Refine
Has Fulltext
- yes (1377)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (1377)
Year of publication
Document Type
- Journal article (1377) (remove)
Keywords
- Biochemie (80)
- Physiologische Chemie (48)
- Biologie (30)
- biodiversity (23)
- evolution (20)
- gene expression (17)
- cancer (15)
- Cytologie (14)
- foraging (14)
- Apis mellifera (13)
- bees (13)
- honey bees (13)
- circadian clock (12)
- climate change (11)
- honeybee (11)
- metabolism (11)
- Drosophila melanogaster (10)
- apoptosis (10)
- biology (10)
- expression (10)
- infection (10)
- insects (10)
- melanoma (10)
- SARS-CoV-2 (9)
- Schwertkärpfling (9)
- ants (9)
- autophagy (9)
- land use (9)
- mushroom body (9)
- olfaction (9)
- pollination (9)
- transcriptome (9)
- DNA damage (8)
- DNA methylation (8)
- Drosophila (8)
- Xiphophorus (8)
- colorectal cancer (8)
- diversity (8)
- ecosystem services (8)
- forest management (8)
- global change (8)
- membrane proteins (8)
- pollen (8)
- super-resolution microscopy (8)
- transcription (8)
- vision (8)
- DNA (7)
- Trypanosoma (7)
- Trypanosoma brucei (7)
- central complex (7)
- cytoskeleton (7)
- differentiation (7)
- ecology (7)
- fungi (7)
- insect (7)
- meiosis (7)
- memory (7)
- nutrition (7)
- protein (7)
- species richness (7)
- Chrysomelidae (6)
- T cells (6)
- Zoologie (6)
- active zone (6)
- animal behaviour (6)
- binding (6)
- biomarker (6)
- body size (6)
- brain (6)
- circadian rhythms (6)
- dSTORM (6)
- deadwood (6)
- gene (6)
- genetics (6)
- genome (6)
- learning (6)
- lung cancer (6)
- mass spectrometry (6)
- metagenomics (6)
- metapopulation (6)
- mushroom bodies (6)
- neurons (6)
- proteins (6)
- reveals (6)
- symbiosis (6)
- Alps (5)
- COVID-19 (5)
- Chlamydia trachomatis (5)
- HeLa cells (5)
- Metapopulation (5)
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae (5)
- Staphylococcus aureus (5)
- altitudinal gradient (5)
- antennal lobe (5)
- behavior (5)
- bioinformatics (5)
- breast cancer (5)
- chemotherapy (5)
- cuticular hydrocarbons (5)
- cytokinins (5)
- cytotoxicity (5)
- database (5)
- drosophila melanogaster (5)
- gene regulation (5)
- in vitro (5)
- leaf-cutting ants (5)
- metastasis (5)
- microbiome (5)
- mouse (5)
- mutualism (5)
- neuroanatomy (5)
- nuclear envelope (5)
- oilseed rape (5)
- p53 (5)
- phosphorylation (5)
- plant-insect interactions (5)
- plasticity (5)
- regulation (5)
- resistance (5)
- sequence alignment (5)
- telomeres (5)
- temperature (5)
- virulence (5)
- 3D tissue model (4)
- Biology (4)
- Candida albicans (4)
- ITS2 (4)
- Lepidoptera (4)
- MYC (4)
- Neurospora crassa (4)
- antibodies (4)
- apis mellifera (4)
- bacterial pathogens (4)
- caloric restriction (4)
- cell biology (4)
- cell cycle (4)
- cell death (4)
- cell membranes (4)
- ceramides (4)
- chlamydia (4)
- chromatin (4)
- comparative genomics (4)
- conservation (4)
- cytokines (4)
- developmental biology (4)
- dispersal (4)
- dynamics (4)
- ecosystem function (4)
- endocytosis (4)
- epithelial cells (4)
- functional diversity (4)
- fungal structure (4)
- genomics (4)
- global warming (4)
- growth (4)
- honeybees (4)
- host cells (4)
- hymenoptera (4)
- identification (4)
- immunoprecipitation (4)
- in-vitro (4)
- individual-based model (4)
- inflammation (4)
- insect brain (4)
- larvae (4)
- mRNA (4)
- machine learning (4)
- medaka (4)
- metabarcoding (4)
- mice (4)
- microRNA (4)
- microglomeruli (4)
- microscopy (4)
- migration (4)
- mitochondria (4)
- molecular biology (4)
- molecular docking (4)
- mutation (4)
- natural disturbance (4)
- navigation (4)
- neuropeptides (4)
- next generation sequencing (4)
- octopamine (4)
- oncolytic virus (4)
- optogenetics (4)
- phylogenetic trees (4)
- proliferation (4)
- recombination (4)
- reconstruction (4)
- saproxylic beetles (4)
- secondary structure (4)
- social systems (4)
- sphingolipids (4)
- spiders (4)
- synaptic plasticity (4)
- toe (4)
- toxicity (4)
- transmission (4)
- Acyrthosiphon pisum (3)
- Ameisen (3)
- Amphibian oocytes (3)
- Aspergillus fumigatus (3)
- Biene (3)
- Caenorhabditis elegans (3)
- Chlamydia (3)
- Coleoptera (3)
- DNA replication (3)
- DNA-binding proteins (3)
- Echinococcus (3)
- Electron microscopy (3)
- Epichloë (3)
- Evolution (3)
- Fitness (3)
- Formicidae (3)
- HIV (3)
- HUWE1 (3)
- Hymenoptera (3)
- IL-4 (3)
- Käfer (3)
- LC/MS (3)
- Lolium perenne (3)
- MIZ1 (3)
- MYCN (3)
- Macaranga (3)
- Medizin (3)
- NRF2 (3)
- Onkogen (3)
- PER (3)
- Protein-Tyrosin-Kinasen (3)
- RNA (3)
- RNA interference (3)
- Sentinel-2 (3)
- USP28 (3)
- abandonment (3)
- adaptation (3)
- african trypanosomes (3)
- alignment (3)
- altitudinal gradients (3)
- angiogenesis (3)
- animal sociality (3)
- annotation (3)
- antimicrobials (3)
- arabidopsis thaliana (3)
- architecture (3)
- arthropods (3)
- bacteria (3)
- bee decline (3)
- behavioral conditioning (3)
- biogenic amines (3)
- biological locomotion (3)
- birds (3)
- blood (3)
- bumblebees (3)
- butterflies (3)
- canola (3)
- carabid beetles (3)
- cell cycle and cell division (3)
- cell differentiation (3)
- ceramide (3)
- chlamydia infection (3)
- chlamydia trachomatis (3)
- cisplatin (3)
- climate (3)
- cognition (3)
- competition (3)
- complex (3)
- cryptochrome (3)
- culture (3)
- cytokinesis (3)
- deadwood enrichment (3)
- decay (3)
- decision making (3)
- decision-making (3)
- development (3)
- diversity gradients (3)
- division of labor (3)
- ecological intensification (3)
- electron microscopy (3)
- feeding (3)
- flowers (3)
- fluorescence microscopy (3)
- fluorescent probes (3)
- forest (3)
- fungal rhodopsins (3)
- gametogenesis (3)
- grazing (3)
- habitats (3)
- herbivores (3)
- honey bee (3)
- host-pathogen interaction (3)
- humidity (3)
- imaging (3)
- immune response (3)
- immunoreactive neurons (3)
- immunotherapy (3)
- in vivo (3)
- infectious diseases (3)
- land-use change (3)
- leukemic cells (3)
- localization microscopy (3)
- luciferase (3)
- malaria (3)
- management (3)
- melanogaster (3)
- membrane potential (3)
- messenger RNA (3)
- metabolomics (3)
- methionine restriction (3)
- methylation (3)
- microbial rhodopsins (3)
- mitosis (3)
- model (3)
- molecular neuroscience (3)
- monoclonal antibodies (3)
- mortality (3)
- neisseria meningitidis (3)
- nephroblastoma (3)
- network analysis (3)
- nucleolus (3)
- nutrients (3)
- oncogenes (3)
- organization (3)
- perception (3)
- photoperiodism (3)
- phylogeny (3)
- pollinator (3)
- prostate cancer (3)
- protein domains (3)
- proteomics (3)
- recruitment (3)
- resolution (3)
- senescence (3)
- sex chromosomes (3)
- sexual selection (3)
- signal transduction (3)
- signaling (3)
- single-molecule biophysics (3)
- specialization (3)
- spillover (3)
- sucrose responsiveness (3)
- super-resolution (3)
- superresolution (3)
- survival (3)
- systems biology (3)
- time series (3)
- tool (3)
- transcriptional regulation (3)
- transcriptomics (3)
- transposable elements (3)
- trypanosoma (3)
- tsetse fly (3)
- tumor (3)
- vaccinia virus (3)
- wild bees (3)
- winter wheat (3)
- zebrafish (3)
- "-omics" (2)
- 3D reconstruction (2)
- ATF4 (2)
- Acromyrmex fracticornis (2)
- African Trypanosomes (2)
- Annotation (2)
- Anthropocene (2)
- Araneae (2)
- Aspergillus (2)
- Ausbreitung (2)
- B cell receptors (2)
- B lymphocytes (2)
- BBCH (2)
- BDNF (2)
- BMP (2)
- Bacillus (2)
- Bees (2)
- Bioinformatik (2)
- Blattkäfer (2)
- Bordetella pertussis (2)
- Botanik (2)
- Bruchpilot (2)
- C-MYC (2)
- C. elegans (2)
- CRC (2)
- CSF (2)
- Camponotus floridanus (2)
- Cancer (2)
- Chromatin structure (2)
- Circular dichroism (2)
- Climate change (2)
- Computersimulation (2)
- Conservation (2)
- DM-domain gene (2)
- DNA antibodies (2)
- DNA barcoding (2)
- DNA storage (2)
- DNA-PK (2)
- ELISPOT (2)
- ESS (2)
- Ecology (2)
- Eiablage (2)
- Eiparasitismus (2)
- Endosymbiont (2)
- Enzymes (2)
- European beech (2)
- Expansion microscopy (2)
- Fagus sylvatica (2)
- Fish (2)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy (2)
- Flussufer (2)
- Frosch (2)
- Fusion proteins (2)
- Galeruca tanaceti (2)
- Gene-expression (2)
- Genetik (2)
- Genome (2)
- Germany (2)
- HPV (2)
- Habitat fragmentation (2)
- Hemolysin (2)
- Hill numbers (2)
- Host-parasite interaction (2)
- Host-parasite interactions (2)
- I-tasser (2)
- IL-2 (2)
- In vitro (2)
- Insects (2)
- Insekten (2)
- Japankärpfling (2)
- Jena Experiment (2)
- Kenyon cells (2)
- Ki67 (2)
- Krebs <Medizin> (2)
- L929 (2)
- LINC complex (2)
- Lampbrush chromosomes (2)
- Lebendgebärende Zahnkarpfen (2)
- MAPK signaling cascades (2)
- Malaysia (2)
- Mc4r (2)
- Mechanisms (2)
- Melanom (2)
- Melanoma (2)
- Metabolic pathways (2)
- Microtubules (2)
- Mitochondria (2)
- Mushroom bodies (2)
- NDVI (2)
- NF-KAPPA-B (2)
- NGS (2)
- NOTCH (2)
- Neisseria meningitidis (2)
- Neural circuits (2)
- Nucleolus (2)
- Olea (2)
- Oocytes (2)
- Oomyzus galerucivorus (2)
- Orthoptera (2)
- PALM (2)
- PCR (2)
- PI3K (2)
- PTEN (2)
- Parasit (2)
- Patterns (2)
- Pflanzenfressende Insekten (2)
- Polymerase chain reaction (2)
- RCC (2)
- RNA secondary structure (2)
- RNA-SEQ data (2)
- RNA-Seq (2)
- RNAseq (2)
- Rectal cancer (2)
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2)
- Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) (2)
- Scarabaeidae (2)
- Serotonin (2)
- Skorpion (2)
- Spermatogenesis (2)
- Squalius alburnoides (2)
- Surgery (2)
- T-cells (2)
- TP53 (2)
- Theoretische Ökologie (2)
- Transcription (2)
- Visualisierung (2)
- WH2 domain (2)
- Wilms tumor (2)
- Wilms tumour (2)
- Wirt (2)
- X-ray crystallography (2)
- Y chromosome (2)
- Zebrafish (2)
- abscisic acid (ABA) (2)
- abundance (2)
- acid sphingomyelinase (2)
- actin (2)
- action potentials (2)
- activity rhythm (2)
- acute myeloid leukaemia (2)
- adaption (2)
- agriculture (2)
- agroecology (2)
- agroecosystems (2)
- algorithm (2)
- alternative splicing (2)
- amino acid (2)
- animal behavior (2)
- ant (2)
- ant brain (2)
- antigenic variation (2)
- antimicrobial (2)
- auxin (2)
- avoidance learning (2)
- bark beetles (2)
- bats (2)
- bee (2)
- beech forests (2)
- behavioral plasticity (2)
- binding protein (2)
- biodiversity conservation (2)
- biogenesis (2)
- biological techniques (2)
- blood platelets (2)
- bone morphogenetic proteins (2)
- brain development (2)
- breed predisposition (2)
- c-MYC (2)
- caenorhabditis elegans (2)
- calcium (2)
- cancer cells (2)
- cancer metabolism (2)
- cancer microenvironment (2)
- cancer therapy (2)
- cancer treatment (2)
- canine (2)
- canine cancer therapy (2)
- capacitance (2)
- carbon dioxide (2)
- carcinomas (2)
- carpenter ant (2)
- cell binding (2)
- cell proliferation (2)
- cell staining (2)
- cell surface (2)
- cells (2)
- cellular signalling networks (2)
- cerebrospinal fluid (2)
- chemical communication (2)
- chemical ecology (2)
- chemical mimicry (2)
- chromatin structure (2)
- chronobiology (2)
- circadian rhythm (2)
- cloning (2)
- co-culture (2)
- combination therapy (2)
- communities (2)
- community (2)
- complication (2)
- compound eye (2)
- conservation biology (2)
- crosstalk (2)
- cytotoxic T cells (2)
- dendritic cells (2)
- diapause (2)
- diet (2)
- dispersal ability (2)
- dispersal rate (2)
- distribution (2)
- domain (2)
- drug design (2)
- drug repurposing (2)
- ecosystem service (2)
- electron tomography (2)
- elevation (2)
- elevation gradient (2)
- endophyte (2)
- endosomes (2)
- engineering (2)
- entomology (2)
- envelopment (2)
- ethanol (2)
- eugenol (2)
- exome sequencing (2)
- expansion microscopy (2)
- experiment (2)
- extinction risk (2)
- fertility (2)
- fish (2)
- fish model (2)
- fission yeast (2)
- fitness (2)
- flagellar pocket (2)
- flow cytometry (2)
- fluorescence imaging (2)
- fluorescence spectroscopy (2)
- fluorescent proteins (2)
- fluorescent-probes (2)
- flupyradifurone (2)
- forensic neuropathology (2)
- forensic neurotraumatology (2)
- formicidae (2)
- fruit set (2)
- functional analysis (2)
- functional characterization (2)
- functional traits (2)
- fungal pathogens (2)
- fusion (2)
- gastric cancer (2)
- gastrointestinal tract (2)
- gene targeting (2)
- generalization (2)
- genetic variation (2)
- genome annotation (2)
- glioblastoma multiforme (2)
- grading (2)
- grasslands (2)
- guard cell (2)
- gynogenesis (2)
- herbivore (2)
- herpes virus (2)
- histology (2)
- histones (2)
- homologous chromosomes (2)
- homologous recombination (2)
- host-pathogen interactions (2)
- human (2)
- human immunodeficiency virus (2)
- hybridomas (2)
- hyperexpression techniques (2)
- hypothalamus (2)
- hypotonic (2)
- imaging the immune system (2)
- immune system (2)
- in-vivo (2)
- induced pluripotent stem cells (2)
- induction (2)
- inflammatory bowel disease (2)
- insect decline (2)
- insect monitoring (2)
- insect vision (2)
- insecticide (2)
- insulin (2)
- interaction networks (2)
- interactome (2)
- intracellular bacterial pathogens (2)
- intracellular membranes (2)
- intracellular pathogens (2)
- invasion (2)
- isothermal titration calorimetry (2)
- isotonic (2)
- juvenile hormone (2)
- land use intensification (2)
- land-use intensity (2)
- landscape heterogeneity (2)
- language (2)
- learning and memory (2)
- lepidoptera (2)
- linguistic morphology (2)
- lipid metabolism (2)
- lipidomics (2)
- liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2)
- living cells (2)
- lncRNAs (2)
- localization (2)
- locomotor activity (2)
- long non-coding RNA (2)
- lysosome (2)
- macrophages (2)
- magnetic compass (2)
- maize (2)
- mating success (2)
- measles virus (2)
- mechanisms (2)
- mechanisms of disease (2)
- membrane biophysics (2)
- membrane receptor signaling (2)
- meta-analysis (2)
- metabolic adaptation (2)
- metabolic flux (2)
- metabolic modeling (2)
- miR (2)
- miRNA (2)
- microRNAs (2)
- microarrays (2)
- microbial ecology (2)
- microclimate (2)
- microswimmer (2)
- models (2)
- molecular cloning (2)
- molecular dynamics (2)
- molecular phylogeny (2)
- morphometry (2)
- mosquito (2)
- mouse model (2)
- multiparticle collision dynamics (2)
- mutants (2)
- national park (2)
- natural enemies (2)
- natural language processing (2)
- natural pest control (2)
- natural variation (2)
- nature conservation (2)
- necrobiome (2)
- nervous system (2)
- nesting habits (2)
- networks (2)
- neural circuits (2)
- neuroethology (2)
- neuromodulation (2)
- neuromuscular junction (2)
- neuroscience (2)
- neurotransmitter release (2)
- nuclear organization (2)
- nucleosomes (2)
- numerical cognition (2)
- obesity (2)
- olfactory memory (2)
- olive (2)
- oncolysis (2)
- orientation (2)
- outcome (2)
- oxidative stress (2)
- parasite (2)
- parasitic cell cycles (2)
- parasitic diseases (2)
- parasitology (2)
- paraspeckles (2)
- parthenogenesis (2)
- patch-clamp (2)
- pathogenicity (2)
- pathway (2)
- perfusion culture (2)
- phagocytosis (2)
- pharmacology (2)
- phenology (2)
- phenotypic plasticity (2)
- photoreceptor (2)
- photoswitchable organic fluorophores (2)
- phototransduction (2)
- phylogenetics (2)
- piRNA (2)
- plant diversity (2)
- plant–insect interactions (2)
- platelet (2)
- pluripotency (2)
- pollination network (2)
- pollinator decline (2)
- polymerase chain reaction (2)
- polymorphism (2)
- population genetics (2)
- populations (2)
- positive selection (2)
- potassium (2)
- preexisting bias (2)
- proboscis extension response (PER) (2)
- projection neurons (2)
- propulsion (2)
- protein structure (2)
- protein-protein interaction (2)
- proteomes (2)
- psychiatric disorders (2)
- psycholinguistics (2)
- puberty (2)
- pupae (2)
- quantity discrimination (2)
- radiation sensitivity (2)
- reactive oxygen species (2)
- receptor (2)
- receptor signalling (2)
- release (2)
- remote sensing (2)
- replication (2)
- reproductive success (2)
- resin (2)
- resource use (2)
- retinoic acid (2)
- ribosome (2)
- ribosome biogenesis (2)
- salt stress (2)
- sampling method (2)
- seasonality (2)
- selection (2)
- self-organization (2)
- semi-natural habitats (2)
- sequence databases (2)
- sequestration (2)
- serotonin (2)
- sex determination (2)
- sex differentiation (2)
- signal peptides (2)
- signaling pathway (2)
- signals (2)
- simulation (2)
- sleep (2)
- sleeping sickness (2)
- software (2)
- solitary bee (2)
- solitary bees (2)
- somatic mutations (2)
- speciation (2)
- species concept (2)
- species diversity (2)
- spermatocytes (2)
- spermatogenesis (2)
- spider (2)
- sporidia (2)
- structural biology (2)
- structural synaptic plasticity (2)
- structure prediction (2)
- structured illumination microscopy (2)
- sturgeon (2)
- succession (2)
- sun exposure (2)
- surgical and invasive medical procedures (2)
- sustainable agriculture (2)
- sustainable intensification (2)
- swarming (2)
- synapsis (2)
- synaptonemal complex (2)
- synergistic effect (2)
- synthetic biology (2)
- systematics (2)
- testis (2)
- therapy (2)
- thermogenesis (2)
- toxins (2)
- transcription factor MIZ-1 (2)
- translational research (2)
- trap nests (2)
- trees (2)
- triglycerides (2)
- tumour immunology (2)
- ubiquitin (2)
- ubiquitination (2)
- ultrastructure (2)
- urbanization (2)
- vaccine (2)
- variants (2)
- vascular plants (2)
- viruses (2)
- viscosity (2)
- visual system (2)
- visualization (2)
- wood-inhabiting fungi (2)
- ( L. ivanovii ) (1)
- ( L. selligeri) (1)
- (classical and atypical) Werner syndrome (1)
- 16S metabarcoding (1)
- 16S ribosomal-RNA (1)
- 18S (1)
- 2-DG (1)
- 2-deoxy-D-glucose (1)
- 26S RDNA Data (1)
- 28 (1)
- 3-dimensional structure (1)
- 3D lung tumor tissue models (1)
- 3D modeling (1)
- 3D tissue models (1)
- 4TH-Corner Problem (1)
- 5-fluorouracil (1)
- 5-methylcytosine (1)
- 6-benzylaminopurine (1)
- A-type lamins (1)
- A. thaliana (1)
- A2a-R receptor (1)
- ABP1 (1)
- ACKR4 (1)
- AFLP (1)
- AI (1)
- AIModules (1)
- AKT (1)
- ALPH (1)
- ALPH1 (1)
- ANOVA (1)
- AP-1 (1)
- APEX2 (1)
- ARF tumor-suppressor induced lymphomagenes (1)
- ATG7 (1)
- ATM (1)
- ATP carrier (1)
- ATP synthase (1)
- ATP-DnaA complex (1)
- ATP-adenosine triphosphate (1)
- ATPase mutants (1)
- AUX1 (1)
- Aaskäfer (1)
- Abbe-Limit (1)
- Abstandsmessung (1)
- Accurate (1)
- Acetabularia (1)
- Acetylated tubulin (1)
- Acids (1)
- Acipenser baerii (1)
- Acromyrmex ambiguus (1)
- Acromyrmex heyeri (1)
- Actin nucleation (1)
- Actinomycin D (1)
- Action potentials (1)
- Activation (1)
- Adenocarcinomas (1)
- Advanced snowmelt (1)
- African agriculture (1)
- African trypanosome (1)
- African trypanosomes (1)
- Agricultural intensification (1)
- Agro-ecology (1)
- AldoA (1)
- Alkaline phosphatase (1)
- Allelic loss (1)
- Alpine habitats (1)
- Alvis (1)
- Alzheimers disease (1)
- AmGr1 (1)
- AmGr2 (1)
- AmGr3 (1)
- Amazon Molly (1)
- Amazonia (1)
- Amazonian forest (1)
- American foulbrood (1)
- Aminosäuren (1)
- Ampfer (1)
- Amphibians (1)
- Amplification (1)
- Amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis (1)
- Analysis (1)
- Aneuploidy (1)
- Angiopoietin-2 (1)
- Angiopoietin-like 4 (1)
- Angiosperms ; Ant-plant interactions ; domatia ; Flora of Malaysia (1)
- Anoplolepis gracilipes (1)
- Ant-following birds (1)
- Ant-plant interactions (1)
- Ant-plant interactions ; Herbivory Macaranga ; Mutualism ; Myrmecophytes (1)
- Ant/plant interaction (1)
- Antibody (1)
- Anticoagulants (1)
- Ants (1)
- ApaH (1)
- ApaH like phosphatase (1)
- Apidae (1)
- Apis dorsata (1)
- Apoptosis (1)
- Arabidopsis-thaliana (1)
- Araneidae (1)
- Araneus diadematus (1)
- Arena experiment (1)
- Argonaute (1)
- Arthropod (1)
- Arthropods (1)
- Articular-Cartilage (1)
- Aspergillus fumigalus (1)
- Aspergillus medium (1)
- Assemblages (1)
- Aulonocara (1)
- Aureobasidium (1)
- Australian stingless bees (1)
- Autism (1)
- Autism spectrum disorders (1)
- Automated analysis (1)
- Axl tyrosine kinase (1)
- Axon degeneration (1)
- Axonal degeneration (1)
- Axonal transport (1)
- B cells (1)
- B chromosomes (1)
- B-MYB (1)
- B-cell (1)
- BCL-X-L P53 (1)
- BH3 domains (1)
- BM (1)
- BMP antagonist (1)
- BMP signaling (1)
- BRAF (1)
- BRAF mutation (1)
- BRCA1 positive (1)
- BRCA1/2 negative (1)
- BRCA2 positive (1)
- Bacillus-subtilis (1)
- Bacterial symbionts (1)
- Barcodes (1)
- Barrier (1)
- Bartak (1)
- Baum (1)
- BayPass (1)
- Bcl-2 proteins (1)
- Beauveria bassiana (1)
- Bee abundance (1)
- Behavior (1)
- Behavioural ecology (1)
- Bembix (1)
- Berberine (1)
- Berger-Parker (1)
- Bevacizumab (1)
- Bialowieza (1)
- Bienenverhalten (1)
- Bienenwolf (1)
- BioID (1)
- Biodiversity (1)
- Biokinetics (1)
- Biological identifications (1)
- Biomarker (1)
- Biomarkers (1)
- Biomechanical Properties (1)
- Blattschneiderameisen (1)
- Blood-brain-barrier (1)
- Bocas-del-Toro (1)
- Body size (1)
- Body weight (1)
- Bombus (1)
- Bombus Spp. Hymenoptera (1)
- Bombus terrestris (1)
- Bone disease (1)
- Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (1)
- Bone regeneration (1)
- Boolean function (1)
- Boolean tree (1)
- Bottom-up (1)
- Brain (1)
- Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (1)
- Brassicaceae (1)
- Brassicogethes spp. (1)
- BrdU-Hoechst (1)
- Brownsche Bewegung (1)
- Brucei (1)
- Bumblebee (1)
- Buntbarsche (1)
- Burkina Faso (1)
- C-60 fullerene (1)
- C-MYC PUMA (1)
- C.376A>G (p.S126G) (1)
- C60 fullerene (1)
- CA2+ channels (1)
- CA3 (1)
- CA3 pyrimidal cells (1)
- CCAP (1)
- CCDC79 (1)
- CCHamide1 (1)
- CCL3 (1)
- CCL4 (1)
- CCL5 (1)
- CCR7 (1)
- CCl\(_4\) (1)
- CD117 (1)
- CD23 (1)
- CD274 (1)
- CD28 (1)
- CD4 (1)
- CD4+T cells (1)
- CD8 (1)
- CD8+T cells (1)
- CD95 (1)
- CDC14A (1)
- CENP-A (1)
- CETCH cycle (1)
- CHAC1 (1)
- CIDP (1)
- CIR aerial imagery (1)
- CLAVATA3 (1)
- CLL (1)
- CLV3p (1)
- CNG channel (1)
- CNV (1)
- CO2-sequestration (1)
- COI (1)
- COVID-19 pandemic (1)
- COX2 expression (1)
- CPAF activation (1)
- CPF (1)
- CRISPR-Cas9 (1)
- CRISPR/Cas9 (1)
- CRY evolution (1)
- CSE4, CENP-A (1)
- CX5461 (1)
- CYR61 (1)
- C\(_{60}\) fullerene (1)
- Ca\(^{2+}\) channels (1)
- Cadherin-13 (CDH13) (1)
- Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) (1)
- Cancer Cell (1)
- Cancer genetics (1)
- CarO (1)
- Carabidae (1)
- Carbon Metabolism (1)
- Cataglyphis (1)
- Cataglyphis-Wüstenameisen (1)
- Cataglyphis-fortis (1)
- Cdu1 (1)
- Cell Motility (1)
- Cell stainin (1)
- Cell surface (1)
- Cell surface proteomics (1)
- Cell-line (1)
- Cellular imaging (1)
- Cellular neuroscience (1)
- Central complex (1)
- Central nervous system (1)
- Cervical cancer (1)
- Cestoda (1)
- Cestode (1)
- ChIP-sequencing (1)
- Chagas diagnosis (1)
- Chagas disease (1)
- Chagas monitoring (1)
- Chagas real time PCR (1)
- Chemical composition (1)
- Chemical nature (1)
- Chemotaxis (1)
- Children (1)
- Chirurgie (1)
- Chl (1)
- ChlaDUB1 (1)
- Chlamydia pneumoniae (1)
- Chlamydiales (1)
- Chromatin (1)
- Chromatin and Epigenetics (1)
- Chromosomes (1)
- Chrysididae (1)
- Cimex lectularius (1)
- Circadian rhythms and sleep (1)
- Cisplatin (1)
- Clever Hans Phenomenon (1)
- Climate Change (1)
- Co-option (1)
- CoA (1)
- Coagulation factor IX (1)
- Coahuila (1)
- Cobl domain (1)
- Cocalodinae (1)
- Coexpression (1)
- Coffin–Lowry syndrome (1)
- Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae (1)
- Collagen (1)
- Colonial volvocales chlorophyta (1)
- Colonization (1)
- Colony growth (1)
- Community ecology (1)
- Complex medium (1)
- Components (1)
- Compressive Properties (1)
- Computational and Systems Biology (1)
- Computer modelling (1)
- Computer software (1)
- Confocal microscopy (1)
- Conifers (1)
- Context (1)
- Coreidae (1)
- Costa Rica (1)
- Coumarin (1)
- CpG (1)
- Crematogaster borneensis (1)
- Cross-bridges (1)
- Cross-species analyses (1)
- CrossQuery (1)
- Cryptic species (1)
- Curculionidae (1)
- Cushing (1)
- Cushing’s disease (1)
- Cynoglossus semilaevis (1)
- Cysteine: motif (1)
- Cytosol (1)
- Cytotoxic (1)
- DFNB32 (1)
- DFNB68 (1)
- DLS and AFM measurements (1)
- DMRT1 (1)
- DNA barcodes (1)
- DNA complex (1)
- DNA double-strand breaks (1)
- DNA electrophoresis (1)
- DNA fingerprinting (1)
- DNA helicase (1)
- DNA hybridization (1)
- DNA immunolocalization (1)
- DNA mediated gene transfer (1)
- DNA metabarcoding (1)
- DNA methylation dynamics (1)
- DNA nanotechnology (1)
- DNA recombination (1)
- DNA replication initiation (1)
- DNA sequences (1)
- DNA transcription (1)
- DNA-based species delimitation (1)
- DNA-binding (1)
- DNA-binding domain (1)
- DNA-binding vesicles (1)
- DNA-damage checkpoint (1)
- DNA-repair (1)
- DOT1 (1)
- DOT1B (1)
- DRD1 (1)
- DUB (1)
- DUB inhibitor (1)
- Danio-rerio (1)
- Dasycladales chlorophyta (1)
- DeepSqueak (1)
- Delayed snowmelt (1)
- Deletion analysis (1)
- Densities (1)
- Desert ant navigation (1)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (1)
- Deutschland (1)
- Diabetic polyneuropathy (1)
- Dichte (1)
- Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid (1)
- Dionaea-muscipula ellis (1)
- Dmrt1bY (1)
- Dopamine (1)
- Dopaminergic PAM cluster neurons (1)
- Dorylinae (1)
- Down syndrome (1)
- Doxorubicin (1)
- Drosha (1)
- Drosophila Antennal Lobe (1)
- Drosophila melanogaster motoneuron (1)
- Drought (1)
- Dufours gland (1)
- Dunce isoforms (1)
- Dynamics (1)
- E. coli atp operon (1)
- E3 ligase (1)
- EEG (1)
- EF-1A (1)
- EGF receptor (1)
- EMT (1)
- ENV (1)
- ERG (1)
- ERK signaling (1)
- EZH2 (1)
- Echinococcosis (1)
- Ecological Networks (1)
- Ecological networks (1)
- Ecologically important traits (1)
- Ecosystem ecology (1)
- Ecosystem services (1)
- Ectopic bone formation (1)
- Edema formation (1)
- Egfr (1)
- Einfluss (1)
- Electron Microscopy (1)
- Elektrofusion (1)
- Elektroporation (1)
- Embryo (1)
- Embryonic induction (1)
- Emotional behavior (1)
- Endothelial growth-factor (1)
- Enhancer (1)
- Enterobacteriaceae (1)
- Environment (1)
- Environmental impact (1)
- Enzyme Regulation (1)
- Enzyme kinetics (1)
- Enzyme metabolism (1)
- Enzyme regulation (1)
- Epicardium-derived cells (1)
- Epichloë spp. (1)
- Epidermal growth-factor (1)
- Epidermaler Wachstumsfaktor-Rezeptor (1)
- Epigenetics (1)
- Epitope (1)
- Epstein-Barr-virus (1)
- Erigone atra (1)
- Escberichia coli (1)
- Escherichia coli (1)
- Escherichia coli-derived recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (1)
- Estivation (1)
- Eukaryoten (1)
- Eulophidae (1)
- European foulbrood (1)
- European orchard bee (Osmia cornuta) (1)
- Evaluation (1)
- Event (1)
- Evolutionary developmental biology (1)
- Evolutionary emergence (1)
- Exosome (1)
- Experimental intracerebral hemorrhage (1)
- Explorative analyses (1)
- Expression (1)
- Extracellular matrix (1)
- Extrembiotop (1)
- F-actin (1)
- FBXW7 (1)
- FIB-SEM (1)
- FISH-CLEM (1)
- FLIMbee (1)
- FLS2 receptor (1)
- FWGE (1)
- Fabaceae (1)
- Fabry disease (1)
- Factor sigma(B) (1)
- Fagus orientalis (1)
- Fbw7 (1)
- Fetal brain development (1)
- Fgf-signalling (1)
- Fische (1)
- Flagellum (1)
- Flow cytometry (1)
- Flowering (1)
- Flowering plants (1)
- Flowers (1)
- Fluorescence microscopy (1)
- Fluoreszenzsonden (1)
- Foragers (1)
- Forests (1)
- Fourthcorner analysis (1)
- Fragmentierung (1)
- Freeze-etching (1)
- French-Canadian patients (1)
- Frontal cortex (1)
- Functional diversity (1)
- Functional modules (1)
- Fungal cell-walls (1)
- Fungal traits (1)
- Fusarium fujikuroi (1)
- Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (1)
- G-protein-coupled receptors (1)
- GABA (1)
- GABA-A receptor (1)
- GABAA receptors (1)
- GAD1 (1)
- GAG (1)
- GDNF5 (1)
- GIS (1)
- GP41 cytoplasmic tail (1)
- GPCR (1)
- GPI-anchor (1)
- GPVI (1)
- GSH (1)
- Galectin-1 (1)
- Gefäßpflanzen (1)
- Gen (1)
- Gene (1)
- Gene Regulation (1)
- Gene cloning (1)
- Gene duplication (1)
- Gene expression analysis (1)
- Gene expression profiling (1)
- Gene expression vectors (1)
- Gene sets (1)
- Genetics (1)
- Genetics research (1)
- Genom / Genkartierung / Genanalyse (1)
- Genome assembly (1)
- Genome comparison (1)
- Genome evolution (1)
- Genomics (1)
- Genomics data sets (1)
- Gentransfer (1)
- German Research Foundation (1)
- Germinative cell (1)
- Germline (1)
- Geruch (1)
- Gewebe (1)
- Goldbrasse (1)
- Golgi (1)
- Golgi apparatus (1)
- Government research funding (1)
- Gram-positive bacteria (1)
- Grasses (1)
- H7N9 influenza virus (1)
- HDBSCAN (1)
- HECT (1)
- HECT Ligase (1)
- HGF (1)
- HGPS (1)
- HHblits (1)
- HIV-1 (1)
- HIV-1 protease (1)
- HKT transporter (1)
- HLA class ll (1)
- HMG-Proteine (1)
- HNSCC (1)
- HPLC/UPLC methods (1)
- HRAS (1)
- Habitats (1)
- Halictidae (1)
- Halobacterium halobium (1)
- Harold Garnet Callan (1)
- Hautflügler (1)
- Health (1)
- Hela Cells (1)
- Heparan-sulfate (1)
- Hepatitis B Virus (1)
- Herbivory (1)
- Heteroptera (1)
- Hibernation (1)
- High mobility group (1)
- High-End-Mikroskopie (1)
- High-throughput data (1)
- Hill's powers (1)
- Himmelskompass (1)
- Histone gamma H2AX (1)
- Homoptera aphididae (1)
- Honey bees (1)
- Honey-bees (1)
- Honeybee (1)
- Horizontal transfer (1)
- Human (1)
- Human Knee (1)
- Human Medial Meniscus (1)
- Human atrial stromal cells (1)
- Human lung-cancer (1)
- Human prefrontal cortex (1)
- Human-immunodeficiency-virus (1)
- Hybridisierung <Biologie> (1)
- Hyperolius viridiflavus (1)
- Hypopharyngeal glands (1)
- Hypothalamus (1)
- Hypoxia (1)
- ICEP (1)
- ICP27 (1)
- IFN-γ (1)
- IGFBP2 (1)
- III adenylyl cyclases (1)
- III secretion (1)
- III secretion system (1)
- IL-17 (1)
- IL-4 antagonists (1)
- IL-4-receptor (1)
- IL-5 (1)
- IL-7 (1)
- IL2 branching (1)
- IN-VIVO (1)
- IR (1)
- ImageJ (1)
- ImageJ plugin (1)
- Imd pathway (1)
- Immunohistochemistry (1)
- Immunoprecipitation (1)
- Improved survival (1)
- In vivo (1)
- In-vivo (1)
- Inc (1)
- Inclusion (1)
- IncuCyte\(^®\)S3 (1)
- Induced senescence (1)
- Injuries (1)
- Inoculum production (1)
- Insect flight (1)
- Insect hosts (1)
- Insect pests (1)
- Insect symbiois (1)
- Insekt (1)
- Insektennavigation (1)
- Insulin (1)
- Integrated network analysis (1)
- Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL) (1)
- Interleukin 2 (1)
- Interleukin 4 (1)
- Interleukin 4 (human) (1)
- Interleukin 7 (1)
- Interleukin-4 (1)
- Interleukin-4 (IL-4) (1)
- Intermediate filaments (1)
- Invasion (1)
- Ionizing radiation (1)
- Ips typographus (1)
- IronChip Evaluation Package (1)
- Isoenzym (1)
- JAK2 (1)
- JNK (1)
- JUN (1)
- Jasmonate perception (1)
- Java 3D (1)
- Jmjd6 (1)
- Johnstons organ (1)
- K-RAS (1)
- KIT (1)
- KRAS biomarker signatures (1)
- Karyotyp (1)
- Karyotype; chromosome banding; Desertellio elongatus; Crustacea; Isopoda; Oniscidea (1)
- Kidney cancer (1)
- Kinase inhibitor (1)
- Kinase pathway (1)
- Kinetoplastea (1)
- Kinetoplastida (1)
- Klimaneutralität (1)
- Klimapflanzen (1)
- Klimawandel (1)
- Konservierung (1)
- Krebs (1)
- LAMN (1)
- LASP1 (1)
- LC-MS/MS (1)
- LC–HRESIMS (1)
- LINC complexes (1)
- LMNA mutations (1)
- LS-MIDA (1)
- Labial glands (1)
- Lacking neurofilaments (1)
- Lamto Reserve (1)
- Land plants (1)
- Land-use change (1)
- Landsat (1)
- Landsat 8 (1)
- Landscape ecology (1)
- Landschaft (1)
- Landwirtschaft (1)
- Laparoscopy (1)
- Latimeria menadoensis (1)
- Latrophilin (1)
- Laufkäfer (1)
- Leaf cutting ants (1)
- Learning and memory (1)
- Leaves (1)
- Legionella (1)
- Legume crops (1)
- Legumes (1)
- LeishBASEedit (1)
- Leishmania (1)
- LiDAR (1)
- Lichtheimia (1)
- Life expectancy (1)
- Ligand <Biochemie> (1)
- Limb development (1)
- Limit (1)
- Listeria (1)
- Listeria monocytogenes (1)
- Listeriolysin O (1)
- Live cells (1)
- Living cells (1)
- Llullaillaco Volcano (1)
- Locomotion compensator (1)
- Locomotor activity (1)
- Locus (1)
- Logged forests (1)
- Lov domain (1)
- Lung-cancer (1)
- Lymantria dispar (1)
- Lymph nodes (1)
- Lynx lynx (1)
- M14 carboxypeptidasses (1)
- MALDI imaging (1)
- MAX (1)
- MDSCs (1)
- ME/CFS (1)
- MET receptor (1)
- MHC I (1)
- MHC II (1)
- MITE (1)
- MITF (1)
- MMP-1 (1)
- MOD13Q1 (1)
- MODIS (1)
- MORN-repeat (1)
- MSCI (1)
- MTH1 (1)
- MTL30 (1)
- MYCNv (1)
- Maculinea butterfly (1)
- Madagascar (1)
- Magnetic-resonance microscopy (1)
- Magnetkompass (1)
- Malaise trap (1)
- Malaya (1)
- Male intromittent organ (1)
- Malignant melanoma (1)
- Mamestra brassicae (1)
- Maus (1)
- Mbt (1)
- Mcl-1 (1)
- Measurement (1)
- Mechanistic model (1)
- Medaka - Genetransfer - Transient expression - DNA fate - Fish developmental biology (1)
- Medaka fish (1)
- Medicine (1)
- Megalobrama amblycephala (1)
- Megaponera analis (1)
- Meiosis (1)
- Meliponini (1)
- Melophorus-bagoti (1)
- Membranes (1)
- Merogone experiments (1)
- Mesenchymal stem cells (1)
- Mesocestoides corti (1)
- Messenger Ribonucleoprotein Particles (1)
- Messenger-RNS (1)
- Met (1)
- Metabolic profiles (1)
- Metabolismus (1)
- Metacestode (1)
- Metarhizium anisopliae (1)
- Methylation (1)
- Methylome (1)
- Mexican coffee plantations (1)
- MiMIC (1)
- Microarray (1)
- Microarray analysis (1)
- Microarray data (1)
- Microbiology and Infectious Disease (1)
- Microorganisms (1)
- Middle cerebral-artery (1)
- Mikroarray (1)
- Milnesium tardigradum (1)
- Minimally invasive surgery (1)
- MircoRNA (1)
- Missense mutation (1)
- Model (1)
- Models (1)
- Molecular Biophysics (1)
- Molecular biophysics (1)
- Molecular neuroscience (1)
- Molecular systematics (1)
- Molecules (1)
- Moleküle (1)
- Monogamie (1)
- Monte-Carlo-Simulation (1)
- Motion (1)
- Motoneuron disease (1)
- Motor nerve biopsy (1)
- Mouse model (1)
- Mouse-brain (1)
- Movement (1)
- Mt. Kinabalu (1)
- Mucin (1)
- Multiple Traits (1)
- Multiple myeloma (1)
- Multipolar mitosis (1)
- Multivariate analysis (1)
- Mund-Kiefer-Gesichts-Chirurgie (1)
- Muscidifurax (1)
- Mutation screening (1)
- Mutations (1)
- Myb-MuvB (1)
- Myc Transcription (1)
- Mycobacterium (1)
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1)
- Mycoplasma (1)
- Myofibroblast differentiation (1)
- Myrmecophytes (1)
- Myrmecophytism ; Malaysia ; trophobionts ; colony foundation ; Cladomyrma (1)
- Myrmica ant non-equilibrium dynamics (1)
- N-Myc (1)
- N-terminal domain (1)
- NAD (1)
- NCI-60 (1)
- NEAT1 (1)
- NF-κB (1)
- NFATc1 (1)
- NHX1 (1)
- NMD (1)
- NMR (1)
- NMR spectroscopy (1)
- NO (1)
- NONO (1)
- NSCLC (1)
- NTP-binding-properties (1)
- NaCl transport (1)
- Nanda-Hamner (1)
- Nanos (1)
- Nasonia (1)
- Nasonia courtship (1)
- National Science Foundation (1)
- Natural Language Processing (1)
- Negative geotaxis (1)
- Neisseria (1)
- Neoblast (1)
- Nephroblastoma (1)
- Nerve growth factor (1)
- Nervenzelle (1)
- Nervous system (1)
- Nesting resources (1)
- Neuro-blastoma (1)
- Neurofilament (1)
- Neuromuscular junctions (1)
- Neuronal survival (1)
- Neuropathy (1)
- Neuropeptide (1)
- Neurotrophic factors (1)
- New Species (1)
- New Zealand (1)
- Niedere Wirbeltiere (1)
- Nitrogen metabolism (1)
- Njassasee (1)
- Non-phototrophic bacteria (1)
- Normal Distribution (1)
- Northeastern Costa Rica (1)
- Nuclear RDNA (1)
- Nuclear envelope (1)
- Nuclear pore complex (1)
- Nuclear pores (1)
- Nucleocytoplasmic exchange (1)
- Nucleocytoplasmic transport (1)
- Nucleolus-DNA (1)
- Nurses (1)
- OLFM4 (1)
- Oilseed rape (1)
- Omp85 (1)
- Oncogene (1)
- Oncology (1)
- Oogenesis (1)
- Open-source tool (1)
- OpsA (1)
- Opsins (1)
- Oralchirurgie (1)
- Ordination methods (1)
- Oryza sativa (1)
- Osmia (1)
- Osmia bicornis (1)
- Osmoregulation (1)
- Osteoarthritis (1)
- Osteogenic precursor cells (1)
- Outer membrane proteins (1)
- P14ARF (1)
- P15(INK4B) (1)
- P21 (1)
- P53 (1)
- PABPs (1)
- PAK4 (1)
- PD-L1 (1)
- PDE4d (1)
- PICD (1)
- PKCζ, (1)
- POTRA domain (1)
- POZ domain (1)
- PSMA (1)
- Pacific Ocean (1)
- Paenibacillus (1)
- Paenibacterin (1)
- Pain (1)
- Pakistan (1)
- Parasite development (1)
- Parataxonomy (1)
- Parkinson's disease (1)
- Parkinsons diesease (1)
- Partially parallel acquisitions (1)
- Path-integraton (1)
- Peptidoglycan recognition (1)
- Period (1)
- Perugia-Kärpfling (1)
- Pfam domain (1)
- Phenols (1)
- Photoactivated localization microscopy (1)
- Phylogenetics (1)
- Phylogenie (1)
- Pilze (1)
- PknB (1)
- Plant growth promotion (1)
- Plant root endophyte (1)
- Plant utricularia-gibba (1)
- Plant-herbivore interactions (1)
- Plant-insect interactions (1)
- Plantation forests (1)
- Plants (1)
- Plasma-membrane (1)
- Plataspidae (1)
- Platelet-derived growthfactor (1)
- Podocarpus National Park (1)
- Poecilia (Teleostei: Poeciliidae) (1)
- Poecilia reticulata (1)
- Poeciliid fish (1)
- Polistine wasps (1)
- Pollen (1)
- Pollination (1)
- Pollinators (1)
- Polycistronic mRNA (1)
- Polylactide-co-glycolide (1)
- Polyspermy (1)
- Poor-prognosis (1)
- Poplars (1)
- PorB (1)
- Predictive toxicology (1)
- Prfa-mediated virulence (1)
- Primary endosymbiont (1)
- Proenzyme (1)
- Profile distances (1)
- Profiling (1)
- Prognose (1)
- Prognosis (1)
- Programmed cell-death (1)
- Programmierbare logische Anordnung (1)
- Progressive motor neuronopathy (1)
- Proliferation (1)
- Promotor (1)
- Proteasen (1)
- Protection (1)
- Protein folding (1)
- Protein kinase D3 (PKD3) (1)
- Proteine (1)
- Proteinmarkierungen (1)
- Proteus vulgaris (1)
- Protoonkogen (1)
- Protopterus annectens (1)
- Protoscolex (1)
- Prunus-africana (1)
- Präferenz (1)
- Pseudotsuga menziesii (1)
- Pteromalidae (1)
- QTL analysis (1)
- R package (1)
- R-loop (1)
- R. sphaeroidesl (1)
- R0 (1)
- RAS (1)
- RBCL (1)
- RBCL Gene-sequences (1)
- RBM8A (1)
- RET6 (1)
- RFID (1)
- RIM-binding protein (1)
- RIM1α (1)
- RLQ analysis (1)
- RNA extraction (1)
- RNA in situ hybridization (1)
- RNA metabolism (1)
- RNA polymerase II (1)
- RNA sequence (1)
- RNA sequencing (1)
- RNA splicing (1)
- RNA transport (1)
- RNA-SEQ (1)
- RNA-Seq analysis (1)
- RNA-binding protein (1)
- RNA-binding proteins (1)
- RNA-seq transcriptome (1)
- RNAPOL1 (1)
- RNAi (1)
- RRID: AB_2315425 (1)
- RRID: AB_2337244 (1)
- RSK (1)
- RT -PCR (1)
- RTK (1)
- Rab (1)
- Radiation biology (1)
- Radiation sensitivity (1)
- Radiochemotherapy (1)
- Raf kinases (1)
- Rain-forest (1)
- Random-Walk (1)
- Rat spinal-cord (1)
- Real-time (1)
- Receptor (1)
- Receptor kinase (1)
- Receptor ytva (1)
- Recombinant (1)
- Recombinant DNA (1)
- Recombinant DNA ; Growth hormone gene ; PCR; Silver carp ; Fish (1)
- Recombinant DNA ; polymerase chain reaction ; metallothionein gene ; rainbow trout ; fish (1)
- Recombinant protein expression (1)
- Recurrent neural-networks (1)
- Regenwald (1)
- Relapse (1)
- Renal cell carcinoma (1)
- Reovirus (1)
- Repair (1)
- Reproduction (1)
- Rescorla-Wagner model (1)
- Research Article (1)
- Reveals (1)
- Rhodopsins (1)
- Ribosomal protein gene (1)
- Richness (1)
- Rumex (1)
- S1PR2 (1)
- SCC (1)
- SCD (1)
- SEMA domain (1)
- SF3 helicase (1)
- SGNH hydrolase (1)
- SLC7A11 (1)
- SMAD signaling (1)
- SMART (1)
- SMART version 9 (1)
- SMLM (1)
- SOX9 (1)
- SPRED (1)
- SPRED2 (1)
- SREC-I (1)
- SSCP analysis (1)
- SSI (1)
- STORM (1)
- SUN domain protein (1)
- SUN domain proteins (1)
- SUN1 (1)
- SV pool (1)
- Salmonella (1)
- Salmonella Typhimurium (1)
- Salmonella enterica (1)
- Salmonella-containing vacuole (1)
- Salt Overly Sensitive pathway (1)
- Salvia pratensis (1)
- Sanger sequencing (1)
- Savanna (1)
- Savanna–Forest mosaic (1)
- Scatter factor (1)
- Schizophrenia (1)
- Schwertkräpfling (1)
- Science history (1)
- Sea urchin development (1)
- Seahorse XF (1)
- Secondary structure (1)
- Seed dispersal (1)
- Self-renewal (1)
- Sentinel-1 (1)
- Septins (1)
- Serendipita indica (1)
- Serum autoantibodies (1)
- Sex chromosome (1)
- Sex determination (1)
- Sexual development and function (1)
- Shaggy kinase (1)
- Shotgun method (1)
- Si-rhodamine (1)
- Sigma(B)-dependent stress-response (1)
- Signal transduction (1)
- Signaling (1)
- Simkania (1)
- Simkania negevensis (1)
- Single nucleotide change (1)
- Site-directed mutagenesis (1)
- Sleep fragmentation (1)
- Small interfering RNAs (1)
- Small-holder agriculture (1)
- Smooth-muscle-cells (1)
- Social entrainment (1)
- Software product lines (1)
- Solid tumors (1)
- Solution-state NMR (1)
- Somatotropin (1)
- South Korea (1)
- Sox5 (1)
- Sozialität (1)
- Sparus aurata (1)
- Species Traits (1)
- Species delimitation (1)
- Species richness (1)
- Sperma (1)
- Spongilla lacustris (1)
- Sporosarcina (1)
- Sprouting angiogenesis (1)
- Spumaviren (1)
- Stachellose Biene (1)
- Staphylococcal infection (1)
- Staphylococcus (1)
- Stat3 (1)
- Stathmin (1)
- Stem cell (1)
- Stimulated-emission (1)
- Stp (1)
- Strains (1)
- Stress responses (1)
- Structural Biology (1)
- Structure-function (1)
- Strukturanalyse (1)
- Subtercola vilae (1)
- Subtilisin Carlsberg (1)
- Subtilisin maturation (1)
- Sun1 (1)
- Sunitinib (1)
- Super-Resolution Microscopy (1)
- Superagonistic antibody (1)
- Suppressors EXT1 (1)
- Surgical and invasive medical procedures (1)
- Surgical oncology (1)
- Switch (1)
- Synapses (1)
- Synaptic vesicles (1)
- Synaptische Vesikel (1)
- Synaptophysin (1)
- Synthetic biology (1)
- Systematic search (1)
- Süßwasserpolypen (1)
- T cell receptor (1)
- T cell receptors (1)
- T lymphocytes (1)
- T-Lymphozyt (1)
- T-RFLP analysis (1)
- T-cadherin (1)
- T-cell (1)
- T-cell epitope (1)
- T. brucei (1)
- TCR signaling cascade (1)
- TERB1 (1)
- TGF-beta (1)
- TGF-β (1)
- TGF-β superfamily (1)
- TH1579 (1)
- TH588 (1)
- TME (1)
- TNF-α (1)
- TNNI3 (1)
- TYPE-1 (1)
- Tanzania (1)
- Tapeworm (1)
- Tarp (1)
- Taxonomy (1)
- TbMORN1 (1)
- Teamwork (1)
- Teichläufer (1)
- Temperatur (1)
- Temperature rhythms (1)
- Tetrahymena (1)
- Text analysis (1)
- Textanalyse (1)
- Th1 cells (1)
- Therapy (1)
- Thiol-activated cytolysin (1)
- Tierpsychologie (1)
- Time (1)
- Time interval (1)
- Timeless (1)
- Timing (1)
- Tn1549 transposon (1)
- Tn916-like transposon family (1)
- Townes (1)
- Toxicity (1)
- Tp63 (1)
- Trafficking (1)
- Traits-Environment Relationships (1)
- Transcription units (1)
- Transcriptional control (1)
- Transcriptome (1)
- Transcriptomic (1)
- Transcriptomics (1)
- Transgene Tiere (1)
- Transgenic mice (1)
- Translation (1)
- Transmission electron microscopy (1)
- Transovarial transmission (1)
- Transport (1)
- Transposable element (1)
- TreMs (1)
- Trees (1)
- Trend test (1)
- Trichomalopsis (1)
- Trigona fuscipennis (1)
- Trinidadian guppy (1)
- Triple co-culture (1)
- Triton X 100 (1)
- TrkB (1)
- Trophobiosis (1)
- Tropical agriculture (1)
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (1)
- Trypanosoma cruzi (1)
- Trypanosome (1)
- Trypanosomes (1)
- Tumor (1)
- Tumor angiogenesis (1)
- Tumor cell (1)
- Tumor suppressor gene (1)
- Tumorzelle (1)
- Tumour markers (1)
- Type III secretion (1)
- Tyrosine kinase inhibition (1)
- USP25 (1)
- UV–Vis (1)
- Ubiquitin (1)
- Unc-13 (1)
- Usher syndrome (1)
- Ustilago maydis (1)
- V-ATPase (1)
- V-antigen (1)
- V1–V9 (1)
- V4 (1)
- V7/V8 (1)
- VACV (1)
- VASP (1)
- VEGFA (1)
- VKORC1 (1)
- VSG (1)
- Vaccine (1)
- Variability (1)
- Varroa destructor (1)
- Vasodilatator-stimuliertes Phosphoprotein (1)
- Vegetable juice (1)
- Veracruz <Stadt> (1)
- Verhalten (1)
- Verhaltensökologie (1)
- Verteilung (1)
- Verzeichnis (1)
- Vesicles (1)
- Vicia faba (L.) (1)
- Viral infections (1)
- Virtual sequencing (1)
- Visualization (1)
- Vitamin K epoxide reductase (1)
- Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) (1)
- WDR5 (1)
- WNT (1)
- WTI (1)
- Wachstum (1)
- Wallemia ichthyophaga (1)
- Warfarin (1)
- Wasserläufer (1)
- West Africa (1)
- White-matter (1)
- Wiesensalbei (1)
- Wild bees (1)
- Williamsia sp. ARP1 (1)
- Wilms' tumor (1)
- Wonderful plants (1)
- X-Ray Chrystallography (1)
- X. couchianus (1)
- X. hellerii (1)
- Xenopus oocytes (1)
- Xiphophorus fish (1)
- Y chromosome degeneration (1)
- Y14 (1)
- YAP (1)
- Yersinia enterocolitica (1)
- Yield (1)
- Yolk protein (1)
- Zelldifferenzierung (1)
- Zelle (1)
- Zellen (1)
- ZfKD (1)
- Zika virus (1)
- Zinc finger gene (1)
- \(\alpha\)-latrotoxin (1)
- abdominal (1)
- abdominal surgery (1)
- abiotic (1)
- abiotic factors (1)
- accumulation (1)
- acetate (1)
- acetyltransferase RTT109 (1)
- achaete-scute homolog 1 (1)
- achiasmatic (1)
- acipenserid minisatellite (1)
- acoustic communication (1)
- acoustic signals (1)
- acoustic stream (1)
- acromyrmex ambiguus (1)
- actin cortex (1)
- actin nucleation (1)
- activity (1)
- activity rhythms (1)
- activity-based probes (1)
- acts downstream (1)
- acute appendicitis (1)
- acute brain slices (1)
- acylcarnitine (1)
- adaptive evolution (1)
- adaptive growth (1)
- adaptive plasticity (1)
- adaptive radiation (1)
- adenylate cyclase toxin (1)
- adhesion GPCR (1)
- adipose (1)
- adipose tissue (1)
- adipose tissue dysfunction (1)
- adipose tissue-derived MSCs (1)
- adjuvant (1)
- adrenal surgery (1)
- adrenal tumors (1)
- adrenalectomia (1)
- adrenocortical adenocarcinoma (1)
- adrenocortical carcinoma (1)
- adult bee (1)
- adult bees (1)
- adult drosophila (1)
- advanced (1)
- aerobiology (1)
- age polyethism (1)
- agent-based model (1)
- aging (1)
- agonist (1)
- agri-environment scheme (1)
- agri-environment schemes (1)
- agricultural intensification (1)
- agricultural intensity (1)
- agricultural landscapes (1)
- agricultural soils (1)
- agrobacterium tumefaciens (1)
- agroforestry (1)
- airborne laser scanning (ALS) (1)
- airway epithelia (1)
- alagille syndrome (1)
- albinaria (1)
- alcohol tolerance (1)
- aldolase A (1)
- alkaloid detection methods (1)
- alkaloids (1)
- alkyloctahydronaphthalene (1)
- all-fish genes (1)
- allatostatin‐A (1)
- allergens (1)
- allergy (1)
- allometry (1)
- alpha (1)
- alpha-helical structure (1)
- alpha-toxin (1)
- alpha-tubulin-II (1)
- alpine plants (1)
- alternating management (1)
- alternative trapping strategies (1)
- alu elements (1)
- alveolar fibrosis (1)
- alveolar regeneration (1)
- alzheimer's disease (1)
- alzheimers disease (1)
- ambrosia beetle (1)
- ambrosia beetles (1)
- ambrosia fungi (1)
- ambystoma opacum (1)
- amino acid analogues (1)
- amino acid restriction (1)
- amino acid sequence (1)
- amino acid transporter (1)
- amino acids (1)
- aminoacyl-transfer-RNA (1)
- amphibian metamorphosis (1)
- amphibian oocytes (1)
- amphids (1)
- amphimixis (1)
- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (1)
- amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis (1)
- analysis of variance (1)
- anaplasia (1)
- anastomotic leakage (1)
- androgen-induced masculinization (1)
- angiogenic cytokines (1)
- animal communication (1)
- animal migration (1)
- animal physiology (1)
- animal sexual behavior (1)
- animals (1)
- anion channel (1)
- ant communities (1)
- ant-butterfly interaction (1)
- ant-mimicking spiders (1)
- ant-plant interactions (1)
- antagonist (1)
- antagonists (1)
- antenna (1)
- antennal lobes (1)
- anterior optic tubercle (1)
- anthropogenic activities (1)
- anthropogenic drivers (1)
- anthropogenic food subsidies (1)
- anthropogenic noise (1)
- anti-cancer drug-like molecules (1)
- anti-contactin-1 (1)
- anti-microbial activit (1)
- anti-thrombotic therapies (1)
- antibiotic resistance (1)
- antibiotics (1)
- antibody (1)
- anticancer activity (1)
- antigen processing and recognition (1)
- antigenetic variation (1)
- antimicrobial peptides (1)
- antimycotics (1)
- antioxidants (1)
- antiproliferative (1)
- antitumor immune response (1)
- antiviral immunity (1)
- aortic-valve (1)
- aphids (1)
- apixaban (1)
- apomixis (1)
- aposematism (1)
- appeasement substance (1)
- appendectomy (1)
- appendicitis (1)
- appendix (1)
- approved drugs (1)
- arabidopsi (1)
- arabidopsis (1)
- arabidpsis thaliana (1)
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (1)
- area‐concentrated search (1)
- arginine (1)
- arginine metabolism (1)
- army ants (1)
- armyworm Lepidoptera (1)
- arthropod predators (1)
- artificial diet (1)
- artificial rearing (1)
- asexual reproduction (1)
- ash dieback (1)
- aspergillus fumigatus (1)
- assay systems (1)
- assemblages (1)
- assembly (1)
- assembly mechanisms (1)
- associative learning (1)
- assortative mating (1)
- astrocytes (1)
- asymmetric dispersal costs (1)
- atopic diseases (1)
- attraction (1)
- auditory masking (1)
- autoantibody (1)
- autofluorescence (1)
- automated solid-phase Edman degradation (1)
- automixis (1)
- autophagosomes (1)
- autosomal recessive hearing loss (1)
- autosomal recessive non-synstromic hearing loss (1)
- autotoxicity (1)
- axial skeletal defects (1)
- azido-ceramides (1)
- b/c1 complex (1)
- bPAC (1)
- bacillus thuringiensis (1)
- background odor (1)
- bacterial genomics (1)
- bacterial infection (1)
- bacterial invasion (1)
- bacterial meningitis (1)
- bacterial migration (1)
- bacterial persistence (1)
- bacterial spread (1)
- bacterial transcription (1)
- bacterial transmission (1)
- bacterial virulence (1)
- bacteriology (1)
- bacteriophage lambda (1)
- bacteriorhodopsin (1)
- bacterium Legionella pneumophila (1)
- bagworms Lepidoptera (1)
- baited traps (1)
- bakanae (1)
- balance (1)
- balance hypothesis (1)
- barcoding (1)
- bark and ambrosia beetles (1)
- bark beetle (1)
- bark beetle disturbance (1)
- bark-peeling (1)
- basal ganglia (1)
- bax (1)
- bed bug (1)
- bee abundance (1)
- bee body size (1)
- bee community (1)
- bee conservation (1)
- bee disease (1)
- bee larva (1)
- bee pollination (1)
- bee pollinator (1)
- bee pollinators (1)
- bee species richness (1)
- beech forest (1)
- beetle (1)
- beetle communities (1)
- beetle horns (1)
- behavioral experiments (1)
- behavioral transition (1)
- behaviour (1)
- behavioural ecology (1)
- behavioural flexibility (1)
- behavioural plasticity (1)
- benzoquinone (1)
- bet-hedging (1)
- beta diversity (1)
- beta-TRCP (1)
- beta-catenin (1)
- beta-diveristy (1)
- beta-diversity (1)
- beta-lactamase inhibition (1)
- beta-oxidation (1)
- bevacizumab (1)
- big brown bats (1)
- bilayers (1)
- binary decision diagram (1)
- binding pocket (1)
- bioassay-guided fractionation (1)
- bioassays (1)
- biodiversity assessment (1)
- biodiversity estimation (1)
- biodiversity exploratories (1)
- biodiversity index (1)
- biodiversity measure (1)
- biodiversity threats (1)
- biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (1)
- biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationship (1)
- bioenergetics (1)
- biofilm formation (1)
- biofluid (1)
- biofuel (1)
- biofuels (1)
- bioinformatics and computational biology (1)
- bioinformatics tool (1)
- biological activities (1)
- biological control (1)
- biological fluorescence (1)
- biological macromolecules (1)
- biological pest control (1)
- biological scaffold (1)
- biological sciences (1)
- biomanufacturing (1)
- biomarker signature (1)
- biomarkers (1)
- biomaterial surfaces (1)
- biomaterials (1)
- biomimetic 3D tissue model (1)
- biomimetic tissue models (1)
- biominarlization proteins (1)
- biophysics (1)
- bioreactor culture (1)
- biosecurity (1)
- biosonar (1)
- biospecies (1)
- biosynthetic glycosylation (1)
- biotic interaction (1)
- bipartite metabolism (1)
- bird communities (1)
- bird diversity (1)
- bird species richness (1)
- birth rates (1)
- bisulfite pyrosequencing (1)
- bitter taste (1)
- black woodpecker (1)
- black yeast (1)
- bladder (1)
- blocking antibodies (1)
- blood brain barrier (1)
- blood stream (1)
- blood-stream forms (1)
- blowfly calliphora-vomitoria (1)
- bodies (1)
- body condition (1)
- body weight (1)
- body-size (1)
- bohemian forest ecosystem (1)
- bombus terrestris (1)
- bone (1)
- boolean in silico models (1)
- boolean modeling (1)
- bottom‐up and top‐down control (1)
- brachtydacyly type A2 (1)
- brain disorders (1)
- brain endothelial cells (1)
- brain metastases (1)
- brain signal complexity (1)
- brain-injury (1)
- breast-cancer (1)
- breast-cancer cells (1)
- breeding season (1)
- brefeldin-a (1)
- broadleaf tree species (1)
- broodtranslocation (1)
- brucei (1)
- bryophytes (1)
- bug riptortus-pedestris (1)
- building behavior (1)
- building behaviour (1)
- bumblebee nest density (1)
- buparlisib (1)
- burned savanna (1)
- burnt-wood (1)
- bursicon (1)
- bush ecotone (1)
- butterfly euphydryas-aurinia (1)
- bypass (1)
- c-Fos (1)
- c-Myc (1)
- c-kit (1)
- c-myc (1)
- c-src (1)
- cAMP (1)
- cAMP / cGMP / cytoskeleton / phosphorylation / protein kinase (1)
- cDNA (1)
- cabbage Brassica oleracea var. capitata (1)
- caco-2 cells (1)
- cadherin-13 (CDH13) (1)
- calcium signaling (1)
- calcium signaling pathway (1)
- calcofluor white staining (1)
- call (1)
- calyx (1)
- cameleon (1)
- camponotus aethiops (1)
- camponotus ants (1)
- camponotus floridanus (1)
- camponotus schmitzi (1)
- camptothecin (1)
- cancer biology (1)
- cancer cell (1)
- cancer diagnosis (1)
- cancer dissemination (1)
- cancer genomics (1)
- cancer models (1)
- cancer predisposition syndromes (1)
- cancer-cells (1)
- cancers (1)
- candida genome database (1)
- canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (cAdMSCs) (1)
- canine cancer cell lines (1)
- canine soft tissue sarcoma (CSTS) (1)
- canopy fogging (1)
- canopy herbivory (1)
- canopy spiders (1)
- capsid protein (1)
- capture (1)
- carbenes (1)
- carbohydrates (1)
- carbon dioxide (CO2) (1)
- carbon dioxide avoidance (1)
- carbonaria (1)
- carboxylation (1)
- cardiac aging (1)
- cardiac fibrosis (1)
- cardioactive factor (1)
- cardiolipin (1)
- cardiomyopathy (1)
- cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) (1)
- carriage (1)
- carrion ecology (1)
- carrying capacity (1)
- cartilage induction (1)
- cascade (1)
- cash crops (1)
- caspase-3 (1)
- caspases (1)
- catabolism (1)
- cathepsin (1)
- catheterization (1)
- catheters (1)
- cations (1)
- ceiba pentandra (1)
- cell compartmentation (1)
- cell cultures (1)
- cell cycle arrest (1)
- cell differentation (1)
- cell division (1)
- cell fate (1)
- cell fusion (1)
- cell growth (1)
- cell membrane model (1)
- cell migration (1)
- cell motility (1)
- cell size (1)
- cell surface proteome (1)
- cell velocimetry (1)
- cell wall (1)
- cell wall synthesis (1)
- cell-autonomous defense (1)
- cell-cycle arrest (1)
- cell-cycle arrest cancer therapy (1)
- cell-cycle regulation (1)
- cellline transfection (1)
- cellular camp (1)
- cellular imaging (1)
- cellular proteins (1)
- cellular reprogramming (1)
- cellular senescence (1)
- cellular stress (1)
- cellular waveform (1)
- centomeres (1)
- central clocks (1)
- central nervous system (1)
- central-nervous-system (1)
- centrality (1)
- centromere (1)
- cephalotes (1)
- ceramidase (1)
- ceramide analogs (1)
- cereals (1)
- cerebEND cells (1)
- cerebral ischemia (1)
- cerebral metastases (1)
- chain (1)
- chain reaction (1)
- chalcidoid wasps (1)
- chalinolobus-tuberculatus (1)
- channelrhodopsin (1)
- channelrhodopsin-2 (1)
- chaperones (1)
- checkered beetles (1)
- chemical diversity (1)
- chemical glycosylation (1)
- chemical similarity (1)
- chemische Familienabzeichen (1)
- chemokine receptor (1)
- chemosensory protein (1)
- chemosensory system (1)
- chemotherapy resistance (1)
- chemotypes (1)
- chi square tests (1)
- chimera formation (1)
- chimeric RTKs (1)
- chimpanzee (1)
- chlamydia serine proteases (1)
- chlamydial inclusion (1)
- chlorantraniliprole (1)
- chlorophyta (1)
- cholera (1)
- cholesterol (1)
- chondrosarcoma (1)
- chordotonal organ (1)
- chordotonal organs (1)
- chromatin assembly factors (1)
- chromosomes (1)
- chrysididae (1)
- ciliostasis (1)
- circRNA (1)
- circadian clock neurons (1)
- circadian mechanisms (1)
- circadian oscillators (1)
- circadian photoreception (1)
- circular DNA (1)
- circular transcriptome sequencing (1)
- circular-dichroism (1)
- citrus (1)
- classical conditioning (1)
- classification (1)
- clathrin (1)
- clausiliidae (1)
- click chemistry (1)
- click-chemistry (1)
- climate changes (1)
- climate factors (1)
- climate-change (1)
- climate‐smart pest management (1)
- climatic factors (1)
- climatic gradients (1)
- clinical genetics (1)
- clinical malformations (1)
- clock (1)
- clock network (1)
- clock reproduction ecology (1)
- clumping factor-B (1)
- cluster (1)
- co-immunoprecipitation (1)
- cocoa (1)
- coexistence (1)
- cognitive ability (1)
- cognitive functions (1)
- cohesin SMC1-Beta (1)
- coincidence (1)
- cold adaptation (1)
- cold stress (1)
- coleoptera (1)
- collagen (1)
- collections (1)
- collective building (1)
- collective pattern (1)
- collybistin (1)
- colon (1)
- colon cancer (1)
- colon resection (1)
- colonies (1)
- colony (1)
- colony survival (1)
- colony-stimulating factor (1)
- color (1)
- color discrimination (1)
- color lightness (1)
- color vision (1)
- coloration (1)
- colorectal carcinoma (1)
- colour patterns (1)
- comb (1)
- combinatorial drug predictions (1)
- combined retinal dystrophy (1)
- commercial grades (1)
- common garden experiment (1)
- communication (1)
- community composition (1)
- community data (1)
- community ecology (1)
- community functional-responses (1)
- community structure (1)
- community structures (1)
- community‐weighted mean (1)
- compaction (1)
- comparative sequence analysis (1)
- compartment boundary (1)
- compatible solutes and other metabolites (1)
- complement deposition (1)
- complex behavior (1)
- complex networks (1)
- complex traits (1)
- complex-III (1)
- complexes (1)
- complications (1)
- components (1)
- comportement des travailleurs (1)
- compound conditioning (1)
- compressed sensing (1)
- computational (1)
- computational biology and bioinformatics (1)
- computational modelling (1)
- computational prediction (1)
- computational systems biology (1)
- computer modelling (1)
- computer-assisted (1)
- concerted evolution (1)
- conditional sex allocation (1)
- conditioned response (1)
- conduction de protons (1)
- confidence interval (1)
- confidence intervals (1)
- confocal laser microscopy (1)
- confocal laser scanning microscopy (1)
- confocal-microscopy based automated quantification (1)
- conformational restriction (1)
- conifers (1)
- conjugate (1)
- conjugative transposition (1)
- connectance (1)
- connector (1)
- consanguinity (1)
- constraints (1)
- contact inhibition (1)
- containing neurons (1)
- contralateral breast cancer (1)
- contributes (1)
- control group (1)
- control profiles (1)
- controllability (1)
- conventional laparoscopic appendectomy (1)
- conversion (1)
- cool-season grass species (1)
- cooperative breeding (1)
- coprophagous beetles (1)
- copy number (1)
- copy-number alteration (1)
- coral reef ecosystem (1)
- coral reef resilience (1)
- corazonin (1)
- corn pollen (1)
- correlative light and electron microscopy (1)
- cortico-striatal synapse (1)
- corticosteroids (1)
- corticotropin-releasing hormone (1)
- cost-effectiveness (1)
- cotton (1)
- cotton rats (1)
- counting (1)
- courtship displays (1)
- crematogaster (1)
- cristae (1)
- crop (1)
- crop diversity (1)
- crop management (1)
- crop modeling (1)
- crop models (1)
- crop pollination (1)
- crop rotation (1)
- crop yield (1)
- crops (1)
- cross pollination (1)
- cross-link repair (1)
- crossing-over (1)
- crotonase (1)
- cryo-electron microscopy (1)
- cryptic (1)
- cryptochrome/photolyase family (1)
- crystal structure (1)
- crystal-structure (1)
- crystallography (1)
- cultivation (1)
- cultures (1)
- cuticular chemistry (1)
- cuticular hydrocarbon (1)
- cuticular profiles (1)
- cyanine dyes (1)
- cycle (1)
- cycle regulation (1)
- cyclic nucleotide signaling (1)
- cylic GMP (1)
- cysteine restriction (1)
- cysteine synthase inhibitor (1)
- cytokine (1)
- cytokine profiling (1)
- cytokine release (1)
- cytokinin (1)
- cytokinin kinetin (1)
- cytosine base editor (CBE) toolbox (1)
- cytosol (1)
- cytosolic pH (1)
- cytostatic (1)
- c‐Myc (1)
- dCIRL (1)
- dMyc (1)
- dSPN (1)
- damped circadian clock (1)
- damped-oscillator-model of photoperiodic clock (1)
- dart-poison frog (1)
- data mining/methods (1)
- data pool (1)
- data sharing (1)
- data storage (1)
- data-bank (1)
- date palm (1)
- dauer (1)
- day length (1)
- ddPCR (1)
- dead tree (1)
- dead-wood enrichment (1)
- deadwood experiments (1)
- death pathway sar locus (1)
- death rates (1)
- decentralized control (1)
- decline (1)
- declines (1)
- decomposition (1)
- deep learning (1)
- deep learning–artificial neural network (DL-ANN) (1)
- defense and evasion strategies (1)
- defense signaling (1)
- defenses (1)
- definition (1)
- defoliation severity (1)
- deformed wing virus (1)
- degradation (1)
- dehydrogenase (1)
- delayed development (1)
- delayed snowmelt (1)
- demographic stochasticity (1)
- dendritic cell (1)
- dendritic specializations (1)
- dendrobates pumilio (1)
- denritic cells (1)
- density (1)
- density-dependent dispersal (1)
- dentichasmias busseolae (1)
- dependent magnetosensitvity (1)
- depreissia decipiens (1)
- deprivation (1)
- depth (1)
- desert ants (1)
- desiccation (1)
- desiccation resistance (1)
- design (1)
- determinant (1)
- determination locus (1)
- determining genes (1)
- detoxification (1)
- detoxified lipooligosaccharide (1)
- deubiquitinase (1)
- deubiquitinases (1)
- deuterostomes (1)
- developmental forms (1)
- developmental plasticity (1)
- developmental reprogramming (1)
- diacylglycerol (DAG) (1)
- diagnostic accuracy (1)
- dichthadiigynes (1)
- diet breadth (1)
- differential olfactory conditioning (1)
- differentially expressed genes (1)
- diffraction limit (1)
- digestive system (1)
- digit (1)
- dimeric peptide (1)
- dimerization (1)
- dimorphic expression (1)
- direct drivers (1)
- direct muss spectrometric profiling (1)
- direct oral anticoagulants (1)
- direct pathway (1)
- direct stochasticoptical reconstruction microscopy (1)
- direct thrombin inhibitor (1)
- discharge definition (1)
- discovery (1)
- discrimination (1)
- disease (1)
- disease model (1)
- diseases (1)
- dispersal distance (1)
- disruption project (1)
- distance (1)
- distance gradient (1)
- distance-decay function (1)
- distance‐based specialization index (1)
- disturbance extent (1)
- disturbance gradient (1)
- disturbance severity (1)
- disturbed humid area (1)
- divergent expression regulation (1)
- diversity–disturbance relationship (1)
- dmP53 (1)
- docking (1)
- dog (1)
- dog microbiome (1)
- domain-specific language (1)
- dominant optic atrophy (1)
- dominant-negative mutatio (1)
- dorsal clock neurons (1)
- dorsal raphe (1)
- dosage (1)
- doxorubicin (1)
- draft genome (1)
- drosophila (1)
- drosophila embryo (1)
- drosophila larvae (1)
- drosophila mushroom body (1)
- drought stress (1)
- drug (1)
- drug design/partial agonists (1)
- drug discovery (1)
- drug release (1)
- drug resistance (1)
- drug selection (1)
- drug-minded protein (1)
- dry-mounted samples (1)
- dunce (1)
- dung beetle (1)
- dung beetle coleoptera (1)
- dust microbiomes (1)
- dwelling bat (1)
- dye stains-all (1)
- dynamic protein-protein interactions (1)
- eEF1A1 (1)
- early diagnosis (1)
- early secretory pathway (1)
- ecdysis (1)
- echinocytes (1)
- eclosion (1)
- ecological network (1)
- ecological niche (1)
- ecological stoichiometry (1)
- economy services (1)
- ecosystem functioning (1)
- ecosystemservices (1)
- ectotherms (1)
- efficient intervention points (1)
- egg parasitism (1)
- electrolytes (1)
- electron cryo microscopy (1)
- electron cryo-microscopy (1)
- electroporation (1)
- electrostatic potential (1)
- element translocation (1)
- elementary body (1)
- elementary mode analysis (1)
- elementary modes (1)
- elevational diversity (1)
- elevational diversity patterns (1)
- elevational gradient (1)
- elevational gradients (1)
- elongation (1)
- embryonic stem-cells (1)
- embryos (1)
- emergence (1)
- emigration (1)
- encapsulation (1)
- encephalitis dementia (1)
- endemism (1)
- endocytic multivesicular bodies (1)
- endophytic fungi (1)
- endoplasmic reticulum (1)
- endoplasmic-reticulum (1)
- endoreplication (1)
- endosponge (1)
- endothelial cells (1)
- enemy free space (1)
- enercy-richness hypothesis (1)
- energy homeostasis (1)
- energy restriction (1)
- enhance (1)
- enhancer (1)
- enteric glial cells (1)
- enteric nervous system (1)
- enteric pathogens (1)
- enterica serovar Typhimurium (1)
- envelope (1)
- environment (1)
- environmental association analysis (1)
- environmental correlation (1)
- environmental filtering (1)
- environmental impact (1)
- environmental justice (1)
- environmental monitoring (1)
- environmental variability (1)
- environments (1)
- enzyme (1)
- enzyme regulation (1)
- enzyme-linked immunoassays (1)
- epidemiology (1)
- epidermal growth factor receptor (1)
- epidural block (1)
- epigenetic modification (1)
- epigenetics (1)
- epiphytic fern (1)
- epitope mapping (1)
- epitope prediction (1)
- eptesicus-fuscus (1)
- error (1)
- error-transfer (1)
- erythroyte invation (1)
- escherichia coli infections (1)
- estrogens (1)
- eucalyptus (1)
- eucera berlandi (1)
- euglena (1)
- euglenids (1)
- eukaryota (1)
- european beech forests (1)
- european countries (1)
- eusociality (1)
- evolution of myrmecophytism (1)
- evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) (1)
- evolutionary (1)
- evolutionary arms race (1)
- evolutionary biology (1)
- evolutionary genetics (1)
- evolutionary modelling (1)
- evolutionary mutant model (1)
- evolutionary response (1)
- ex vivo (1)
- exaptation (1)
- excitation-secretion coupling (1)
- excretory-secretory (1)
- exit (1)
- exocrine glands (1)
- exocytosis (1)
- exome (1)
- exotic plants (1)
- exotic species (1)
- explainability of machine learning (1)
- export (1)
- expressed sequence tag (1)
- expression analysis (1)
- expression plasmid (1)
- expression signature (1)
- expression site attenuation (1)
- extinction (1)
- extinction dynamics (1)
- extracellular matrix (1)
- extracellular vesicle (1)
- extrafloral nectaries (1)
- eyes (1)
- factor 1-alpha (1)
- factor B (1)
- factor EEF1A2 (1)
- factor XA inhibitor (1)
- factor acetylhydrolase activity (1)
- facultatively intracellular pathogens (1)
- family (1)
- feature analysis (1)
- feature selection (1)
- feeding behavior (1)
- feeding experiment (1)
- feeding guilds (1)
- female choice (1)
- female reproductive tract (1)
- feral honey bees (1)
- fetal brain development (1)
- fetal cord blood (1)
- fetal programming (1)
- fibroblasts (1)
- field boundaries (1)
- filamentous Salmonella Typhimurium (1)
- finger protein 11 (1)
- fire (1)
- fishes Xiphophorus (1)
- fission (1)
- flagella (1)
- flagellar (1)
- flagellar motility (1)
- flagellar pocket collar (1)
- flagellate (1)
- flagellum (1)
- flg22 (1)
- flies (1)
- flight behaviour (1)
- flight characteristics (1)
- flight control (1)
- flippase (1)
- flooding (1)
- flooding disturbance (1)
- floral display (1)
- floral larceny (1)
- floral resource distribution (1)
- floral resources (1)
- flow (1)
- flower morphology (1)
- flower visitors (1)
- flower-visiting insects (1)
- flowering (1)
- flowering grassland plants (1)
- flowering plants (1)
- fluid collectives (1)
- fluorescence (1)
- fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (1)
- fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (1)
- fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (1)
- fluorescent dyes (1)
- fluorescent protein (1)
- fluorescent recombinant vaccinia virus (1)
- fluorophore (1)
- fluoxetine (1)
- flux balance analysis (1)
- flux measurements (1)
- fly pollination (1)
- flybow (1)
- foliar fungal community (1)
- folliculin (1)
- food bodies (1)
- food consumption (1)
- food resources (1)
- food safety (1)
- food web (1)
- forage resources (1)
- forager (1)
- foragers (1)
- foraging activities (1)
- foraging behavior (1)
- foraging behaviour (1)
- foraging patterns (1)
- forecasting (1)
- forest biodiversity (1)
- forest communities (1)
- forest conservation (1)
- forest conversion (1)
- forest degradation (1)
- forest disturbance (1)
- forest ecosystem science (1)
- forest edges (1)
- forest fire (1)
- forest fragmentation (1)
- forest hedges (1)
- forest pests (1)
- forest physiognomy (1)
- forest proximity (1)
- forest soils (1)
- forest specialists (1)
- forest succession (1)
- forestry (1)
- forests (1)
- format (1)
- formica cunicularia (1)
- formin (1)
- fostamatinib (1)
- fragmented landscapes (1)
- frameshift (1)
- framework (1)
- free energy (1)
- friut fly behaviour (1)
- frontal cortex (1)
- fruit fly (1)
- fruit-quality (1)
- fuel wood (1)
- functional complementarity (1)
- functional modules (1)
- functional network analysis (1)
- functional redundancy (1)
- fungal biology (1)
- fungal diseases (1)
- fungal infection (1)
- fungal infection model (1)
- fungal physiology (1)
- fungicide (1)
- fungus community (1)
- fungus-farming (1)
- fungus-farming insects (1)
- fungus-plant interaction (1)
- fused in sarcoma (1)
- gain (1)
- gambiense (1)
- gametocyte (1)
- gamma (1)
- gamma H2AX-foci (1)
- gangliosides and lipid rafts (1)
- gap junction (1)
- gating (1)
- gefitinib (1)
- gel electrophoresis (1)
- gene activity (1)
- gene duplications (1)
- gene editing (1)
- gene encoding noggin (1)
- gene expression analysis (1)
- gene flow (1)
- gene ontology (1)
- gene prediction (1)
- gene regulator agr (1)
- gene regulatory network evolution (1)
- gene transfer (1)
- gene-expression (1)
- generation (1)
- genes (1)
- genes and chromosomes (1)
- genetic code expansion (1)
- genetic diagnosis (1)
- genetic dissection (1)
- genetic diversity (1)
- genetic engineering (1)
- genetic loci (1)
- genetic markers (1)
- genetic oscillators (1)
- genetic regulatory network (1)
- genetic screen (1)
- genetically modified crops (1)
- genetically modified plants (1)
- genome analysis (1)
- genome assembly (1)
- genome browser (1)
- genome cells (1)
- genome collection (1)
- genome integrity (1)
- genome sequencing (1)
- genome-wide linkage analysis (1)
- genome-wide screen (1)
- genomic databases (1)
- genomic integrity (1)
- genomic libraries (1)
- genomic organization (1)
- genomic sequence (1)
- genomic traits (1)
- genomics research (1)
- genotype (1)
- genus Aspergillus (1)
- genus Xiphophorus (1)
- geographic biases (1)
- geographical variation (1)
- geometric mean (1)
- gephyrin (1)
- geriatric (1)
- germinal center (1)
- germination speed (1)
- gestational diabetes mellitus (1)
- glial cells (1)
- glioblastoma (1)
- global biomes (1)
- global dataset (1)
- global dispersal (1)
- globotriaosylceramide (1)
- glomeruli (1)
- glomerulus (1)
- glucose restriction (1)
- glucose transporter (1)
- glycerol (1)
- glycoengineering (1)
- glycolytic flux control (1)
- glycophyte Arabidopsis (1)
- glycoprotein Ib (1)
- glycoprotein incorporation (1)
- glycosphingolipids (1)
- gonadal development (1)
- gonococcal invasion (1)
- gonopodium (1)
- gradient (1)
- gradients (1)
- grass endophytes (1)
- grasshopper (1)
- grassland (1)
- graviception (1)
- gray tree frogs (1)
- green algae (1)
- green light perception (1)
- greenhouse gases (1)
- grey dunes (1)
- ground dwelling predators (1)
- ground-dwelling predators (1)
- ground‐dwelling predators (1)
- growing escherichia coli (1)
- growth and differentiation factor 5 (1)
- growth dimorphism (1)
- growth factor beta (1)
- growth hormone gene (1)
- guanylyl cyclase-A (1)
- guard cells (1)
- guides (1)
- guild constancy (1)
- gustatory receptors (Grs) (1)
- gut bacteria (1)
- gut barrier (1)
- gut microbiota (1)
- gut microflora (1)
- gynogeaesls (1)
- gypsy moth (1)
- habitat availability (1)
- habitat destruction (1)
- habitat filter (1)
- habitat heterogeneity (1)
- habitat information (1)
- habitat patch (1)
- habitat quality (1)
- habitat requirements (1)
- habitat suitability model (HSM) (1)
- habitat types (1)
- haemolymph (1)
- haircoat (1)
- halophilic fungus (1)
- halophyte (1)
- halophyte Thellungiella/Eutrema (1)
- hand pollination (1)
- hangover (1)
- harvesting (1)
- hawkmoth (1)
- head and neck cancer (1)
- head involution (1)
- health effects (1)
- hearing (1)
- hearing impairment (1)
- hearing loss (1)
- heat shock response (1)
- heat transfer (1)
- hedge index (1)
- hedgerow (1)
- helicase (1)
- helitron (1)
- hematopoietic receptors (1)
- hemibrain (1)
- hemiptera (1)
- hemoglobin jet (1)
- hemolymph lipids (1)
- hemolysin (1)
- hemophilus influenzae (1)
- hepatic fibrosis (1)
- hepatitis B core protein (1)
- hepatitis B virus (1)
- hepatocyte-growth-factor (1)
- hepatotoxicity (1)
- herbivorous beetles (1)
- herbivorous diet (1)
- herbivorous insects (1)
- herbivory (1)
- heterochromatin (1)
- heterococcus (1)
- heterogamety (1)
- heterogeneous background (1)
- heterogenity (1)
- heterosis (1)
- high resolution visualisation (1)
- high throughput sequencing (1)
- high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) (1)
- high-pressure freezing (1)
- high-resolution imaging (1)
- high-risk Prostate Cancer (1)
- high-risk prostate cancer (1)
- high-throughput screening (1)
- higher pitch (1)
- hill numbers (1)
- hindbrain boundary (1)
- hippocampal (1)
- hippocampal mossy fiber bouton (1)
- hippocampal neurons (1)
- histidine kinase (1)
- histone H2AX (1)
- histone γH2AX (1)
- hive (1)
- hollow tree (1)
- homeostasis (1)
- homocysteine (1)
- homodimers (1)
- homology modeling (1)
- honey (1)
- honey bees and native bees (1)
- honeybee taste perception (1)
- hook complex (1)
- hormone transport (1)
- horses (1)
- host cell death (1)
- host cell interface (1)
- host discrimination (1)
- host pathogen interactions (1)
- host plant density (1)
- host recognition (1)
- host screening (1)
- host selection (1)
- host specificity (1)
- host-cells (1)
- host-pathogen adaption (1)
- hostparasitoid interactions (1)
- host–parasitoid interaction (1)
- hour-glass (1)
- hourglass clock (1)
- human african trypanosomiasis (1)
- human airway mucosa tissue models (1)
- human breast (1)
- human ectoparasite (1)
- human genomics (1)
- human growth factor (1)
- human immune system (1)
- human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) (1)
- human jagged1 (1)
- human melanoma (1)
- human microbiome (1)
- human mineralocorticoid receptor (1)
- human nasal epithelial cells (1)
- human pathogenic fungi (1)
- human tracheo-bronchial epithelial cells (1)
- human xenografted mouse models (1)
- humans (1)
- hybrid origin (1)
- hybrid-selected translation (1)
- hybridization (1)
- hybridogenesis (1)
- hybrids (1)
- hydrodynamics (1)
- hyper-IL-6 (1)
- hyphae (1)
- hypotonic solutions (1)
- hypoxia (1)
- hypoxia-independent (1)
- hypoxia-inducible factor 3A (1)
- hypthesis (1)
- iNOS (1)
- idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (1)
- illumina MiSeq platform (1)
- illumination microscopy (1)
- image analysis (1)
- image correlation spectroscopy (1)
- image data (1)
- image processing (1)
- imaginal disk (1)
- immigration (1)
- immune cells (1)
- immune epitope mapping (1)
- immune evasion (1)
- immune genes (1)
- immune organs (1)
- immune receptors (1)
- immune serum (1)
- immune-informatics (1)
- immunity (1)
- immuno-magnetic purification (1)
- immunofluorescence (1)
- immunofluorescence microscopy (1)
- immunohistochemistry (1)
- immunohistochemistry techniques (1)
- immunological cross-talk (1)
- immunotherapies (1)
- impact (1)
- import (1)
- in silico analysis (1)
- in silico simulation (1)
- in situ hybridization (1)
- in vitro and in vivo expression (1)
- in vitro expression (1)
- in vitro kinase assay (1)
- in vivo toxicity (1)
- in-vivo expression (1)
- inclusion of nature in one’s self (1)
- indicator species (1)
- individual based model (1)
- individual based model (IBM) (1)
- individual based simulation (1)
- individual drug responses (1)
- individual-based simulation (1)
- individual-based simulations (1)
- individual‐based model (1)
- individuelles Kennen (1)
- indole-3-acetic acid (1)
- indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (1)
- indoor dust (1)
- indoxacarb (1)
- inducible factor-I (1)
- infected bee (1)
- infected-cell protein (1)
- infection biology (1)
- infection rates (1)
- infection spread (1)
- infections (1)
- infectious-disease diagnostics (1)
- inflammation mediators (1)
- infrared radiation (1)
- ingle-molecule microscopy (1)
- inhibition of H+ translocation (1)
- inhibitor (1)
- inhibitors (1)
- innate immune system (1)
- innexins (1)
- insect abundance (1)
- insect agriculture (1)
- insect collection (1)
- insect communities (1)
- insect conservation (1)
- insect disturbance (1)
- insect flight (1)
- insect fungal interactions (1)
- insect nutrition (1)
- insect pests (1)
- insect populations (1)
- insect standard brain atlas (1)
- insect timing (1)
- insect tracking (1)
- insect-fungus mutualism (1)
- insect-fungus symbiosis (1)
- insecticidal knockdown (1)
- insecticides (1)
- insights (1)
- instensively managed farmland (1)
- instinct (1)
- insulin resistance (1)
- insulin treatment (1)
- integrase (1)
- integrated stress response (1)
- integrative genomics viewer (1)
- integrative management strategy (1)
- intelligence (1)
- intensification (1)
- interaction (1)
- interaction map (1)
- intercellular junctions (1)
- interferon γ (1)
- interleukin 2 (1)
- interleukin 4 (1)
- interleukins (1)
- intermediate disturbance hypothesis (1)
- intermediate host (1)
- intermuscular bone (1)
- internal transcribed spacer 2 (1)
- interolog (1)
- interpolation (1)
- interspecies comparison (1)
- interspecific aggression (1)
- interspecific comparison (1)
- inter‐tegular distance (1)
- intestinal control (1)
- intestinal enteroids (1)
- intestinal epithelial barrier (1)
- intra-annual time-series (1)
- intracellular bacteria (1)
- intracellular pH (1)
- intrinsic metabolism (1)
- introgression (1)
- introgressive hybridization (1)
- invasion protein-INLB (1)
- invasive species (1)
- invasiveness (1)
- inventory (1)
- invertebrate herbivory (1)
- ion channel (1)
- ion signaling (1)
- ion transport (1)
- ionizing radiation (1)
- irradiation (1)
- island biogeography (1)
- isoform (1)
- isosteviol sodium (1)
- isothiocyanates (1)
- isotopolog profiling (1)
- isthmic oragnizer (1)
- iterative shape averaging (1)
- jewel beetles (1)
- jumping spiders (1)
- junction proteins (1)
- kappa-B (1)
- katydids orthoptera (1)
- ketogenic diet (1)
- ketone bodies (1)
- key innovation (1)
- kidney cancer (1)
- kidneys (1)
- kin competition (1)
- kin-selection (1)
- kinase inhibitors (1)
- kinase signaling (1)
- kinesin (1)
- kinetics (1)
- kinetin (1)
- kisspeptin/galanin/spexin signalling (1)
- knockout (1)
- laboratory techniques and procedures (1)
- lactate dehydrogenase (1)
- lactic acid bacteria (1)
- lactobacillus (1)
- laminopathies (1)
- lamins (1)
- lampbrush chromosomes (1)
- land sharing (1)
- land-use (1)
- land-use intensification (1)
- landmark (1)
- landmark panorama (1)
- landsat (1)
- landscape (1)
- landscape complexity (1)
- landscape compositionv (1)
- landscape diversity (1)
- landscape ecology (1)
- landscape structure (1)
- lantana canescens (1)
- laparoscopic appendectomy (1)
- laparoscopic right colectomy (1)
- larva (1)
- larval and pupal development (1)
- larval density (1)
- latency (1)
- latitudinal gradient (1)
- leaf beetle (1)
- leaf nitrogen content (1)
- leaf response (1)
- leaf-cutter ants (1)
- leaf-litter utilization (1)
- learning curve (1)
- learning performances (1)
- leaves (1)
- left hemicolectomy (1)
- legionary ants (1)
- lentic inland water bodies (1)
- leptomeningeal cells (1)
- lethality rate (1)
- lexicography (1)
- library screening (1)
- life cycle (1)
- life history (1)
- life span (1)
- life stage (1)
- life-cycle (1)
- life-history (1)
- life-history traits (1)
- life-span regulation (1)
- ligand CD55 (1)
- ligand-gated ion channels (1)
- ligand-receptor complex (1)
- light avoidance (1)
- light pulses (1)
- light stimuli (1)
- light-driven metabolism (1)
- light-gated proteins (1)
- light-induced gene expression (1)
- light-trapping (1)
- light‐gated (1)
- likelihood approach (1)
- limiting dilution cloning (1)
- linkage map (1)
- lipid asymmetry (1)
- lipid bilayer (1)
- lipid desaturation (1)
- lipids (1)
- lipogenesis (1)
- liposome (1)
- listeria-monocytogenes (1)
- liver (1)
- liver metastasis (1)
- livestock (1)
- ln vitro mutagenesis (1)
- local cues (1)
- local enhancement (1)
- localization micoscopy (1)
- location behavior (1)
- locomotion (1)
- long-distance dispersal (1)
- long-term outcome (1)
- long-term reuse (1)
- long-term-memory (1)
- long‐term monitoring (1)
- look-back behavior (1)
- low carb (1)
- low fidelity (1)
- low-grade mucinous neoplasm (1)
- low-secretion phenotype mutants (1)
- lowland beech forests (1)
- lowland rainforest (1)
- lowland river banks (1)
- lridophores (1)
- lung fibrosis (1)
- lungfish (1)
- lymph nodes (1)
- lymphocyte activation (1)
- lymphocyte differentiation (1)
- lymphocytes (1)
- lymphotoxicity (1)
- lysosomal recruitment (1)
- m7G cap (1)
- mRNA and gene (1)
- mRNA cap (1)
- mRNA decapping (1)
- mRNP-Proteins (1)
- mTOR (1)
- macro moths (1)
- macro- and micro-elements (1)
- macroecology (1)
- macroglomerulus (1)
- macrophages immunobiology (1)
- major environmental values (1)
- major histocompatibility complex (1)
- male bees (1)
- male mating success (1)
- male size polymorphism (1)
- male-specific traits (1)
- males emerge (1)
- malignant tumors (1)
- mammalian CRY1 (1)
- mammalian cells (1)
- mammalian septins (1)
- mammalian system (1)
- managed grasslands (1)
- map (1)
- marine biology (1)
- markers (1)
- marrow stromal cells (1)
- mass spectometry (1)
- master sex-determining gene (1)
- mate recognition (1)
- material composition (1)
- mathematical modeling (1)
- mating preference (1)
- matrix metalloproteinases (1)
- maturation signal (1)
- mean annual temperature (1)
- mean fruit body size (1)
- measles (1)
- mechanics (1)
- mechanism (1)
- mechanisms of persister formation (1)
- mechanistic model (1)
- mechanistic modelling (1)
- mechanobiology (1)
- mechanotransduction (1)
- medaka fish (1)
- medakafish oryzias latipes (1)
- media geométrica (1)
- median and dorsal raphe (1)
- medical and biological imaging (1)
- medida de la biodiversidad (1)
- megakaryocytes (1)
- meiotic chromosome dynamics (1)
- meiotic prophase (1)
- melanogenesis (1)
- melanoma ; oncogene regulation ; esterase ; molecular marker sequences (1)
- melanoma malignancy (1)
- meliponines (1)
- membrane characteristics (1)
- membrane fission (1)
- membrane immunoglobulin (1)
- membrane occupation (1)
- membrane organization (1)
- membrane recycling (1)
- membrane structures (1)
- membrane trafficking (1)
- memory formation (1)
- memory immune responses (1)
- meningeal blood-csf barrier (1)
- meningococcal disease (1)
- menstrual cycles (1)
- mesenchymal stem-cells (1)
- meta-data (1)
- meta-transcriptome (1)
- metaanalysis (1)
- metabolic modelling (1)
- metabolic network model (1)
- metabolic pathways (1)
- metabolic profile (1)
- metabolism and growth (1)
- metabolism of infected and uninfected host cells (1)
- metabolome (1)
- metabolomic profiling (1)
- metabotropic signalling (1)
- metastasis-directed therapy (1)
- metastatic melanoma (1)
- methionine (1)
- methods (1)
- methylation array (1)
- methylene blue (1)
- miR-126 (1)
- miR-146a (1)
- miR-193a (1)
- miR-205 (1)
- miR-21 (1)
- miR-22 (1)
- miRNAs (1)
- microRNA-221 (1)
- microRNA–target interaction (1)
- microarray (1)
- microbes (1)
- microbial community abundance and compositions (1)
- microbial diversity (1)
- microbiology (1)
- microbiology techniques (1)
- microbiome metabarcoding (1)
- microbiomes (1)
- microbot (1)
- microdissection (1)
- microenvironment (1)
- microhabitats (1)
- microsatellites (1)
- microstates (1)
- microstructure (1)
- microtubule cytoskeleton (1)
- microvilli (1)
- mikroskopische Untersuchung (1)
- mimecan (1)
- mimicry rings (1)
- mini-exon (1)
- miniature schnauzer (1)
- mitigation strategies (1)
- mitochondrial ADP (1)
- mitochondrial DNA (1)
- mitochondrial activity (1)
- mitochondrial genome (1)
- mitochondrial membrane (1)
- mitochondrially translated (1)
- mitochondrion (1)
- mitofilin (1)
- mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) (1)
- mitotic genes (1)
- mixed hearing loss (1)
- mixed models (1)
- mixed-species forestry (1)
- mobility (1)
- model reduction (1)
- model selection (1)
- modeling (1)
- modular tumor tissue models (1)
- modularity (1)
- modulates virulence (1)
- modulating (1)
- modulation (1)
- modulatory effects (1)
- modules (1)
- mole crickets (1)
- molecular conformation (1)
- molecular diversity (1)
- molecular dynamics simulation (1)
- molecular evolution (1)
- molecular mass (1)
- molecular mechanism (1)
- molecular mechanisms (1)
- molecular mobility (1)
- molecular modeling (1)
- molecular modelling (1)
- molecular recognition (1)
- molecular systematics (1)
- molecular-dynamics simulations (1)
- molting (1)
- monitoring (1)
- monoallelic expression (1)
- monoclonal antibody (1)
- monoclonal stable cell (1)
- monoclonial gammopathy (1)
- monocytes (1)
- monodelphis domestica (1)
- monolayer (1)
- moon (1)
- more-individuals hypothesis (1)
- morphogenetic furrow progression (1)
- morphogenetic protein receptors (1)
- morphology (1)
- mortality rate (1)
- mortality rates (1)
- mossy fiber synapses (1)
- moth manduca sexta (1)
- moths (1)
- moths and butterflies (1)
- motile behaviour (1)
- motility (1)
- motor learning (1)
- motor proteins (1)
- mountain (1)
- mountain biodiversity (1)
- mountain ecology (1)
- mountain ecosystems (1)
- mouse microbiome (1)
- mouse models (1)
- mouse testis differentiation (1)
- mouse xenografts (1)
- mouse-brain (1)
- movement ecology (1)
- mtDNA (1)
- mullerian hormone AMH (1)
- multi-electrode-recording (1)
- multi-species approach (1)
- multi-unit recording (1)
- multidrug-resistant bacteria (1)
- multimodal (1)
- multiple linear regression (1)
- multiple myeloma (1)
- multiple sequence alignments (1)
- multisensory integration (1)
- multisensory navigation (1)
- multispecies metapopulation (1)
- multispecies studies (1)
- multitrophic (1)
- multivariate analyses (1)
- murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (1)
- mushroom body calyx (1)
- mustard oil bomb (1)
- mutation detection (1)
- mutation screening (1)
- mutations (1)
- mutualistic interactions (1)
- mycoplasma tests (1)
- mycotoxins (1)
- myeloma (1)
- myoinhibitory peptide (1)
- myrmrcophytism (1)
- nacreous layer formation (1)
- nanoarchitecture (1)
- nanocarrier (1)
- nanocellulose (1)
- nanocomplex (1)
- nanoscale imaging (1)
- nanotube formation (1)
- nanovesicle formation (1)
- nasopharyngeal colonization (1)
- native bees (1)
- native pollinators (1)
- native populations (1)
- natriuretic peptides (1)
- natural disturbances (1)
- natural enemy (1)
- natural environment (1)
- natural killer cell (1)
- natural killer cells (1)
- natural processing (1)
- naturalistic stimuli (1)
- naturalized species (1)
- naturally occurring polymorphisms (1)
- ncuCyte\(^®\)S3 (1)
- nearest-neighbour dispersal (1)
- nectar (1)
- nectar macronutrients (1)
- negative density dependence (1)
- neisseria gonorrhoeae (1)
- neoadjuvant (1)
- neobellieria bullata (1)
- neophyte trees (1)
- neotropical region (1)
- nepenthes bicalcarata (1)
- nephroblastomatosis (1)
- nervous-system (1)
- nervous-sytem (1)
- nest material (1)
- nest microbiota (1)
- nest site selection (1)
- nesting (1)
- nesting ecology (1)
- nesting habit (1)
- nestmate recognition cues (1)
- netcar-feeding bats (1)
- network (1)
- network biology (1)
- network inference (1)
- network simulation (1)
- network specialization index (H2′) (1)
- neural coding (1)
- neural crest (1)
- neural networks (1)
- neural stem-cells (1)
- neuraminidase (1)
- neuroblast growth (1)
- neuroblastoma (1)
- neuroblastoma cell (1)
- neuroblastoma – diagnosis (1)
- neurodevelopment (1)
- neurogenic locus notch homolog (1)
- neuroimaging (1)
- neuronal (1)
- neuronal and synaptic plasticity (1)
- neuronal development (1)
- neuronal network (1)
- neuronal plasticity (1)
- neurons form (1)
- neuropeptide (1)
- neuropeptide pathway (1)
- neuropeptide signalling (1)
- neuropeptidomics (1)
- neuropil (1)
- neuropils (1)
- neuroprotection (1)
- neuropsychiatric disorders (1)
- neurospheres (1)
- neurotransmitter (1)
- neurotrophic factors (1)
- neutral processes (1)
- neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (1)
- neutral sphingomyelinase-2 (1)
- neutral theory (1)
- neutralizing antibodies (1)
- neutrophil transmigration (1)
- neutrophils (1)
- next-generation sequencing (1)
- niche (1)
- niche breadth (1)
- niche partitioning (1)
- nicotinic acetylcholine-receptors (1)
- nitric oxide (1)
- nitrogen (1)
- nitrogen uptake (1)
- non-SBI fungicide (1)
- non-crop habitats (1)
- non-invasive biomarkers (1)
- non-muscle myosin (1)
- non-sense mediated mRNA decay (1)
- non-small cell lung cancer (1)
- noncovalent complex (1)
- noncovalent nanocomplex (1)
- none (1)
- nonhost plant (1)
- nonhuman-primates (1)
- non‐native plants (1)
- normal distribution (1)
- northern Tanzania (1)
- norway spruce (1)
- novel disturbance (1)
- nuclear antigen (1)
- nuclear export (1)
- nuclear import (1)
- nuclear lamina (1)
- nuclear pore complex (1)
- nuclear proe (1)
- nuclear-pore complexes (1)
- nucleator (1)
- nucleic acid motifs (1)
- nucleologenesis (1)
- nucleosome (1)
- nucleotide exchange (1)
- nucleotide sequence (1)
- nucleotide-gated channel (1)
- number of interactions (1)
- numerical model (1)
- nurse bee (1)
- nurse bees (1)
- nurses (1)
- nursing (1)
- nutritional adaptations (1)
- nutritional ecology (1)
- nyctalus noctula (1)
- nympahlidae (1)
- oaks (1)
- obstructive pulmonary disease (1)
- octogenerians (1)
- octopamine receptors (1)
- odor marks (1)
- odorants (1)
- oil bees (1)
- oil palm plantations (1)
- oil seed rape (1)
- oil-seed rape (1)
- olfactomedin 4 (1)
- olfactometer (1)
- olfactory glomeruli (1)
- olfactory information (1)
- olfactory learning (1)
- oligorecurrence (1)
- olyelectrolyte domains (1)
- omics (1)
- oncogene amplification (1)
- oncogene-induced senescence (1)
- oncogenic transformation (1)
- oncology (1)
- oncolytic virus therapy (1)
- oncolytic viruses (1)
- oogenesis (1)
- oophaga pumilio (1)
- open appendectomy (1)
- operational sex ratio (1)
- ophrys heldreichii (1)
- opoisomerase I (1)
- optic flow (1)
- optic lobes (1)
- optical control (1)
- optical reconstruction microscopy (1)
- optical tracts (1)
- optimal drug combination (1)
- optimal drug targeting (1)
- optimal pharmacological modulation (1)
- optimal treatment strategies (1)
- orb web geometry (1)
- oreochromis niloticus (1)
- organic amendment (1)
- organismal evolution (1)
- organogenesis (1)
- organoid (1)
- organoids (1)
- origin (1)
- orthopoxvirus (1)
- oryzias latipes (1)
- oryzias-latipes (1)
- oscillator (1)
- osmia (1)
- osmotic effects (1)
- osteoblast differentiation (1)
- osteocytes (1)
- osteoglycin (1)
- otitis media (1)
- outer membrane proteins (1)
- outer-membrane proteins (1)
- ovarian cancer (1)
- ovarian tumor (1)
- ovary (1)
- overfishing (1)
- overstory (1)
- oviposition site (1)
- oxaliplatin (1)
- oxidative phosphorylation (1)
- ozone (O3) (1)
- pH (1)
- pacemaker neuron (1)
- packaging (1)
- painful (1)
- painted nest preference (1)
- paleoecology (1)
- palynolog (1)
- palynology (1)
- pancreatectomy (1)
- pancreatic cancer (1)
- pangolin (1)
- panorama (1)
- pantanal wetland (1)
- parabiosis (1)
- parabiotic ants (1)
- parabiotic association (1)
- paracrine release (1)
- parallel evolution (1)
- paralogs (1)
- paranodopathy (1)
- parasite evolution (1)
- parasite genetics (1)
- parasites (1)
- parasitic life cycles (1)
- parasitism (1)
- parasitoid (1)
- parasitoids (1)
- parasitophorous vacuole (1)
- parten-offspring conflict (1)
- partial agonists (1)
- partial least square regression (1)
- particles (1)
- particulate matter (1)
- passes (1)
- passive transfer (1)
- patch size (1)
- paternal introgression (1)
- path integration (1)
- pathogen (1)
- pathogen vacuole (1)
- pathogen vector (1)
- pathogen-host interaction (PHI) (1)
- pathogenesis (1)
- pathogenic bacteria (1)
- pathogens (1)
- pathways (1)
- patient data (1)
- patient-derived organoid (PDOs) (1)
- patient-derived tumor organoid (PDTO) (1)
- pattern recognition receptors (1)
- patterns (1)
- pediatric (1)
- pediatric adrenocortical adenoma (1)
- pediatric adrenocortical cancer (1)
- pediatric adrenocortical tumor (1)
- pediatrics (1)
- peptidase inhibitor PI15 (1)
- peptide (1)
- peptide inhibitor design (1)
- peptide inhibitor of envelopment (1)
- peptide microarray (1)
- peptidomoics (1)
- perennial ryegrass (1)
- performance liquid chromatography (1)
- perfusion-based bioreactor system (1)
- period (1)
- peripheral clocks (1)
- peripheral nervous system (1)
- peripheral-blood (1)
- peritoneal metastasis (1)
- permeability (1)
- persistence (1)
- personalized medicine (1)
- pest (1)
- pest control (1)
- pest species (1)
- pesticide (1)
- pesticide mixture (1)
- pesticides (1)
- pestis infection (1)
- pests (1)
- phage (1)
- phagosomalescape (1)
- phagosome maturation arrest (1)
- phenological escape (1)
- phenological response (1)
- phenological shift (1)
- phenology shifts (1)
- phenotype (1)
- pheromone (1)
- pheromone trail (1)
- pheromones (1)
- philanthidae (1)
- phlorizin (1)
- phosphates (1)
- phosphatidylethanolamine (1)
- phosphatidylserine (1)
- phosphatidylserine transport (1)
- phosphoglycolate phosphatase (1)
- phosphoproteome (1)
- phosphorylation sites (1)
- photoactivation (1)
- photodynamic chemotherapy (1)
- photodynamic therapy (1)
- photolyase (1)
- photoperiodic time mesurement (1)
- photorespiration (1)
- phototaxis (1)
- phototropin (1)
- phyllosphere (1)
- phylogenetic analysis (1)
- phylogenetic tree (1)
- phylogenomics (1)
- physical properties (1)
- physiological constraints (1)
- physiological parameters (1)
- physiological traits (1)
- phytohormones (1)
- phytophagous beetles (1)
- pied flycatchers (1)
- pig microbiome (1)
- pigment pattern (1)
- pigment-dispersing factor (1)
- pili and fimbriae (1)
- pines (1)
- pitcher-plant mosquito (1)
- plant bacteria (1)
- plant community composition (1)
- plant composition (1)
- plant ecology (1)
- plant evolution (1)
- plant fresh/dry weight (1)
- plant functional traits (1)
- plant genomics (1)
- plant growth (1)
- plant guilds (1)
- plant hormones (1)
- plant invasion (1)
- plant physiology (1)
- plant quality (1)
- plant richness (1)
- plant system (1)
- plant vigour (1)
- plant-animal interactions (1)
- plant-herbivore interactions (1)
- plant-insect-microbe interactions (1)
- plantago lanceolata (1)
- plantations (1)
- plant–bee visitation networks (1)
- plant–herbivore interactions (1)
- plant–microbe–pollinator triangle (1)
- plant–pollinator interaction (1)
- plant–pollinator interactions (1)
- plaque assay (1)
- plaque isolation (1)
- plasma membrane (1)
- plasma membrane depolarization (1)
- plasmodium falciparum (1)
- platelet activation factor (1)
- platform (1)
- platyfish (1)
- pneumonic plague (1)
- pocket factor (1)
- poeciliid fishes (1)
- poeciliidae (1)
- polar ion transport (1)
- polarization (1)
- polarization vision (1)
- polarized cell culture (1)
- polarized epithelium (1)
- policy (1)
- pollen and nectar resources (1)
- pollen beetle (1)
- pollen limitation (1)
- pollen metabarcoding (1)
- pollen nutrients (1)
- pollen provisions (1)
- pollen quality (1)
- pollen tube (1)
- pollination ecology (1)
- pollination services (1)
- pollinator attraction (1)
- pollinator diversity (1)
- pollinator friendly plants (1)
- pollinator interactions (1)
- pollinators (1)
- pollution (1)
- polyarcylamide gels (1)
- polycistronic mRNA (1)
- polyelectrolyte domains (1)
- polyergus rufescens (1)
- polymerase (1)
- polyploidy (1)
- population (1)
- population coverage (1)
- population divergence (1)
- population structure (1)
- pore (1)
- post-fire management (1)
- post-harvest quality (1)
- postoperative inflammation (1)
- posttranscriptional regulation (1)
- potassium channel (1)
- potential role (1)
- poxvirus (1)
- pp6oc-src (1)
- precedes multiple-myeloma (1)
- precision agriculture (1)
- precision-cut tumor slices (1)
- preclinical model (1)
- predation (1)
- predation risk (1)
- predator-exclusion (1)
- predictive factors (1)
- predictive modeling (1)
- preference–performance hypothesis (1)
- prefrontal cortex (1)
- pregnancy (1)
- premature aging (1)
- preproteins (1)
- presynapse (1)
- presynaptic (1)
- presynaptic calcium (1)
- presynaptic differentiation (1)
- presynaptic homeostasis (1)
- presynaptic plasticity (1)
- prey (1)
- prey growth rate (1)
- prey selection (1)
- prezygotic reproductive isolation (1)
- primary biliary-cirrhosis (1)
- primary tumor cell culture (1)
- primeval forest (1)
- principal (1)
- principal component analysis (1)
- pristine forests (1)
- pro-oxidant (1)
- proGenomes (1)
- probes (1)
- proboscis extension reflex (1)
- proboscis extension response (1)
- procambarus-clarkii (1)
- productivity (1)
- productivity hypothesis (1)
- profile distances (1)
- progenitors (1)
- progeria (1)
- prognosis (1)
- prognostic factors (1)
- prognostic marker (1)
- prokaryotic clade (1)
- prokaryotic subspecies (1)
- prolactin (1)
- proliferation assays (1)
- prolonged survival (1)
- promoter (1)
- promoter affinity (1)
- propagation (1)
- proportion of seminatural habitat (1)
- protandry (1)
- protease (1)
- protease; Indinavir; lead expansion; docking; pharmacophore (1)
- proteasome system (1)
- protected forests (1)
- protein analysis (1)
- protein biosynthesis & quality control (1)
- protein chip (1)
- protein complexes (1)
- protein crowding (1)
- protein docking (1)
- protein domain architectures (1)
- protein expression (1)
- protein familiy (1)
- protein interaction database (1)
- protein interactions (1)
- protein kinases (1)
- protein pathway (1)
- protein phosphorylation (1)
- protein processing (1)
- protein synthesis (1)
- protein tyrosine kinase (1)
- protein-coupled receptors (1)
- protein-interaction networks (1)
- protein-protein interaction (PPI) (1)
- protein-protein interaction network (1)
- protein-protein interactions (1)
- protein-protein recognition (1)
- proteines membranaires (1)
- proteolipid (1)
- proteome (1)
- proteomic analysis (1)
- protocadherin gamma cluster (1)
- proton channel (1)
- proton conduction (1)
- protooncogene (1)
- protophormia terraenovae (1)
- prototheca (1)
- protozoan (1)
- proximity labeling (1)
- proximity ligation (1)
- psbA/rbcL spacer (1)
- pseudomas-syringae (1)
- pulmonata (1)
- pyramidal neurons (1)
- pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (1)
- quali-chick chimeras (1)
- quality (1)
- quality control (1)
- quantification (1)
- quantitative stigmergy (1)
- queens (1)
- quinoa (1)
- rDNA (1)
- radial (1)
- radial glia (1)
- radiation (1)
- radiation response (1)
- radiofrequency identification (1)
- radiotherapy (1)
- rafflesiana (1)
- rain forest (1)
- rainforest (1)
- rana temporaria populations (1)
- random forest (1)
- range limits (1)
- range shifts (1)
- rapid evolution (1)
- rare (1)
- ras (1)
- rat calyx (1)
- rat hepatocytes (1)
- rat hippocampal neurons (1)
- rational drug design (1)
- re-annotation (1)
- reactivating p53 and inducing tumor apoptosis (RITA) (1)
- reactive electrophilic species (1)
- reactive oxygen (1)
- real-time (1)
- receptor tyrosine kinase (1)
- receptor tyrosine kinases (1)
- recognition nexus domain (1)
- recognize images (1)
- recolonization (1)
- recombinant protein rVE (1)
- recombinant proteins (1)
- recombinat-human-erythropoietin (1)
- reconstruction microscopy (1)
- recreation (1)
- rectal cancer (1)
- rectal resection (1)
- rectum (1)
- red blood cells (1)
- red lists (1)
- redox homeostasis (1)
- regime shift (1)
- regional species pool (1)
- regression analysis (1)
- regulatory T cells (1)
- regulatory circuit downstream (1)
- regulatory networks (1)
- regulatory regions (1)
- relA (1)
- relative abundance (1)
- relevance (1)
- reliability (1)
- remote sensing‐enabled essential biodiversity variables (1)
- renal cancer (1)
- renal cell carcinoma (1)
- replication stress (1)
- reporter gene (1)
- reproductive asynchrony (1)
- reproductive character displacement (1)
- reproductive diapause (1)
- reproductive health (1)
- reproductive performance (1)
- reproductive toxicity (1)
- reprogamming of host cell metabolism (1)
- rescue behavior (1)
- resolution limit (1)
- resonance theory (1)
- resource allocation (1)
- resource availability (1)
- resource selection (1)
- resources (1)
- response regulator (1)
- resting-state (1)
- restoration strategy (1)
- reticulate body (1)
- retinal development (1)
- retinal differentiation (1)
- retinal dystrophies (1)
- retinoblastoma protein (1)
- retrotransposons (1)
- reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (1)
- reward (1)
- rheumatoid arthritis (1)
- rhodopsin (1)
- rhythm (1)
- rhythmic components (1)
- rhythms (1)
- ribosomal RNA (1)
- ribosomes (1)
- riboswitch (1)
- rice–plant infection (1)
- richtersius coronifer (1)
- riesgo de extinción (1)
- riparian ecology (1)
- risk assessment (1)
- risk factor (1)
- risk factors (1)
- risk management (1)
- risk stratification (1)
- river restoration (1)
- robotic surgery (1)
- robustness (1)
- rocus sieberi (1)
- rolling-circle transposons (1)
- root (1)
- rove beetle (1)
- rs112587690 (1)
- rs12628 (1)
- rural domain (1)
- sRNA (1)
- sacbrood virus (1)
- saccharomyces cerevisiae (1)
- saccharomyes cerevisiae (1)
- salinity (1)
- salinity stress (1)
- salivary gland (1)
- salt tolerance (1)
- salvage logging (1)
- salvage radiotherapy (1)
- sample (1)
- sampling behavior (1)
- sampling bias (1)
- saprobic and ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes (1)
- saproxylic organisms (1)
- saproxylic species (1)
- sarcomere (1)
- sarcopterygian fish (1)
- satellite (1)
- satellite DNA (1)
- savanna woodland (1)
- scaffold search (1)
- scalable functional genomic screening (1)
- scanning electron microscopy (1)
- scavender receptor (1)
- schizosaccaromyces-pombe (1)
- screening (1)
- seahorse (1)
- season (1)
- seasonal phenology (1)
- secondary invader (1)
- secondary site infection (1)
- secreted effectors (1)
- seed yield (1)
- segmental progeria (1)
- self-renewal (1)
- semantic segmentation (1)
- semi-natural habitat (1)
- semi‐natural habitats (1)
- sensitization (1)
- sensor (1)
- sensory cues (1)
- sensory neurons (1)
- sensory physiology (1)
- sensory systems (1)
- sentinel prey (1)
- sentinel-2 (1)
- sept3 (1)
- sept5a (1)
- sept5b (1)
- septin (1)
- sequence (1)
- sequence assembly tools (1)
- sequence motif analysis (1)
- sequence subunit (1)
- sequencing (1)
- sequencing data (1)
- sequential introduction (1)
- sequential mate choice (1)
- serotonin transporter (1)
- serotonin-specific neurons (1)
- serum (1)
- sesame (1)
- set (1)
- sex chromosome evolution (1)
- sex combs (1)
- sex linked pigmentation pattern (1)
- sex pheromone (1)
- sex pheromones (1)
- sex-biased dispersal (1)
- sex-determining genes. (1)
- sex-determining region (1)
- sex-specific competition (1)
- sex-specific mortality (1)
- sexual antagonistic genes (1)
- sexual conflict (1)
- sexual deception (1)
- sexual development (1)
- sexual development dysgenesis (1)
- sexual dimorphism (1)
- sexual dimorphism in timing (1)
- sexually antagonistic genes (1)
- shade cover (1)
- shannon index (1)
- shear stress (1)
- shelf life (1)
- shoot apical meristem (1)
- shootin-1 (1)
- shoot–root interaction (1)
- short‐rotation coppice (1)
- shrub‐cover (1)
- signal peptide peptidase (1)
- signal tranduction (1)
- signaling network (1)
- signalling (1)
- signalling pathways (1)
- silico model (1)
- silk (1)
- silkworm (1)
- silver staining (1)
- similarity (1)
- simple repeat sequences (1)
- simple repetitive sequences (1)
- simpson's index (1)
- single cell analysis (1)
- single molecule localization microscopy (1)
- single strand blocking (1)
- single-electron transistors (1)
- single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy (1)
- single-molecule photobleaching (1)
- single-molecule tracking (1)
- single-port appendectomy (1)
- single-trial learning (1)
- size determination (1)
- size dimorphism (1)
- size polymorpbism (1)
- skin (1)
- sky compass (1)
- sky kinases (1)
- sky-compass orientation (1)
- sky-compass pathway (1)
- sleep/activity (1)
- small RNA-sequencing (1)
- small cell lung cancer (1)
- small interfering RNAs (1)
- small interferring RNA (1)
- small intestinal submucosa scaffold (1)
- small-cell lung cancer (1)
- small-colony variants (1)
- snags (1)
- snoRNA (1)
- snowmelt (1)
- social (1)
- social bees (1)
- social behavior (1)
- social calls (1)
- social immunity (1)
- social insect (1)
- social insects (1)
- social parasitism (1)
- sociality (1)
- sodal domlnance (1)
- sodium (1)
- soil (1)
- soil characteristics (1)
- soil fauna (1)
- soil macrofauna (1)
- solution scattering (1)
- solvent (1)
- sonic hedghog (1)
- sound production (1)
- southern hybridization (1)
- sown flower field age and size (1)
- space-for-time approach (1)
- spanlastic (1)
- spatial representation (1)
- spatial scales (1)
- spatial variation (1)
- spatially structured population (1)
- specialists (1)
- species as individuals (1)
- species as natural kinds (1)
- species coexistence mechanism (1)
- species community composition (1)
- species composition (1)
- species diversification (1)
- species energy theory (1)
- species gastropoda (1)
- species interactions (1)
- species problem (1)
- species range shifts (1)
- species richness estimation (1)
- species traits (1)
- species turnover (1)
- species‐area hypothesis (1)
- spectral sensitivity (1)
- spectrometry-based proteomics (1)
- sperm (1)
- sperm head formation (1)
- spermatogenic cell sorting (1)
- spermiogenesis (1)
- sphingolipid expansion microscopy (1)
- sphingomyelinase (1)
- sphingomyelinase release (1)
- sphingosine (1)
- sphingosine 1-phosphate (1)
- sphingosine kinases (1)
- sphingosine-1-phosphate (1)
- spidroin (1)
- spire (1)
- spiroplasma (1)
- spliceosomes (1)
- splicing (1)
- splicing factors (1)
- spot size (1)
- squalius alburnoides (1)
- squamous (1)
- squamous cell carcinoma (1)
- squamous tumors (1)
- stability (1)
- stable state (1)
- stable-isotope (1)
- stage III (1)
- stalk cell (1)
- stalking predators (1)
- standard schnauzer (1)
- standing deadwood (1)
- standing variation (1)
- staphylinid beetles (1)
- staphylococcal alpha-toxin (1)
- staphylococcus aureus (1)
- statistical disperison (1)
- statistics (1)
- stem arena (1)
- stem cell niche (1)
- stem cell transplantation (1)
- stem weevil (1)
- stem-cell (1)
- stem-cell-triggered immunity (1)
- stemness (1)
- stepping patterns (1)
- stocks (1)
- stomata (1)
- stomatal conductance (1)
- strategies (1)
- strategy (1)
- stratification (1)
- strawberry (1)
- stress (1)
- stress conditions (1)
- stringent response (1)
- structural insights (1)
- structure (1)
- structure-activity relationship (1)
- structure-function relationships (1)
- structured illumination (1)
- structured illumination microscope (1)
- study design (1)
- study system (1)
- sturgeon karyotype (1)
- sublethal effect (1)
- sublethal effects (1)
- substrate channeling (1)
- substrate quality (1)
- subungual (1)
- subunit stoichiometry (1)
- successional trajectory (1)
- sucrose (1)
- sucrose sensitivity (1)
- sugar responsiveness (1)
- sulfate (1)
- sulforaphane (1)
- super resolution microscopy (1)
- super-resolution imaging (1)
- super-resolution microscopy (SRM) (1)
- superior (1)
- superoxide-dismutase (1)
- surface (1)
- surface proteins (1)
- surface water (1)
- surgery (1)
- surgical care (1)
- surgical oncology (1)
- surgical site infection (1)
- surveillance (1)
- survival analysis (1)
- sustainable (1)
- swimming (1)
- swordtails (1)
- symbiont selection (1)
- synapse formation (1)
- synapse structure (1)
- synaptic complexes (1)
- synaptic connections (1)
- synaptic delay (1)
- synaptic localization (1)
- synaptic signaling (1)
- synaptic transmission (1)
- synaptic ultrastructure (1)
- synaptic vesicles (1)
- synapticplasticity (1)
- synaptotagmin (1)
- synthetic pathways (1)
- system inference (1)
- systematic affiliation (1)
- systematic review (1)
- systemic inflammatory response syndrome (1)
- systemic sclerosis (1)
- t-Test (1)
- tachykinin (1)
- tag fusion proteins (1)
- tandem repeats (1)
- tansy leaf beetle (1)
- tardigrada (1)
- target (1)
- target molecule (1)
- targeted combination therapy (1)
- targeted therapies (1)
- targeted therapy (1)
- targets (1)
- task allocation (1)
- taste (1)
- taxonomic biases (1)
- taxonomic description (1)
- taxonomy (1)
- tegument protein pUL36 (1)
- teichoic acids (1)
- teleost fish (1)
- teleost fishes (1)
- teleost flsh (1)
- teleostei (1)
- telomere attachment (1)
- temperate forests (1)
- temperature gradient (1)
- temperature-speciation hypothesis (1)
- temperature‐mediated resource exploitation hypothesis (1)
- temperature‐richness hypothesis (1)
- temporal mismatch (1)
- temporal range (1)
- temporal variation (1)
- température (1)
- tergite (1)
- term memory (1)
- terrestrial habitats (1)
- testes (1)
- testosterone (1)
- tetracyclines (1)
- tettigoniidae (1)
- the microtubule-organizing center (1)
- therapeutic strategy (1)
- thermal adaptation (1)
- thermal biology (1)
- thermoregulation (1)
- theta (1)
- thin sections (1)
- thiol starvation (1)
- three-dimensional microscopy (1)
- three-toed woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus) (1)
- threshold indicator taxa analysis (1)
- throat (1)
- thrombosis (1)
- tight junction (1)
- time lag (1)
- time lapse cameras (1)
- tissue model (1)
- tissue transport (1)
- tolerance (1)
- tonicity (1)
- tools overview (1)
- topminnow (1)
- total internal reflection microscopy (1)
- tousled-like kinases (1)
- tracheal cytotoxin (1)
- tracking (1)
- trade‐offs (1)
- traditional almond orchard (1)
- traditional land use (1)
- traffic noise (1)
- trafficking (1)
- trait-displacement (1)
- trampling (1)
- trans-splicing (1)
- trans-tango (1)
- transcription activation (1)
- transcription deficiency (1)
- transcription factor (1)
- transcription factors (1)
- transcription units (1)
- transcriptional control (1)
- transcriptional profiling (1)
- transcriptional responses (1)
- transcriptional rewiring (1)
- transcriptome analysis (1)
- transcriptomes (1)
- transcriptomic response (1)
- transfer RNA-synthetases (1)
- transformation (1)
- transgenic fish (1)
- transgenic mice (1)
- transient dynamics (1)
- transitional shrubland (1)
- translation (1)
- translation initiation (1)
- translational initiation (1)
- translational regulation (1)
- translocation experiment (1)
- transplantation (1)
- transportome (1)
- transposition (1)
- trans‐Tango (1)
- trap selectivity (1)
- treatment (1)
- tree cavities (1)
- tree cavity (1)
- tree plantations (1)
- tree selection (1)
- treefrogs hyla-gratiosa (1)
- triglyceride accumulation (1)
- trinervitermes (1)
- trisomy 21 (1)
- trophic interactions (1)
- trophic levels (1)
- trophic position (1)
- tropical ecology (1)
- tropical forest (1)
- true bug (1)
- true diversity (1)
- trypanobot (1)
- trypanosoma brucei (1)
- trypanosoma brucei gambiense (1)
- trypanosome lytic factor (1)
- trypanosomes (1)
- tryptophan (1)
- tsetse (1)
- tumor disease (1)
- tumor microenvironment (1)
- tumor model (1)
- tumor suppressor (1)
- tumor surveillance (1)
- tumor-associated macrophage (1)
- tumors (1)
- tumour (1)
- tumour heterogeneity (1)
- turnover (1)
- type 1 (1)
- type-1 (1)
- type-1 matrix (1)
- tyramine (1)
- tyrosine kinase (1)
- tyrosine phosphorylation (1)
- tyrosine recombinase (1)
- ultrasound vocalizations (1)
- undernourishment (1)
- undersampling (1)
- understory (1)
- undetermined significance (1)
- unicellular cyanobacteria (1)
- unmanaged broadleaved forests (1)
- unpaired median neurons (1)
- unstructured data (1)
- unstructured proteins (1)
- unstrukturierte Daten (1)
- uper-resolution array tomography (1)
- upslope shift (1)
- uptake (1)
- urban (1)
- urban ecology (1)
- urban greening (1)
- urban-rural gradient (1)
- urinary tract infections (1)
- usurpation (1)
- vacuolar calcium sensor (1)
- validation (1)
- vancomycin (1)
- variability analysis (1)
- variable regions (1)
- variant detection (1)
- variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) (1)
- variant surface glycoproteins (1)
- variants of unknown significance (1)
- vector navigation (1)
- vegetation structure (1)
- vemurafenib (1)
- venom (1)
- venous infiltration (1)
- vertebrate scavenger (1)
- vertebrates (1)
- vertical mismatch (1)
- vertical stratification (1)
- vesicles (1)
- vibration (1)
- vibrio cholerae (1)
- video recording (1)
- vineyard terrace (1)
- viral entry (1)
- viral load (1)
- viral replication (1)
- viral transmission and infection (1)
- virions (1)
- virtual docking (1)
- virulenceregulatory evolution (1)
- visual cues (1)
- visual learning (1)
- visual memory (1)
- visual orientation (1)
- visual pigments (1)
- vitellogenin (1)
- vocabulary (1)
- volatiles (1)
- voltage gating (1)
- volume (1)
- volume regulation (1)
- volume transmission (1)
- von Willebrand type C domain (1)
- waggle dance (1)
- walking (1)
- wasp-mimicking (1)
- wasps (1)
- water (1)
- water beetles (1)
- water microbiology (1)
- water stress (1)
- water strider (1)
- well-being (1)
- wheat yield (1)
- whole exome sequencing (1)
- whole genome (1)
- whole genome duplication (1)
- whole genome duplications (1)
- whole genome sequencing (1)
- whole-genome analysis (1)
- whole-genome duplication (1)
- whole-genome sequencing (1)
- whole-genome shotgun sequencing (1)
- wild (1)
- wild honey bees (1)
- wild honeybees (1)
- wild plant pollination (1)
- wildlife management (1)
- wind compass (1)
- windthrow (1)
- winter (1)
- woody plant richness (1)
- wood‐inhabiting fungi (1)
- work bee (1)
- worker bee larva (1)
- worker behavior (1)
- worker honeybees (1)
- wound (1)
- wound healing (1)
- wound infection (1)
- wrong labelling (1)
- wyeomyia smithii (1)
- xanthophyceae (1)
- xanthurenic acid (1)
- xenophagy (1)
- xiphophorus maculatus (1)
- xylem loading (1)
- yellow fluorescent protein (1)
- young work bee (1)
- yvcK/glmR operon (1)
- zoology (1)
- zygomorphy (1)
- Ökologie (1)
- índice de biodiversidad (1)
- ΔNp63 (1)
- α-Galactosidase A (1)
- α‐diversity (1)
- β-Hydroxybutyrate (1)
- β-barrel (1)
- β-cells (1)
- β-diversity (1)
- β‐diversity (1)
- ∆Np63 (1)
Institute
- Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften (1377) (remove)
Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen
- Mildred-Scheel-Nachwuchszentrum (2)
- Ökologische Station Fabrikschleichach (2)
- Core Unit Systemmedizin (1)
- DNA Analytics Core Facility, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (1)
- DNA Analytics Core Facility, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (1)
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (1)
- EMBL, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany (1)
- Forschungsstation Fabrikschleichach (1)
- Fraunhofer Institute Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB) (1)
- IZKF (Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Klinische Forschung), Universität Würzburg (1)
- IZKF Laboratory for Microarray Applications, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (1)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (1)
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Klinische Forschung (ZIKF), Würzburg (1)
- Microarray Core Unit, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Science, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Straße, Würzburg 97080, Germany (1)
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Center (1)
- Ökologische Station, Fabrikschleichach (1)
ResearcherID
- D-1221-2009 (1)
Quantifying tree defoliation by insects over large areas is a major challenge in forest management, but it is essential in ecosystem assessments of disturbance and resistance against herbivory. However, the trajectory from leaf-flush to insect defoliation to refoliation in broadleaf trees is highly variable. Its tracking requires high temporal- and spatial-resolution data, particularly in fragmented forests.
In a unique replicated field experiment manipulating gypsy moth Lymantria dispar densities in mixed-oak forests, we examined the utility of publicly accessible satellite-borne radar (Sentinel-1) to track the fine-scale temporal trajectory of defoliation. The ratio of backscatter intensity between two polarizations from radar data of the growing season constituted a canopy development index (CDI) and a normalized CDI (NCDI), which were validated by optical (Sentinel-2) and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) data as well by intensive caterpillar sampling from canopy fogging.
The CDI and NCDI strongly correlated with optical and TLS data (Spearman's ρ = 0.79 and 0.84, respectively). The ΔNCDII\(_{Defoliation(A−C)}\) significantly explained caterpillar abundance (R\(^{2}\) = 0.52). The NCDI at critical timesteps and ΔNCDI related to defoliation and refoliation well discriminated between heavily and lightly defoliated forests.
We demonstrate that the high spatial and temporal resolution and the cloud independence of Sentinel-1 radar potentially enable spatially unrestricted measurements of the highly dynamic canopy herbivory. This can help monitor insect pests, improve the prediction of outbreaks and facilitate the monitoring of forest disturbance, one of the high priority Essential Biodiversity Variables, in the near future.
Usher syndrome, the most prevalent cause of combined hereditary vision and hearing impairment, is clinically and genetically heterogeneous. Moreover, several conditions with phenotypes overlapping Usher syndrome have been described. This makes the molecular diagnosis of hereditary deaf-blindness challenging. Here, we performed exome sequencing and analysis on 7 Mexican and 52 Iranian probands with combined retinal degeneration and hearing impairment (without intellectual disability). Clinical assessment involved ophthalmological examination and hearing loss questionnaire. Usher syndrome, most frequently due to biallelic variants in MYO7A (USH1B in 16 probands), USH2A (17 probands), and ADGRV1 (USH2C in 7 probands), was diagnosed in 44 of 59 (75%) unrelated probands. Almost half of the identified variants were novel. Nine of 59 (15%) probands displayed other genetic entities with dual sensory impairment, including Alström syndrome (3 patients), cone-rod dystrophy and hearing loss 1 (2 probands), and Heimler syndrome (1 patient). Unexpected findings included one proband each with Scheie syndrome, coenzyme Q10 deficiency, and pseudoxanthoma elasticum. In four probands, including three Usher cases, dual sensory impairment was either modified/aggravated or caused by variants in distinct genes associated with retinal degeneration and/or hearing loss. The overall diagnostic yield of whole exome analysis in our deaf-blind cohort was 92%. Two (3%) probands were partially solved and only 3 (5%) remained without any molecular diagnosis. In many cases, the molecular diagnosis is important to guide genetic counseling, to support prognostic outcomes and decisions with currently available and evolving treatment modalities.
The biosynthesis of ribosomes is a complex cellular process involving ribosomal RNA, ribosomal proteins and several further trans-acting factors. DExD/H box proteins constitute the largest family of trans-acting protein factors involved in this process. Several members of this protein family have been directly implicated in ribosome biogenesis in yeast. In trypanosomes, ribosome biogenesis differs in several features from the process described in yeast. Here, we have identified the DExD/H box helicase Hel66 as being involved in ribosome biogenesis. The protein is unique to Kinetoplastida, localises to the nucleolus and its depletion via RNAi caused a severe growth defect. Loss of the protein resulted in a decrease of global translation and accumulation of rRNA processing intermediates for both the small and large ribosomal subunits. Only a few factors involved in trypanosome rRNA biogenesis have been described so far and our findings contribute to gaining a more comprehensive picture of this essential process.
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are hypothesized to possess molecular mobility over a wide temporal range. Until now the temporal range has not been fully accessible due to the crucially limited temporal range of available methods. This in turn, may lead relevant dynamic constants to remain masked. Here, we expand this dynamic range by combining fluorescent techniques using a spot confocal setup. We decipher mobility constants of β\(_{2}\)-adrenergic receptor over a wide time range (nanosecond to second). Particularly, a translational mobility (10 µm\(^{2}\)/s), one order of magnitude faster than membrane associated lateral mobility that explains membrane protein turnover and suggests a wider picture of the GPCR availability on the plasma membrane. And a so far elusive rotational mobility (1-200 µs) which depicts a previously overlooked dynamic component that, despite all complexity, behaves largely as predicted by the Saffman-Delbrück model.
Comparison of the central human and mouse platelet signaling cascade by systems biological analysis
(2020)
Background
Understanding the molecular mechanisms of platelet activation and aggregation is of high interest for basic and clinical hemostasis and thrombosis research. The central platelet protein interaction network is involved in major responses to exogenous factors. This is defined by systemsbiological pathway analysis as the central regulating signaling cascade of platelets (CC).
Results
The CC is systematically compared here between mouse and human and major differences were found. Genetic differences were analysed comparing orthologous human and mouse genes. We next analyzed different expression levels of mRNAs. Considering 4 mouse and 7 human high-quality proteome data sets, we identified then those major mRNA expression differences (81%) which were supported by proteome data. CC is conserved regarding genetic completeness, but we observed major differences in mRNA and protein levels between both species. Looking at central interactors, human PLCB2, MMP9, BDNF, ITPR3 and SLC25A6 (always Entrez notation) show absence in all murine datasets. CC interactors GNG12, PRKCE and ADCY9 occur only in mice. Looking at the common proteins, TLN1, CALM3, PRKCB, APP, SOD2 and TIMP1 are higher abundant in human, whereas RASGRP2, ITGB2, MYL9, EIF4EBP1, ADAM17, ARRB2, CD9 and ZYX are higher abundant in mouse. Pivotal kinase SRC shows different regulation on mRNA and protein level as well as ADP receptor P2RY12.
Conclusions
Our results highlight species-specific differences in platelet signaling and points of specific fine-tuning in human platelets as well as murine-specific signaling differences.
African trypanosomes thrive in the bloodstream and tissue spaces of a wide range of mammalian hosts. Infections of cattle cause an enormous socio-economic burden in sub-Saharan Africa. A hallmark of the trypanosome lifestyle is the flagellate’s incessant motion. This work details the cell motility behavior of the four livestock-parasites Trypanosoma vivax, T. brucei, T. evansi and T. congolense. The trypanosomes feature distinct swimming patterns, speeds and flagellar wave frequencies, although the basic mechanism of flagellar propulsion is conserved, as is shown by extended single flagellar beat analyses. Three-dimensional analyses of the trypanosomes expose a high degree of dynamic pleomorphism, typified by the ‘cellular waveform’. This is a product of the flagellar oscillation, the chirality of the flagellum attachment and the stiffness of the trypanosome cell body. The waveforms are characteristic for each trypanosome species and are influenced by changes of the microenvironment, such as differences in viscosity and the presence of confining obstacles. The distinct cellular waveforms may be reflective of the actual anatomical niches the parasites populate within their mammalian host. T. vivax displays waveforms optimally aligned to the topology of the bloodstream, while the two subspecies T. brucei and T. evansi feature distinct cellular waveforms, both additionally adapted to motion in more confined environments such as tissue spaces. T. congolense reveals a small and stiff waveform, which makes these parasites weak swimmers and destined for cell adherence in low flow areas of the circulation. Thus, our experiments show that the differential dissemination and annidation of trypanosomes in their mammalian hosts may depend on the distinct swimming capabilities of the parasites.
Activation of the pp60\(^{c-src}\) kinase during differentiation of monomyelocytic cells in vitro
(1986)
Tbe proto-oncogene c-src, the cellular homolog of the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) transforming gene v-src, is expressed in a tissue-specific and age-dependent manner. Its physiological function, although still unknown, appears to be more closely related to differentiation processes than to proliferation processes. To obtain more information about the physiological role of the c-src gene in cells, we have studied differentiation-dependent alterations using the human HL-60 leukaemia cell line as a model system. Induction of monocytic and granulocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells by 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is associated with an activation of the pp60<sup>c-src</sup> tyrosine kinase, but not with increased c-src gene expression. Control experiments exclude an interaction of TPA and DMSO themselves with the pp60<sup>c-src</sup> kinase.
Synaptophysin: a substrate for the protein tyrosine kinase pp60c-src in intact synaptic vesicles
(1990)
Expression of pp60 c-src, the first well defined proto-oncogene product, is developmentally regulated and tissue-specific, with neuronal tissues displaying high amounts of the c-src encoded pp60 c-src kinase activity. In the central nervous system pp60 s-src is preferentially expressed in regions characterized by a high content of grey matter and elevated density of nerve terminals. In this study we show for the first time a direct interaction between pp60 c-src and synaptophysin as a physiological target protein in neurons by demonstrating that endogenous pp60 c-src is able to phosphorylate synaptophysin (p38). p38 is a major constituent of the synaptic vesicle membrane protein and is thought to play a key role in the exocytosis of small synaptic vesicles and possibly small clear vesicles in neuroendocrine cells.
Connecting lysosomes and mitochondria – a novel role for lipid metabolism in cancer cell death
(2019)
Background
The understanding of lysosomes has been expanded in recent research way beyond their view as cellular trash can. Lysosomes are pivotal in regulating metabolism, endocytosis and autophagy and are implicated in cancer. Recently it was discovered that the lysosomal V-ATPase, which is known to induce apoptosis, interferes with lipid metabolism in cancer, yet the interplay between these organelles is poorly understood.
Methods
LC-MS/MS analysis was performed to investigate lipid distribution in cells. Cell survival and signaling pathways were analyzed by means of cell biological methods (qPCR, Western Blot, flow cytometry, CellTiter-Blue). Mitochondrial structure was analyzed by confocal imaging and electron microscopy, their function was determined by flow cytometry and seahorse measurements.
Results
Our data reveal that interfering with lysosomal function changes composition and subcellular localization of triacylglycerids accompanied by an upregulation of PGC1α and PPARα expression, master regulators of energy and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, cardiolipin content is reduced driving mitochondria into fission, accompanied by a loss of membrane potential and reduction in oxidative capacity, which leads to a deregulation in cellular ROS and induction of mitochondria-driven apoptosis. Additionally, cells undergo a metabolic shift to glutamine dependency, correlated with the fission phenotype and sensitivity to lysosomal inhibition, most prominent in Ras mutated cells.
Conclusion
This study sheds mechanistic light on a largely uninvestigated triangle between lysosomes, lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function. Insight into this organelle crosstalk increases our understanding of mitochondria-driven cell death. Our findings furthermore provide a first hint on a connection of Ras pathway mutations and sensitivity towards lysosomal inhibitors.
Background:
Ketogenic diets (KDs) or short-term fasting are popular trends amongst supportive approaches for cancer patients. Beta-hydroxybutyrate (3-OHB) is the main physiological ketone body, whose concentration can reach plasma levels of 2–6 mM during KDs or fasting. The impact of 3-OHB on the biology of tumor cells described so far is contradictory. Therefore, we investigated the effect of a physiological concentration of 3 mM 3-OHB on metabolism, proliferation, and viability of breast cancer (BC) cells in vitro.
Methods:
Seven different human BC cell lines (BT20, BT474, HBL100, MCF-7, MDA-MB 231, MDA-MB 468, and T47D) were cultured in medium with 5 mM glucose in the presence of 3 mM 3-OHB at mild hypoxia (5% oxygen) or normoxia (21% oxygen). Metabolic profiling was performed by quantification of the turnover of glucose, lactate, and 3-OHB and by Seahorse metabolic flux analysis. Expression of key enzymes of ketolysis as well as the main monocarboxylic acid transporter MCT2 and the glucose-transporter GLUT1 was analyzed by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. The effect of 3-OHB on short- and long-term cell proliferation as well as chemo- and radiosensitivity were also analyzed.
Results:
3-OHB significantly changed the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) in BT20 cells resulting in a more oxidative energetic phenotype. MCF-7 and MDA-MB 468 cells had increased ECAR only in response to 3-OHB, while the other three cell types remained uninfluenced. All cells expressed MCT2 and GLUT1, thus being able to uptake the metabolites. The consumption of 3-OHB was not strongly linked to mRNA overexpression of key enzymes of ketolysis and did not correlate with lactate production and glucose consumption. Neither 3-OHB nor acetoacetate did interfere with proliferation. Further, 3-OHB incubation did not modify the response of the tested BC cell lines to chemotherapy or radiation.
Conclusions:
We found that a physiological level of 3-OHB can change the energetic profile of some BC cell lines. However, 3-OHB failed to influence different biologic processes in these cells, e.g., cell proliferation and the response to common breast cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Thus, we have no evidence that 3-OHB generally influences the biology of breast cancer cells in vitro.
Background. Up to 75% of crop species benefit at least to some degree from animal pollination for fruit or seed set and yield. However, basic information on the level of pollinator dependence and pollinator contribution to yield is lacking for many crops. Even less is known about how insect pollination affects crop quality. Given that habitat loss and agricultural intensification are known to decrease pollinator richness and abundance, there is a need to assess the consequences for different components of crop production. Methods. We used pollination exclusion on flowers or inflorescences on a whole plant basis to assess the contribution of insect pollination to crop yield and quality in four flowering crops (spring oilseed rape, field bean, strawberry, and buckwheat) located in four regions of Europe. For each crop, we recorded abundance and species richness of flower visiting insects in ten fields located along a gradient from simple to heterogeneous landscapes. Results. Insect pollination enhanced average crop yield between 18 and 71% depending on the crop. Yield quality was also enhanced in most crops. For instance, oilseed rape had higher oil and lower chlorophyll contents when adequately pollinated, the proportion of empty seeds decreased in buckwheat, and strawberries' commercial grade improved; however, we did not find higher nitrogen content in open pollinated field beans. Complex landscapes had a higher overall species richness of wild pollinators across crops, but visitation rates were only higher in complex landscapes for some crops. On the contrary, the overall yield was consistently enhanced by higher visitation rates, but not by higher pollinator richness. Discussion. For the four crops in this study, there is clear benefit delivered by pollinators on yield quantity and/or quality, but it is not maximized under current agricultural intensification. Honeybees, the most abundant pollinator, might partially compensate the loss of wild pollinators in some areas, but our results suggest the need of landscape-scale actions to enhance wild pollinator populations.
Quantifying the spatio-temporal distribution of arthropods in tropical rainforests represents a first step towards scrutinizing the global distribution of biodiversity on Earth. To date most studies have focused on narrow taxonomic groups or lack a design that allows partitioning of the components of diversity. Here, we consider an exceptionally large dataset (113,952 individuals representing 5,858 species), obtained from the San Lorenzo forest in Panama, where the phylogenetic breadth of arthropod taxa was surveyed using 14 protocols targeting the soil, litter, understory, lower and upper canopy habitats, replicated across seasons in 2003 and 2004. This dataset is used to explore the relative influence of horizontal, vertical and seasonal drivers of arthropod distribution in this forest. We considered arthropod abundance, observed and estimated species richness, additive decomposition of species richness, multiplicative partitioning of species diversity, variation in species composition, species turnover and guild structure as components of diversity. At the scale of our study (2km of distance, 40m in height and 400 days), the effects related to the vertical and seasonal dimensions were most important. Most adult arthropods were collected from the soil/litter or the upper canopy and species richness was highest in the canopy. We compared the distribution of arthropods and trees within our study system. Effects related to the seasonal dimension were stronger for arthropods than for trees. We conclude that: (1) models of beta diversity developed for tropical trees are unlikely to be applicable to tropical arthropods; (2) it is imperative that estimates of global biodiversity derived from mass collecting of arthropods in tropical rainforests embrace the strong vertical and seasonal partitioning observed here; and (3) given the high species turnover observed between seasons, global climate change may have severe consequences for rainforest arthropods.
We have discovered a new mechanism of monoallelic gene expression that links antigenic variation, cell cycle, and development in the model parasite Trypanosoma brucei. African trypanosomes possess hundreds of variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) genes, but only one is expressed from a telomeric expression site (ES) at any given time. We found that the expression of a second VSG alone is sufficient to silence the active VSG gene and directionally attenuate the ES by disruptor of telomeric silencing-1B (DOT1B)-mediated histone methylation. Three conserved expression-site-associated genes (ESAGs) appear to serve as signal for ES attenuation. Their depletion causes G1-phase dormancy and reversible initiation of the slender-to-stumpy differentiation pathway. ES-attenuated slender bloodstream trypanosomes gain full developmental competence for transformation to the tsetse fly stage. This surprising connection between antigenic variation and developmental progression provides an unexpected point of attack against the deadly sleeping sickness.
Galectin-1 (Gal-1) has been described to promote tumour growth by inducing angiogenesis and to contribute to the tumour immune escape. We had previously identified up-regulation of Gal-1 in preclinical models of aggressive neuroblastoma (NB), the most common extracranial tumour of childhood. While Gal-1 did not confer a survival advantage in the absence of exogenous stressors, Gal-1 contributed to enhanced cell migratory and invasive properties. Here, we review these findings and extend them by analyzing Gal-1 mediated effects on immune cell regulation and radiation resistance. In line with previous results, cell autonomous effects as well as paracrine functions contribute to Gal-1 mediated pro-tumourigenic functions. Interfering with Gal-1 functions in vivo will add to a better understanding of the role of the Gal-1 axis in the complex tumour-host interaction during immune-, chemo- and radiotherapy of neuroblastoma.
To improve and focus preclinical testing, we combine tumor models based on a decellularized tissue matrix with bioinformatics to stratify tumors according to stage-specific mutations that are linked to central cancer pathways. We generated tissue models with BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer (CRC) cells (HROC24 and HROC87) and compared treatment responses to two-dimensional (2D) cultures and xenografts. As the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib is—in contrast to melanoma—not effective in CRC, we combined it with the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib. In general, our 3D models showed higher chemoresistance and in contrast to 2D a more active HGFR after gefitinib and combination-therapy. In xenograft models murine HGF could not activate the human HGFR, stressing the importance of the human microenvironment. In order to stratify patient groups for targeted treatment options in CRC, an in silico topology with different stages including mutations and changes in common signaling pathways was developed. We applied the established topology for in silico simulations to predict new therapeutic options for BRAF-mutated CRC patients in advanced stages. Our in silico tool connects genome information with a deeper understanding of tumor engines in clinically relevant signaling networks which goes beyond the consideration of single drivers to improve CRC patient stratification.
Nasal colonization is a major risk factor for S. aureus infections. The mechanisms responsible for colonization are still not well understood and involve several factors on the host and the bacterial side. One key factor is the cell wall teichoic acid (WTA) of S. aureus, which governs direct interactions with nasal epithelial surfaces. We report here the first receptor for the cell wall glycopolymer WTA on nasal epithelial cells. In several assay systems this type F-scavenger receptor, termed SREC-I, bound WTA in a charge dependent manner and mediated adhesion to nasal epithelial cells in vitro. The impact of WTA and SREC-I interaction on epithelial adhesion was especially pronounced under shear stress, which resembles the conditions found in the nasal cavity. Most importantly, we demonstrate here a key role of the WTA-receptor interaction in a cotton rat model of nasal colonization. When we inhibited WTA mediated adhesion with a SREC-I antibody, nasal colonization in the animal model was strongly reduced at the early onset of colonization. More importantly, colonization stayed low over an extended period of 6 days. Therefore we propose targeting of this glycopolymer-receptor interaction as a novel strategy to prevent or control S. aureus nasal colonization.
Stalk cell polar ion transport provide for bladder‐based salinity tolerance in Chenopodium quinoa
(2022)
Chenopodium quinoa uses epidermal bladder cells (EBCs) to sequester excess salt. Each EBC complex consists of a leaf epidermal cell, a stalk cell, and the bladder.
Under salt stress, sodium (Na\(^{+}\)), chloride (Cl\(^{−}\)), potassium (K\(^{+}\)) and various metabolites are shuttled from the leaf lamina to the bladders. Stalk cells operate as both a selectivity filter and a flux controller.
In line with the nature of a transfer cell, advanced transmission electron tomography, electrophysiology, and fluorescent tracer flux studies revealed the stalk cell’s polar organization and bladder‐directed solute flow.
RNA sequencing and cluster analysis revealed the gene expression profiles of the stalk cells. Among the stalk cell enriched genes, ion channels and carriers as well as sugar transporters were most pronounced. Based on their electrophysiological fingerprint and thermodynamic considerations, a model for stalk cell transcellular transport was derived.
Certain fatty acids and sphingoid bases found at mucosal surfaces are known to have antibacterial activity and are thought to play a more direct role in innate immunity against bacterial infections. Herein, we analysed the antibacterial activity of sphingolipids, including the sphingoid base sphingosine as well as short-chain C\(_{6}\) and long-chain C\(_{16}\)-ceramides and azido-functionalized ceramide analogs against pathogenic Neisseriae. Determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) demonstrated that short-chain ceramides and a ω-azido-functionalized C\(_{6}\)-ceramide were active against Neisseria meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae, whereas they were inactive against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Kinetic assays showed that killing of N. meningitidis occurred within 2 h with ω–azido-C\(_{6}\)-ceramide at 1 X the MIC. Of note, at a bactericidal concentration, ω–azido-C\(_{6}\)-ceramide had no significant toxic effect on host cells. Moreover, lipid uptake and localization was studied by flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and revealed a rapid uptake by bacteria within 5 min. CLSM and super-resolution fluorescence imaging by direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy demonstrated homogeneous distribution of ceramide analogs in the bacterial membrane. Taken together, these data demonstrate the potent bactericidal activity of sphingosine and synthetic short-chain ceramide analogs against pathogenic Neisseriae.
Endogenous molecular circadian clocks drive daily rhythmic changes at the cellular, physiological, and behavioral level for adaptation to and anticipation of environmental signals. The core molecular system consists of autoregulatory feedback loops, where clock proteins inhibit their own transcription. A complex and not fully understood interplay of regulatory proteins influences activity, localization and stability of clock proteins to set the pace of the clock. This study focuses on the molecular function of Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK) in the Drosophila melanogaster circadian clock. Mutations in the human rsk2 gene cause Coffin–Lowry syndrome, which is associated with severe mental disabilities. Knock-out studies with Drosophila ortholog rsk uncovered functions in synaptic processes, axonal transport and adult behavior including associative learning and circadian activity. However, the molecular targets of RSK remain elusive. Our experiments provide evidence that RSK acts in the key pace maker neurons as a negative regulator of Shaggy (SGG) kinase activity, which in turn determines timely nuclear entry of the clock proteins Period and Timeless to close the negative feedback loop. Phosphorylation of serine 9 in SGG is mediated by the C-terminal kinase domain of RSK, which is in agreement with previous genetic studies of RSK in the circadian clock but argues against the prevailing view that only the N-terminal kinase domain of RSK proteins carries the effector function. Our data provide a mechanistic explanation how RSK influences the molecular clock and imply SGG S9 phosphorylation by RSK and other kinases as a convergence point for diverse cellular and external stimuli.
Optogenetic manipulation of cells or living organisms became widely used in neuroscience following the introduction of the light-gated ion channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2). ChR2 is a non-selective cation channel, ideally suited to depolarize and evoke action potentials in neurons. However, its calcium (Ca2\(^{2+}\)) permeability and single channel conductance are low and for some applications longer-lasting increases in intracellular Ca\(^{2+}\) might be desirable. Moreover, there is need for an efficient light-gated potassium (K\(^{+}\)) channel that can rapidly inhibit spiking in targeted neurons. Considering the importance of Ca\(^{2+}\) and K\(^{+}\) in cell physiology, light-activated Ca\(^{2+}\)-permeant and K\(^{+}\)-specific channels would be welcome additions to the optogenetic toolbox. Here we describe the engineering of novel light-gated Ca\(^{2+}\)-permeant and K\(^{+}\)-specific channels by fusing a bacterial photoactivated adenylyl cyclase to cyclic nucleotide-gated channels with high permeability for Ca\(^{2+}\) or for K\(^{+}\), respectively. Optimized fusion constructs showed strong light-gated conductance in Xenopus laevis oocytes and in rat hippocampal neurons. These constructs could also be used to control the motility of Drosophila melanogaster larvae, when expressed in motoneurons. Illumination led to body contraction when motoneurons expressed the light-sensitive Ca\(^{2+}\)-permeant channel, and to body extension when expressing the light-sensitive K\(^{+}\) channel, both effectively and reversibly paralyzing the larvae. Further optimization of these constructs will be required for application in adult flies since both constructs led to eclosion failure when expressed in motoneurons.
Age‐dependent transcriptional and epigenomic responses to light exposure in the honey bee brain
(2016)
Light is a powerful environmental stimulus of special importance in social honey bees that undergo a behavioral transition from in-hive to outdoor foraging duties. Our previous work has shown that light exposure induces structural neuronal plasticity in the mushroom bodies (MBs), a brain center implicated in processing inputs from sensory modalities. Here, we extended these analyses to the molecular level to unravel light-induced transcriptomic and epigenomic changes in the honey bee brain. We have compared gene expression in brain compartments of 1- and 7-day-old light-exposed honey bees with age-matched dark-kept individuals. We have found a number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), both novel and conserved, including several genes with reported roles in neuronal plasticity. Most of the DEGs show age-related changes in the amplitude of light-induced expression and are likely to be both developmentally and environmentally regulated. Some of the DEGs are either known to be methylated or are implicated in epigenetic processes suggesting that responses to light exposure are at least partly regulated at the epigenome level. Consistent with this idea light alters the DNA methylation pattern of bgm, one of the DEGs affected by light exposure, and the expression of microRNA miR-932. This confirms the usefulness of our approach to identify candidate genes for neuronal plasticity and provides evidence for the role of epigenetic processes in driving the molecular responses to visual stimulation.
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an established model organism in chronobiology, because genetic manipulation and breeding in the laboratory are easy. The circadian clock neuroanatomy in D. melanogaster is one of the best-known clock networks in insects and basic circadian behavior has been characterized in detail in this insect. Another model in chronobiology is the honey bee Apis mellifera, of which diurnal foraging behavior has been described already in the early twentieth century. A. mellifera hallmarks the research on the interplay between the clock and sociality and complex behaviors like sun compass navigation and time-place-learning. Nevertheless, there are aspects of clock structure and function, like for example the role of the clock in photoperiodism and diapause, which can be only insufficiently investigated in these two models. Unlike high-latitude flies such as Chymomyza costata or D. ezoana, cosmopolitan D. melanogaster flies do not display a photoperiodic diapause. Similarly, A. mellifera bees do not go into “real” diapause, but most solitary bee species exhibit an obligatory diapause. Furthermore, sociality evolved in different Hymenoptera independently, wherefore it might be misleading to study the social clock only in one social insect. Consequently, additional research on non-model insects is required to understand the circadian clock in Diptera and Hymenoptera. In this review, we introduce the two chronobiology model insects D. melanogaster and A. mellifera, compare them with other insects and show their advantages and limitations as general models for insect circadian clocks.
Post-embryonic Development of the Circadian Clock Seems to Correlate With Social Life Style in Bees
(2020)
Social life style can influence many aspects of an animal’s daily life, but it has not yet been clarified, whether development of the circadian clock in social and solitary living bees differs. In a comparative study, with the social honey bee, Apis mellifera, and the solitary mason bee, Osmia bicornis, we now found indications for a differentially timed clock development in social and solitary bees. Newly emerged solitary bees showed rhythmic locomotion right away and the number of neurons in the brain that produce the clock component pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) did not change during aging of the adult solitary bee. Honey bees on the other hand, showed no circadian locomotion directly after emergence and the neuronal clock network continued to grow after emergence. Social bees appear to emerge at an early developmental stage at which the circadian clock is still immature, but bees are already able to fulfill in-hive tasks.
The neuropeptide pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) plays a prominent role in the circadian clock of many insects including honey bees. In the honey bee brain, PDF is expressed in about 15 clock neurons per hemisphere that lie between the central brain and the optic lobes. As in other insects, the bee PDF neurons form wide arborizations in the brain, but certain differences are evident. For example, they arborize only sparsely in the accessory medulla (AME), which serves as important communication center of the circadian clock in cockroaches and flies. Furthermore, all bee PDF neurons cluster together, which makes it impossible to distinguish individual projections. Here, we investigated the developing bee PDF network and found that the first three PDF neurons arise in the third larval instar and form a dense network of varicose fibers at the base of the developing medulla that strongly resembles the AME of hemimetabolous insects. In addition, they send faint fibers toward the lateral superior protocerebrum. In last larval instar, PDF cells with larger somata appear and send fibers toward the distal medulla and the medial protocerebrum. In the dorsal part of the medulla serpentine layer, a small PDF knot evolves from which PDF fibers extend ventrally. This knot disappears during metamorphosis and the varicose arborizations in the putative AME become fainter. Instead, a new strongly stained PDF fiber hub appears in front of the lobula. Simultaneously, the number of PDF neurons increases and the PDF neuronal network in the brain gets continuously more complex.
Timing seasonal events, like reproduction or diapause, is crucial for the survival of many species. Global change causes phenologies worldwide to shift, which requires a mechanistic explanation of seasonal time measurement. Day length (photoperiod) is a reliable indicator of winter arrival, but it remains unclear how exactly species measure day length. A reference for time of day could be provided by a circadian clock, by an hourglass clock, or, as some newer models suggest, by a damped circadian clock. However, damping of clock outputs has so far been rarely observed. To study putative clock outputs of Acyrthosiphon pisum aphids, we raised individual nymphs on coloured artificial diet, and measured rhythms in metabolic activity in light-dark illumination cycles of 16:08 hours (LD) and constant conditions (DD). In addition, we kept individuals in a novel monitoring setup and measured locomotor activity. We found that A. pisum is day-active in LD, potentially with a bimodal distribution. In constant darkness rhythmicity of locomotor behaviour persisted in some individuals, but patterns were mostly complex with several predominant periods. Metabolic activity, on the other hand, damped quickly. A damped circadian clock, potentially driven by multiple oscillator populations, is the most likely explanation of our results.
Life on earth adapted to the daily reoccurring changes in environment by evolving an endogenous circadian clock. Although the circadian clock has a crucial impact on survival and behavior of solitary bees, many aspects of solitary bee clock mechanisms remain unknown. Our study is the first to show that the circadian clock governs emergence in Osmia bicornis, a bee species which overwinters as adult inside its cocoon. Therefore, its eclosion from the pupal case is separated by an interjacent diapause from its emergence in spring. We show that this bee species synchronizes its emergence to the morning. The daily rhythms of emergence are triggered by temperature cycles but not by light cycles. In contrast to this, the bee’s daily rhythms in locomotion are synchronized by light cycles. Thus, we show that the circadian clock of O. bicornis is set by either temperature or light, depending on what activity is timed. Light is a valuable cue for setting the circadian clock when bees have left the nest. However, for pre-emerged bees, temperature is the most important cue, which may represent an evolutionary adaptation of the circadian system to the cavity-nesting life style of O. bicornis.
Chronobiological studies of individual activity rhythms in social insects can be constrained by the artificial isolation of individuals from their social context. We present a new experimental set-up that simultaneously measures the temperature rhythm in a queen-less but brood raising mini colony and the walking activity rhythms of singly kept honey bees that have indirect social contact with it. Our approach enables monitoring of individual bees in the social context of a mini colony under controlled laboratory conditions. In a pilot experiment, we show that social contact with the mini colony improves the survival of monitored young individuals and affects locomotor activity patterns of young and old bees. When exposed to conflicting Zeitgebers consisting of a light-dark (LD) cycle that is phase-delayed with respect to the mini colony rhythm, rhythms of young and old bees are socially synchronized with the mini colony rhythm, whereas isolated bees synchronize to the LD cycle. We conclude that the social environment is a stronger Zeitgeber than the LD cycle and that our new experimental set-up is well suited for studying the mechanisms of social entrainment in honey bees.
Echolocation behavior, a navigation strategy based on acoustic signals, allows scientists to explore neural processing of behaviorally relevant stimuli. For the purpose of orientation, bats broadcast echolocation calls and extract spatial information from the echoes. Because bats control call emission and thus the availability of spatial information, the behavioral relevance of these signals is undiscussable. While most neurophysiological studies, conducted in the past, used synthesized acoustic stimuli that mimic portions of the echolocation signals, recent progress has been made to understand how naturalistic echolocation signals are encoded in the bat brain. Here, we review how does stimulus history affect neural processing, how spatial information from multiple objects and how echolocation signals embedded in a naturalistic, noisy environment are processed in the bat brain. We end our review by discussing the huge potential that state-of-the-art recording techniques provide to gain a more complete picture on the neuroethology of echolocation behavior.
Neural processing of a desired moving direction requires the continuous comparison between the current heading and the goal direction. While the neural basis underlying the current heading is well-studied, the coding of the goal direction remains unclear in insects. Here, we used tetrode recordings in tethered flying monarch butterflies to unravel how a goal direction is represented in the insect brain. While recording, the butterflies maintained robust goal directions relative to a virtual sun. By resetting their goal directions, we found neurons whose spatial tuning was tightly linked to the goal directions. Importantly, their tuning was unaffected when the butterflies changed their heading after compass perturbations, showing that these neurons specifically encode the goal direction. Overall, we here discovered invertebrate goal-direction neurons that share functional similarities to goal-direction cells reported in mammals. Our results give insights into the evolutionarily conserved principles of goal-directed spatial orientation in animals.
The development of all honey bee castes proceeds through three different life stages all of which encounter microbial infections to a various extent. We have examined the immune strength of honey bees across all developmental stages with emphasis on the temporal expression of cellular and humoral immune responses upon artificial challenge with viable Escherichia coli bacteria. We employed a broad array of methods to investigate defence strategies of infected individuals: (a) fate of bacteria in the haemocoel; (b) nodule formation and (c) induction of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Newly emerged adult worker bees and drones were able to activate efficiently all examined immune reactions. The number of viable bacteria circulating in the haemocoel of infected bees declined rapidly by more than two orders of magnitude within the first 4–6 h post-injection (p.i.), coinciding with the occurrence of melanised nodules. Antimicrobial activity, on the other hand, became detectable only after the initial bacterial clearance. These two temporal patterns of defence reactions very likely represent the constitutive cellular and the induced humoral immune response. A unique feature of honey bees is that a fraction of worker bees survives the winter season in a cluster mostly engaged in thermoregulation. We show here that the overall immune strength of winter bees matches that of young summer bees although nodulation reactions are not initiated at all. As expected, high doses of injected viable E.coli bacteria caused no mortality in larvae or adults of each age. However, drone and worker pupae succumbed to challenge with E.coli even at low doses, accompanied by a premature darkening of the pupal body. In contrast to larvae and adults, we observed no fast clearance of viable bacteria and no induction of AMPs but a rapid proliferation of E.coli bacteria in the haemocoel of bee pupae ultimately leading to their death.
Background: Tardigrades are multicellular organisms, resistant to extreme environmental changes such as heat, drought, radiation and freezing. They outlast these conditions in an inactive form (tun) to escape damage to cellular structures and cell death. Tardigrades are apparently able to prevent or repair such damage and are therefore a crucial model organism for stress tolerance. Cultures of the tardigrade Milnesium tardigradum were dehydrated by removing the surrounding water to induce tun formation. During this process and the subsequent rehydration, metabolites were measured in a time series by GC-MS. Additionally expressed sequence tags are available, especially libraries generated from the active and inactive state. The aim of this integrated analysis is to trace changes in tardigrade metabolism and identify pathways responsible for their extreme resistance against physical stress. Results: In this study we propose a novel integrative approach for the analysis of metabolic networks to identify modules of joint shifts on the transcriptomic and metabolic levels. We derive a tardigrade-specific metabolic network represented as an undirected graph with 3,658 nodes (metabolites) and 4,378 edges (reactions). Time course metabolite profiles are used to score the network nodes showing a significant change over time. The edges are scored according to information on enzymes from the EST data. Using this combined information, we identify a key subnetwork (functional module) of concerted changes in metabolic pathways, specific for de- and rehydration. The module is enriched in reactions showing significant changes in metabolite levels and enzyme abundance during the transition. It resembles the cessation of a measurablemetabolism (e.g. glycolysis and amino acid anabolism) during the tun formation, the production of storage metabolites and bioprotectants, such as DNA stabilizers, and the generation of amino acids and cellular components from monosaccharides as carbon and energy source during rehydration. Conclusions: The functional module identifies relationships among changed metabolites (e.g. spermidine) and reactions and provides first insights into important altered metabolic pathways. With sparse and diverse data available, the presented integrated metabolite network approach is suitable to integrate all existing data and analyse it in a combined manner.
Nuclei assembled in Xenopus egg extract from purified DNA or chromatin resemble their natural counterparts in a number of structural and functional features. However, the most obvious structural element of normal interphase nuclei, the nucleolus, is absent from the in vitro reconstituted nuclei. By EM, cytological silver staining, and immunofluorescence microscopy employing antibodies directed against various nucleolar components we show that nuclei assembled in vitro contain numerous distinct aggregates that resemble prenucleolar bodies (PNBs) by several criteria. Formation of these PNB-like structures requires pore complex-mediated nuclear transport of proteins but is independent of the genetic content of the in vitro nuclei as well as transcriptional and translational events. Our data indicate that nuclei assembled in vitro are capable of initiating early steps of nucleologenesis but that the resulting PNBs are unable to fuse with each other, probably due to the absence of a functional nucleolus organizer. With appropriate modifications, this experimental system should be useful to define and analyze conditions promoting the site-specific assembly of PNBs into a coherent nucleolar body.
Although the concept of botanical carnivory has been known since Darwin's time, the molecular mechanisms that allow animal feeding remain unknown, primarily due to a complete lack of genomic information. Here, we show that the transcriptomic landscape of the Dionaea trap is dramatically shifted toward signal transduction and nutrient transport upon insect feeding, with touch hormone signaling and protein secretion prevailing. At the same time, a massive induction of general defense responses is accompanied by the repression of cell death-related genes/processes. We hypothesize that the carnivory syndrome of Dionaea evolved by exaptation of ancient defense pathways, replacing cell death with nutrient acquisition.
Many nuclear proteins are released into the cytoplasm at prometaphase and are transported back into the daughter nuclei at the end of mitosis. To determine the role of this reentry in nuclear remodelling during early interphase, we experimentally manipulated nuclear protein uptake in dividing cells. Recently we and others have shown that signal-dependent, pore complex-mediated uptake of nuclear protein is blocked in living cells on microinjection of the lectin wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), or of antibodies such as PI1 that are directed against WGA-binding pore complex glycoproteins. In the present study, we microinjected mitotic PtKz cells with WGA or antibody PIt and followed nuclear reorganization of the daughter cells by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. The inhibitory effect on nuclear protein uptake was monitored by co-injection of the karyophilic protein nucleoplasmin. When injected by itself early in mitosis, nucleoplasmin became sequestered into the daughter nuclei as they entered telophase. In contrast, nucleoplasmin was excluded from the daughter nuclei in the presence of WGA or antibody PI1 . Although PtKz cells with blocked nuclear protein uptake completed cytokinesis, their nuclei showed a telophaselike organization characterized by highly condensed chromatin surrounded by a nuclear envelope containing a few pore complexes. These findings suggest that pore complexes become functional as early as telophase, in close coincidence with nuclear envelope reformation. They further indicate that the extensive structural rearrangement of the nucleus during the telophase-G1 transition is dependent on the influx of karyophilic proteins from the cytoplasm through the pore complexes, and is not due solely to chromosome- associated components.
After microinjection of antibodies against RNA polymerase I into the nuclei of cultured rat kangaroo (PtKz) and rat (RVF-SMC) cells alterations in nucleolar structure and composition were observed. These were detected by electron microscopy and double-label immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies to proteins representative of the three major components of the nucleolus. The microinjected antibodies produced a progressive loss of the material of the dense fibrillar component (DFC) from the nucleoli which, at 4 h after injection, were transformed into bodies with purely granular component (GC) structure with attached fibrillar centers (FCs). Concomitantly, numerous extranucleolar aggregates appeared in the nucleoplasm which morphologically resembled fragments of the DFC and contained a protein (fibrillarin) diagnostic for this nucleolar structure. These observations indicate that the topological distribution of the material constituting the DFC can be experimentally influenced in interphase cells, apparently by modulating the transcriptional activity of the rRNA genes. These effects are different from nucleolar lesions induced by inhibitory drugs such as actinomycin D-dependent "nucleolar segregation". The structural alterations induced by antibodies to RNA polymerase I resemble, however, the initial events of nucleolar disintegration during mitotic prophase.
The formation of daughter nuclei and the reformation of nucleolar structures was studied after microinjection of antibodies to RNA polymerase I into dividing cultured cells (PtK2). The fate of several nucleolar proteins representing the three main structural subcomponents of the nucleolus was examined by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. The results show that the RNA polymerase I antibodies do not interfere with normal mitotic progression or the early steps of nucleologenesis, i.e. , the aggregation of nucleolar material into prenucleolar bodies. However,they inhibit the telophasic coalescence of the prenucleolar bodies into the chromosomal nucleolar organizer regions, thus preventing the formation of new nucleoli. These prenucleolar bodies show a fibrillar organization that also compositionally resembles the dense fibrillar component of interphase nucleoli . We conclude that during normal nucleologenesis the dense fibrillar component forms from preformed entities around nucleolar organizer regions, and that this association seems to be dependent on the presence of an active form of RNA polymerase I.
PtK2 cells in which pore complex-mediated transport is blocked by microinjection early in mitosis of a monoclonal antibody (specific for an Mr 68000 pore complex glycoprotein) or of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) complete cytokinesis. However, their nuclei remain stably arrested in a telophase-like organization characterized by highly condensed chromatin and the absence of nucleoli, indicating a requirement for pore-mediated transport for the reassembly of interphase nuclei. We have now examined this requirement more closely by monitoring the behavior of individual nuclear macromolecules in microinjected cells using immunofluorescence microscopy and have investigated the effect of microinjecting the antibody or WGA on cellular ultrastructure. The absence of nuclear transport did not affect the sequestration into daughter nuclei of components such as DNA, DNA topoisomerase I and the nucleolar protein fibrillarin that are carried through mitosis on chromosomes. On the other hand, lamins, snRNAs and the p68 pore complex glycoprotein, all cytoplasmic during mitosis, remained largely cytoplasmic in the telophase-arrested cells. Electron microscopy showed the nuclei to be surrounded by a doublelayered membrane with some inserted pore complexes. In addition, however, a variety of membranous structures with associated pore complexes was regularly noted in the cytoplasm, suggesting that chromatin may not be essential for the postmitotic formation of pore complexes. We propose that cellular compartmentalization at telophase is a two-step process. First, a nuclear envelope tightly encloses the condensed chromosomes, excluding non-selectively all macromolecules not associated with the chromosomes. Interphase nuclear organization is then progressively restored by selective pore complex-mediated uptake of nuclear proteins from the cytoplasm.
Small nucleolus-related bodies which occur in the nUcleoplasm of " micronuclei" lacking nucleolar organizers have been studied by immunofluorescence microscopy. These bodies stained specifically with three different antibodies directed against proteins that are normally associated with the dense fibrillar component of functional nucleoli, but not with antibodies specific for certain proteins of the granular component or the fibrillar centers. Our data show that, in the absence of rRNA genes, the various constituent proteins characteristic of the dense fibrillar component spontaneously assemble into spherical entities but that the subsequent fusion of these bodies into larger structures is prevented in these micronuclei. The similarity between these nucleolus-related bodies of micronuclei and the prenucleolar bodies characteristic of early stages of nucleologenesis during mitotic telophase is discussed.
Natural DNA storage allows cellular differentiation, evolution, the growth of our children and controls all our ecosystems. Here, we discuss the fundamental aspects of DNA storage and recent advances in this field, with special emphasis on natural processes and solutions that can be exploited. We point out new ways of efficient DNA and nucleotide storage that are inspired by nature. Within a few years DNA-based information storage may become an attractive and natural complementation to current electronic data storage systems. We discuss rapid and directed access (e.g. DNA elements such as promotors, enhancers), regulatory signals and modulation (e.g. lncRNA) as well as integrated high-density storage and processing modules (e.g. chromosomal territories). There is pragmatic DNA storage for use in biotechnology and human genetics. We examine DNA storage as an approach for synthetic biology (e.g. light-controlled nucleotide processing enzymes). The natural polymers of DNA and RNA offer much for direct storage operations (read-in, read-out, access control). The inbuilt parallelism (many molecules at many places working at the same time) is important for fast processing of information. Using biology concepts from chromosomal storage, nucleic acid processing as well as polymer material sciences such as electronical effects in enzymes, graphene, nanocellulose up to DNA macramé , DNA wires and DNA-based aptamer field effect transistors will open up new applications gradually replacing classical information storage methods in ever more areas over time (decades).
Aspergillus fumigatus is a saprophytic, cosmopolitan fungus that attacks patients with a weak immune system. A rational solution against fungal infection aims to manipulate fungal metabolism or to block enzymes essential for Aspergillus survival. Here we discuss and compare different bioinformatics approaches to analyze possible targeting strategies on fungal-unique pathways. For instance, phylogenetic analysis reveals fungal targets, while domain analysis allows us to spot minor differences in protein composition between the host and fungi. Moreover, protein networks between host and fungi can be systematically compared by looking at orthologs and exploiting information from host–pathogen interaction databases. Further data—such as knowledge of a three-dimensional structure, gene expression data, or information from calculated metabolic fluxes—refine the search and rapidly put a focus on the best targets for antimycotics. We analyzed several of the best targets for application to structure-based drug design. Finally, we discuss general advantages and limitations in identification of unique fungal pathways and protein targets when applying bioinformatics tools.
The rapid development of green and sustainable materials opens up new possibilities in the field of applied research. Such materials include nanocellulose composites that can integrate many components into composites and provide a good chassis for smart devices. In our study, we evaluate four approaches for turning a nanocellulose composite into an information storage or processing device: 1) nanocellulose can be a suitable carrier material and protect information stored in DNA. 2) Nucleotide-processing enzymes (polymerase and exonuclease) can be controlled by light after fusing them with light-gating domains; nucleotide substrate specificity can be changed by mutation or pH change (read-in and read-out of the information). 3) Semiconductors and electronic capabilities can be achieved: we show that nanocellulose is rendered electronic by iodine treatment replacing silicon including microstructures. Nanocellulose semiconductor properties are measured, and the resulting potential including single-electron transistors (SET) and their properties are modeled. Electric current can also be transported by DNA through G-quadruplex DNA molecules; these as well as classical silicon semiconductors can easily be integrated into the nanocellulose composite. 4) To elaborate upon miniaturization and integration for a smart nanocellulose chip device, we demonstrate pH-sensitive dyes in nanocellulose, nanopore creation, and kinase micropatterning on bacterial membranes as well as digital PCR micro-wells. Future application potential includes nano-3D printing and fast molecular processors (e.g., SETs) integrated with DNA storage and conventional electronics. This would also lead to environment-friendly nanocellulose chips for information processing as well as smart nanocellulose composites for biomedical applications and nano-factories.
Unique features of a global human ectoparasite identified through sequencing of the bed bug genome
(2016)
The bed bug, Cimex lectularius, has re-established itself as a ubiquitous human ectoparasite throughout much of the world during the past two decades. This global resurgence is likely linked to increased international travel and commerce in addition to widespread insecticide resistance. Analyses of the C. lectularius sequenced genome (650 Mb) and 14,220 predicted protein-coding genes provide a comprehensive representation of genes that are linked to traumatic insemination, a reduced chemosensory repertoire of genes related to obligate hematophagy, host–symbiont interactions, and several mechanisms of insecticide resistance. In addition, we document the presence of multiple putative lateral gene transfer events. Genome sequencing and annotation establish a solid foundation for future research on mechanisms of insecticide resistance, human–bed bug and symbiont–bed bug associations, and unique features of bed bug biology that contribute to the unprecedented success of C. lectularius as a human ectoparasite.
An in vivo model of antiangiogenic therapy allowed us to identify genes upregulated by bevacizumab treatment, including Fatty Acid Binding Protein 3 (FABP3) and FABP7, both of which are involved in fatty acid uptake. In vitro, both were induced by hypoxia in a hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha)-dependent manner. There was a significant lipid droplet (LD) accumulation in hypoxia that was time and O-2 concentration dependent. Knockdown of endogenous expression of FABP3, FABP7, or Adipophilin (an essential LD structural component) significantly impaired LD formation under hypoxia. We showed that LD accumulation is due to FABP3/7-dependent fatty acid uptake while de novo fatty acid synthesis is repressed in hypoxia. We also showed that ATP production occurs via beta-oxidation or glycogen degradation in a cell-type-dependent manner in hypoxia-reoxygenation. Finally, inhibition of lipid storage reduced protection against reactive oxygen species toxicity, decreased the survival of cells subjected to hypoxia-reoxygenation in vitro, and strongly impaired tumorigenesis in vivo.
Escherichia coli α-hemolysin (HlyA) is a pore-forming protein of 110 kDa belonging to the family of RTX toxins. A hydrophobic region between the amino acid residues 238 and 410 in the N-terminal half of HlyA has previously been suggested to form hydrophobic and/or amphipathic α-helices and has been shown to be important for hemolytic activity and pore formation in biological and artificial membranes. The structure of the HlyA transmembrane channel is, however, largely unknown. For further investigation of the channel structure, we deleted in HlyA different stretches of amino acids that could form amphipathic β-strands according to secondary structure predictions (residues 71–110, 158–167, 180–203, and 264–286). These deletions resulted in HlyA mutants with strongly reduced hemolytic activity. Lipid bilayer measurements demonstrated that HlyAΔ71–110 and HlyAΔ264–286 formed channels with much smaller single-channel conductance than wildtype HlyA, whereas their channel-forming activity was virtually as high as that of the wildtype toxin. HlyAΔ158–167 and HlyAΔ180–203 were unable to form defined channels in lipid bilayers. Calculations based on the single-channel data indicated that the channels generated by HlyAΔ71–110 and HlyAΔ264–286 had a smaller size (diameter about 1.4 to 1.8 nm) than wildtype HlyA channels (diameter about 2.0 to 2.6 nm), suggesting that in these mutants part of the channel-forming domain was removed. Osmotic protection experiments with erythrocytes confirmed that HlyA, HlyAΔ71–110, and HlyAΔ264–286 form defined transmembrane pores and suggested channel diameters that largely agreed with those estimated from the single-channel data. Taken together, these results suggest that the channel-forming domain of HlyA might contain β-strands, possibly in addition to α-helical structures.
Single-molecule super-resolution microscopy (SMLM) techniques like dSTORM can reveal biological structures down to the nanometer scale. The achievable resolution is not only defined by the localization precision of individual fluorescent molecules, but also by their density, which becomes a limiting factor e.g., in expansion microscopy. Artificial deep neural networks can learn to reconstruct dense super-resolved structures such as microtubules from a sparse, noisy set of data points. This approach requires a robust method to assess the quality of a predicted density image and to quantitatively compare it to a ground truth image. Such a quality measure needs to be differentiable to be applied as loss function in deep learning. We developed a new trainable quality measure based on Fourier Ring Correlation (FRC) and used it to train deep neural networks to map a small number of sampling points to an underlying density. Smooth ground truth images of microtubules were generated from localization coordinates using an anisotropic Gaussian kernel density estimator. We show that the FRC criterion ideally complements the existing state-of-the-art multiscale structural similarity index, since both are interpretable and there is no trade-off between them during optimization. The TensorFlow implementation of our FRC metric can easily be integrated into existing deep learning workflows.