reproductive success in two natural orchid populations. We estimated reproductive success of three treatment groups (with intact, removed and artificial perianth) throughout the flowering period as pollinaria removal (male reproductive success) and massulae deposition (female reproductive success). Reproductive success was significantly increased by the presence of a strong visual signal—the conspicuous perianth—in one study population, however, not in the second, most likely due to the low pollinator abundance in the latter population. This study provides further evidence that the coloured perianth in O. heldreichii is adaptive and thus adds to the olfactory signal to maximise pollinator attraction and reproductive success.
Plant communities in the European Alps are assumed to be highly affected by climate change, as the temperature rise in this region is above the global average. It is predicted that higher temperatures will lead to advanced snowmelt dates and that the number of extreme weather events will increase. The aims of this study were to determine the impacts of extreme climatic events on flower phenology and to assess whether those impacts differed between lower and higher altitudes. In 2010, an experiment simulating advanced and delayed snowmelt as well as a drought event was conducted along an altitudinal transect approximately every 250 m (600–2000 m above sea level) in the Berchtesgaden National Park, Germany. The study showed that flower phenology was strongly affected by altitude; however, there were few effects of the manipulative treatments on flowering. The effects of advanced snowmelt were significantly greater at higher than at lower sites, but no significant difference was found between both altitudinal bands for the other treatments. The response of flower phenology to temperature declined through the season and the length of flowering duration was not significantly influenced by treatments. The stronger effect of advanced snowmelt at higher altitudes may be a response to differences in treatment intensity across the gradient. Consequently, shifts in the date of snowmelt due to global warming may affect species more at higher than at lower altitudes, as changes may be more pronounced at higher altitudes. These data indicate a rather low risk of drought events on flowering phenology in the Bavarian Alps.
We have studied the responses of honey bees at different life stages (Apis mellifera) to controlled infection with acute bee paralysis virus and have identified the haemolymph of infected larvae and adult worker bees as the compartment where massive propagation of ABPV occurs. Insects respond with a broad spectrum of induced innate immune reactions to bacterial infections, whereas defence mechanisms based on RNA interference play a major role in antiviral immunity. In this study, we have determined that honey bee larvae and adult workers do not produce a humoral immune reaction upon artificial infection with ABPV, in contrast to control individuals challenged with Escherichia coli. ABPV-infected bees produced neither elevated levels of specific antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), such as hymenoptaecin and defensin, nor any general antimicrobial activity, as revealed by inhibition-zone assays. Additionally, adult bees did not generate melanised nodules upon ABPV infection, an important cellular immune function activated by bacteria and viruses in some insects. Challenge of bees with both ABPV and E. coli showed that innate humoral and cellular immune reactions are induced in mixed infections, albeit at a reduced level.
Although agricultural habitats can provide enormous amounts of food resources for pollinator species, links between agricultural and (semi-)natural habitats through dispersal and foraging movements have hardly been studied. In 67 study sites, we assessed the interactions between mass-flowering oilseed rape fields and semi-natural grasslands at different spatial scales, and their effects on the number of brood cells of a solitary cavity-nesting bee. The probability that the bee Osmia bicornis colonized trap nests in oilseed rape fields increased from 12 to 59 % when grassland was nearby, compared to fields isolated from grassland. In grasslands, the number of brood cells of O. bicornis in trap nests was 55 % higher when adjacent to oilseed rape compared to isolated grasslands. The percentage of oilseed rape pollen in the larval food was higher in oilseed rape fields and grasslands adjacent to oilseed rape than in isolated grasslands. In both oilseed rape fields and grasslands, the number of brood cells was positively correlated with the percentage of oilseed rape pollen in the larval food. We show that mass-flowering agricultural habitats—even when they are intensively managed—can strongly enhance the abundance of a solitary bee species nesting in nearby semi-natural habitats. Our results suggest that positive effects of agricultural habitats have been underestimated and might be very common (at least) for generalist species in landscapes consisting of a mixture of agricultural and semi-natural habitats. These effects might also have—so far overlooked—implications for interspecific competition and mutualistic interactions in semi-natural habitats.
Studies investigating the correlates of immune protection against Yersinia infection have established that both humoral and cell mediated immune responses are required for the comprehensive protection. In our previous study, we established that the bivalent fusion protein (rVE) comprising immunologically active regions of Y pestis LcrV (100-270 aa) and YopE (50-213 aa) proteins conferred complete passive and active protection against lethal Y enterocolitica 8081 challenge. In the present study, cohort of BALB/c mice immunized with rVE or its component proteins rV, rE were assessed for cell mediated immune responses and memory immune protection against Y enterocolitica 8081 rVE immunization resulted in extensive proliferation of both CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets; significantly high antibody titer with balanced IgG1: IgG2a/IgG2b isotypes (1:1 ratio) and up regulation of both Th1 (INF-\(\alpha\), IFN-\(\gamma\), IL 2, and IL 12) and Th2 (IL 4) cytokines. On the other hand, rV immunization resulted in Th2 biased IgG response (11:1 ratio) and proliferation of CD4+ T-cell; rE group of mice exhibited considerably lower serum antibody titer with predominant Th1 response (1:3 ratio) and CD8+ T-cell proliferation. Comprehensive protection with superior survival (100%) was observed among rVE immunized mice when compared to the significantly lower survival rates among rE (37.5%) and rV (25%) groups when IP challenged with Y enterocolitica 8081 after 120 days of immunization. Findings in this and our earlier studies define the bivalent fusion protein rVE as a potent candidate vaccine molecule with the capability to concurrently stimulate humoral and cell mediated immune responses and a proof of concept for developing efficient subunit vaccines against Gram negative facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens.
Introduction The fast, precise, and accurate measurement of the new generation of oral anticoagulants such as dabigatran and rivaroxaban in patients' plasma my provide important information in different clinical circumstances such as in the case of suspicion of overdose, when patients switch from existing oral anticoagulant, in patients with hepatic or renal impairment, by concomitant use of interaction drugs, or to assess anticoagulant concentration in patients' blood before major surgery. Methods Here, we describe a quick and precise method to measure the coagulation inhibitors dabigatran and rivaroxaban using ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) mode (UPLC-MRM MS). Internal standards (ISs) were added to the sample and after protein precipitation; the sample was separated on a reverse phase column. After ionization of the analytes the ions were detected using electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Run time was 2.5 minutes per injection. Ion suppression was characterized by means of post-column infusion. Results The calibration curves of dabigatran and rivaroxaban were linear over the working range between 0.8 and 800 mu g/L (r > 0.99). Limits of detection (LOD) in the plasma matrix were 0.21 mu g/L for dabigatran and 0.34 mu g/L for rivaroxaban, and lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) in the plasma matrix were 0.46 mu g/L for dabigatran and 0.54 mu g/L for rivaroxaban. The intraassay coefficients of variation (CVs) for dabigatran and rivaroxaban were < 4% and 6%; respectively, the interassay CVs were < 6% for dabigatran and < 9% for rivaroxaban. Inaccuracy was < 5% for both substances. The mean recovery was 104.5% (range 83.8-113.0%) for dabigatran and 87.0%(range 73.6-105.4%) for rivaroxaban. No significant ion suppressions were detected at the elution times of dabigatran or rivaroxaban. Both coagulation inhibitors were stable in citrate plasma at -20 degrees C, 4 degrees C and even at RT for at least one week. A method comparison between our UPLC-MRM MS method, the commercially available automated Direct Thrombin Inhibitor assay (DTI assay) for dabigatran measurement from CoaChrom Diagnostica, as well as the automated anti-Xa assay for rivaroxaban measurement from Chromogenix both performed by ACL-TOP showed a high degree of correlation. However, UPLC-MRM MS measurement of dabigatran and rivaroxaban has a much better selectivity than classical functional assays measuring activities of various coagulation factors which are susceptible to interference by other coagulant drugs. Conclusions Overall, we developed and validated a sensitive and specific UPLC-MRM MS assay for the quick and specific measurement of dabigatran and rivaroxaban in human plasma.
HRAS belongs to the RAS genes superfamily. RAS genes are important players in several human tumors and the single-nucleotide polymorphism rs12628 has been shown to contribute to the risk of bladder, colon, gastrointestinal, oral, and thyroid carcinoma. We hypothesized that this SNP may affect the risk of cutaneous melanoma as well. HRAS gene contains a polymorphic region (rs112587690), a repeated hexanucleotide -GGGCCT- located in intron 1. Three alleles of this region, P1, P2, and P3, have been identified that contain two, three, and four repeats of the hexanucleotide, respectively. We investigated the clinical impact of these polymorphisms in a case–control study. A total of 141 melanoma patients and 118 healthy donors from the North America Caucasian population were screened for rs12628 and rs112587690 polymorphisms. Genotypes were assessed by capillary sequencing or fragment analysis, respectively, and rs12628 CC and rs112587690 P1P1 genotypes significantly associated with increased melanoma risk (OR = 3.83, p = 0.003; OR = 11.3, p = 0.033, respectively), while rs112587690 P1P3 frequency resulted significantly higher in the control group (OR = 0.5, p = 0.017). These results suggest that rs12628 C homozygosis may be considered a potential risk factor for melanoma development in the North American population possibly through the linkage to rs112587690.
There is an urgent need for rapid and highly sensitive detection of pathogen-derivedDNAin a point-of-care (POC) device for diagnostics in hospitals and clinics. This device needs to work in a ‘sample-in-result-out’ mode with minimum number of steps so that it can be completely integrated into a cheap and simple instrument. We have developed a method that directly detects unamplified DNA, and demonstrate its sensitivity on realistically sized 5 kbp targetDNA fragments of Micrococcus luteus in small sample volumes of 20 mL. The assay consists of capturing and accumulating of target DNA on magnetic beads with specific capture oligonucleotides, hybridization of complementary fluorescently labeled detection oligonucleotides, and fluorescence imaging on a miniaturized wide-field fluorescence microscope. Our simple method delivers results in less than 20 minutes with a limit of detection (LOD) of,5 pMand a linear detection range spanning three orders of magnitude.
Background
Measles virus (MV) causes T cell suppression by interference with phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) activation. We previously found that this interference affected the activity of splice regulatory proteins and a T cell inhibitory protein isoform was produced from an alternatively spliced pre-mRNA.
Hypothesis
Differentially regulated and alternatively splice variant transcripts accumulating in response to PI3K abrogation in T cells potentially encode proteins involved in T cell silencing.
Methods
To test this hypothesis at the cellular level, we performed a Human Exon 1.0 ST Array on RNAs isolated from T cells stimulated only or stimulated after PI3K inhibition. We developed a simple algorithm based on a splicing index to detect genes that undergo alternative splicing (AS) or are differentially regulated (RG) upon T cell suppression.
Results
Applying our algorithm to the data, 9% of the genes were assigned as AS, while only 3% were attributed to RG. Though there are overlaps, AS and RG genes differed with regard to functional regulation, and were found to be enriched in different functional groups. AS genes targeted extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction and focal adhesion pathways, while RG genes were mainly enriched in cytokine-receptor interaction and Jak-STAT. When combined, AS/RG dependent alterations targeted pathways essential for T cell receptor signaling, cytoskeletal dynamics and cell cycle entry.
Conclusions
PI3K abrogation interferes with key T cell activation processes through both differential expression and alternative splicing, which together actively contribute to T cell suppression.
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are important growth factors that regulate many cellular processes. During embryogenesis they act as morphogens and play a critical role during organ development. They influence cell fates via concentration-gradients in the embryos where cells transduce this extracellular information into gene expression profiles and cell fate decisions. How receiving cells decode and quantify BMP2/4 signals is hardly understood. There is little data on the quantitative relationships between signal input, transducing molecules, their states and location, and ultimately their ability to integrate graded systemic inputs and generate qualitative responses. Understanding this signaling network on a quantitative level should be considered a prerequisite for efficient pathway modulation, as the BMP pathway is a prime target for therapeutic invention. Hence, we quantified the spatial distribution of the main signal transducer of the BMP2/4 pathway in response to different types and levels of stimuli in c2c12 cells. We found that the subcellular localization of Smad1 is independent of ligand concentration. In contrast, Smad1 phosphorylation levels relate proportionally to BMP2 ligand concentrations and they are entirely located in the nucleus. Interestingly, we found that BMP2 stimulates target gene expression in non-linear, wave-like forms. Amplitudes showed a clear concentration-dependency, for sustained and transient stimulation. We found that even burst-stimulation triggers gene-expression wave-like modulations that are detectable for at least 30 h. Finally, we show here that target gene expression oscillations depend on receptor kinase activity, as the kinase drives further expression pulses without receptor reactivation and the target gene expression breaks off after inhibitor treatment in c2c12 cells.
Although agricultural habitats can provide enormous amounts of food resources for pollinator species, links between agricultural and (semi-)natural habitats through dispersal and foraging movements have hardly been studied. In 67 study sites, we assessed the interactions between mass-flowering oilseed rape fields and semi-natural grasslands at different spatial scales, and their effects on the number of brood cells of a solitary cavity-nesting bee. The probability that the bee Osmia bicornis colonized trap nests in oilseed rape fields increased from 12 to 59 % when grassland was nearby, compared to fields isolated from grassland. In grasslands, the number of brood cells of O. bicornis in trap nests was 55 % higher when adjacent to oilseed rape compared to isolated grasslands. The percentage of oilseed rape pollen in the larval food was higher in oilseed rape fields and grasslands adjacent to oilseed rape than in isolated grasslands. In both oilseed rape fields and grasslands, the number of brood cells was positively correlated with the percentage of oilseed rape pollen in the larval food. We show that mass-flowering agricultural habitats—even when they are intensively managed—can strongly enhance the abundance of a solitary bee species nesting in nearby semi-natural habitats. Our results suggest that positive effects of agricultural habitats have been underestimated and might be very common (at least) for generalist species in landscapes consisting of a mixture of agricultural and semi-natural habitats. These effects might also have—so far overlooked—implications for interspecific competition and mutualistic interactions in semi-natural habitats.
Genetic control of male or female gonad development displays between different groups of organisms a remarkable diversity of “master sex-determining genes” at the top of the genetic hierarchies, whereas downstream components surprisingly appear to be evolutionarily more conserved. Without much further studies, conservation of sequence has been equalized to conservation of function. We have used the medaka fish to investigate the generality of this paradigm. In medaka, the master male sex-determining gene is dmrt1bY, a highly conserved downstream regulator of sex determination in vertebrates. To understand its function in orchestrating the complex gene regulatory network, we have identified targets genes and regulated pathways of Dmrt1bY. Monitoring gene expression and interactions by transgenic fluorescent reporter fish lines, in vivo tissue-chromatin immunoprecipitation and in vitro gene regulation assays revealed concordance but also major discrepancies between mammals and medaka, notably amongst spatial, temporal expression patterns and regulations of the canonical Hedgehog and R-spondin/Wnt/Follistatin signaling pathways. Examination of Foxl2 protein distribution in the medaka ovary defined a new subpopulation of theca cells, where ovarian-type aromatase transcriptional regulation appears to be independent of Foxl2. In summary, these data show that the regulation of the downstream regulatory network of sex determination is less conserved than previously thought.
Animals face highly complex and dynamic olfactory stimuli in their natural environments, which require fast and reliable olfactory processing. Parallel processing is a common principle of sensory systems supporting this task, for example in visual and auditory systems, but its role in olfaction remained unclear. Studies in the honeybee focused on a dual olfactory pathway. Two sets of projection neurons connect glomeruli in two antennal-lobe hemilobes via lateral and medial tracts in opposite sequence with the mushroom bodies and lateral horn. Comparative studies suggest that this dual-tract circuit represents a unique adaptation in Hymenoptera. Imaging studies indicate that glomeruli in both hemilobes receive redundant sensory input. Recent simultaneous multi-unit recordings from projection neurons of both tracts revealed widely overlapping response profiles strongly indicating parallel olfactory processing. Whereas lateral-tract neurons respond fast with broad (generalistic) profiles, medial-tract neurons are odorant specific and respond slower. In analogy to “what-” and “where” subsystems in visual pathways, this suggests two parallel olfactory subsystems providing “what-” (quality) and “when” (temporal) information. Temporal response properties may support across-tract coincidence coding in higher centers. Parallel olfactory processing likely enhances perception of complex odorant mixtures to decode the diverse and dynamic olfactory world of a social insect.
Climate change has created potential major threats to global biodiversity. The multiple components of climate change are projected to affect all pillars of biodiversity, from genes over species to biome level. Of particular concerns are "tipping points" where the exceedance of ecosystem thresholds will possibly lead to irreversible shifts of ecosystems and their functioning. As biodiversity underlies all goods and services provided by ecosystems that are crucial for human survival and wellbeing, this paper presents potential effects of climate change on biodiversity, its plausible impacts on human society as well as the setting in addressing a global crisis. Species affected by climate change may respond in three ways: change, move or die. Local species extinctions or a rapidly affected ecosystem as a whole respectively might move toward its particular "tipping point", thereby probably depriving its services to human society and ending up in a global crisis. Urgent and appropriate actions within various scenarios of climate change impacts on biodiversity, especially in tropical regions, are needed to be considered. Foremost a multisectoral approach on biodiversity issues with broader policies, stringent strategies and programs at international, national and local levels is essential to meet the challenges of climate change impacts on biodiversity.
The inner structural Gag proteins and the envelope (Env) glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) traffic independently to the plasma membrane, where they assemble the nascent virion. HIV-1 carries a relatively low number of glycoproteins in its membrane, and the mechanism of Env recruitment and virus incorporation is incompletely understood. We employed dual-color super-resolution microscopy visualizing Gag assembly sites and HIV-1 Env proteins in virus-producing and in Env expressing cells. Distinctive HIV-1 Gag assembly sites were readily detected and were associated with Env clusters that always extended beyond the actual Gag assembly site and often showed enrichment at the periphery and surrounding the assembly site. Formation of these Env clusters depended on the presence of other HIV-1 proteins and on the long cytoplasmic tail (CT) of Env. CT deletion, a matrix mutation affecting Env incorporation or Env expression in the absence of other HIV-1 proteins led to much smaller Env clusters, which were not enriched at viral assembly sites. These results show that Env is recruited to HIV-1 assembly sites in a CT-dependent manner, while Env\((\Delta CT)\) appears to be randomly incorporated. The observed Env accumulation surrounding Gag assemblies, with a lower density on the actual bud, could facilitate viral spread in vivo. Keeping Env molecules on the nascent virus low may be important for escape from the humoral immune response, while cell-cell contacts mediated by surrounding Env molecules could promote HIV-1 transmission through the virological synapse.
Host colonization by lymphotropic \(\gamma\)-herpesviruses depends critically on expansion of viral genomes in germinal center (GC) B-cells. Myc is essential for the formation and maintenance of GCs. Yet, the role of Myc in the pathogenesis of \(\gamma\)-cherpesviruses is still largely unknown. In this study, Myc was shown to be essential for the lymphotropic \(\gamma\)-herpesvirus MuHV- 4 biology as infected cells exhibited increased expression of Myc signature genes and the virus was unable to expand in Myc defficient GC B- cells. We describe a novel strategy of a viral protein activating Myc through increased protein stability resulting in increased progression through the cell cycle. This is acomplished by modulating a physiological posttranslational regulatory pathway of Myc. The molecular mechanism involves Myc heterotypic poly- ubiquitination mediated via the viral E3 ubiquitin- ligase mLANA protein. \(EC_5S^{mLANA}\) modulates cellular control of Myc turnover by antagonizing \(SCF^{Fbw7}\) mediated proteasomal degradation of Myc, mimicking \(SCF^{\beta-TrCP}\). The findings here reported reveal that modulation of Myc is essential for \(\gamma\)-herpesvirus persistent infection, establishing a link between virus induced lymphoproliferation and disease.