Refine
Year of publication
- 2023 (705) (remove)
Document Type
- Journal article (420)
- Doctoral Thesis (218)
- Working Paper (25)
- Book article / Book chapter (22)
- Preprint (8)
- Conference Proceeding (4)
- Report (4)
- Book (2)
- Master Thesis (1)
- Other (1)
Language
- English (705) (remove)
Keywords
- machine learning (15)
- cultural studies (14)
- Kulturwissenschaften (12)
- deep learning (10)
- COVID-19 (9)
- SARS-CoV-2 (8)
- anxiety (7)
- India (6)
- Thrombozyt (6)
- cancer (6)
- inflammation (6)
- mental health (6)
- Biene (5)
- Deep learning (5)
- Germany (5)
- Globalisierung (5)
- Indien (5)
- Parkinson's disease (5)
- Sentinel-2 (5)
- Tissue Engineering (5)
- Topologischer Isolator (5)
- immunotherapy (5)
- metabolism (5)
- neuroinflammation (5)
- platelets (5)
- virtual reality (5)
- Angststörung (4)
- Candida albicans (4)
- Funktionelle Kernspintomografie (4)
- Hall, Stuart (4)
- Lehrerbildung (4)
- Maschinelles Lernen (4)
- Mikroskopie (4)
- Virtuelle Realität (4)
- Williams, Raymond (4)
- Zellzyklus (4)
- animal behaviour (4)
- artificial intelligence (4)
- climate change (4)
- global warming (4)
- globalization (4)
- human behaviour (4)
- mRNA (4)
- neuroscience (4)
- psychology (4)
- quality of life (4)
- stroke (4)
- translational research (4)
- ARPES (3)
- CRISPR/Cas9 (3)
- Chemische Synthese (3)
- Digitalisierung (3)
- EEG (3)
- Feminismus (3)
- Internationalität (3)
- Künstliche Intelligenz (3)
- Maus (3)
- Modellierung (3)
- NK cells (3)
- NLRP3 (3)
- P4 (3)
- Parkinson’s disease (3)
- Pflanzen (3)
- Platelet (3)
- Sentinel-1 (3)
- Small RNA (3)
- T cells (3)
- Zellskelett (3)
- altitudinal gradient (3)
- apoptosis (3)
- atrial fibrillation (3)
- bee (3)
- black holes (3)
- bone marrow (3)
- breast cancer (3)
- cognitive impairment (3)
- critical illness (3)
- cytokines (3)
- depression (3)
- diagnosis (3)
- eHealth (3)
- education (3)
- fMRI (3)
- feminism (3)
- follow-up (3)
- global change (3)
- heart failure (3)
- heart rate (3)
- mortality (3)
- neuroimmunology (3)
- optogenetics (3)
- oxidative stress (3)
- prognosis (3)
- remote sensing (3)
- sepsis (3)
- signaling (3)
- surgery (3)
- tissue engineering (3)
- toe (3)
- tomography (3)
- topological insulators (3)
- tumor microenvironment (3)
- winter wheat (3)
- 3D cell culture (2)
- 3D printing (2)
- 3D tissue model (2)
- 5G (2)
- ADHD (2)
- Alltagskultur (2)
- Alps (2)
- Alzheimerkrankheit (2)
- Apis mellifera (2)
- Aufmerksamkeit (2)
- Augmented Reality (2)
- Bildverarbeitung (2)
- Biofabrication (2)
- Biomarker (2)
- Blut-Hirn-Schranke (2)
- Borane (2)
- Borylation (2)
- Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (2)
- CD117 (2)
- CORDEX Africa (2)
- COVID-19 pandemic (2)
- CRISPR/Cas-Methode (2)
- CT angiography (2)
- Campylobacter jejuni (2)
- Carbene (2)
- Cement (2)
- Chemie (2)
- Cytokine (2)
- Cytoskeleton (2)
- DFT (2)
- Datenfusion (2)
- Digital Religions (2)
- Digital Religions Education (2)
- Elektrochemie (2)
- Ernteertrag (2)
- Expansion Microscopy (2)
- Expositionstherapie (2)
- Extended Reality (2)
- Exziton (2)
- FcγR (2)
- Fibromyalgie (2)
- Fluoreszenz (2)
- Fn14 (2)
- Fotophysik (2)
- Fotovoltaik (2)
- GPCR (2)
- Gefühl (2)
- Gephyrin (2)
- Google Earth Engine (2)
- Immunologie (2)
- Immunsuppression (2)
- Induzierte pluripotente Stammzelle (2)
- Inhibitorische Synapse (2)
- Inhibitory synapse (2)
- Katalyse (2)
- Kognition (2)
- Kohlenstoff (2)
- Kondo-Effekt (2)
- Krebs <Medizin> (2)
- Kulturpolitik (2)
- Kulturtheorie (2)
- Kulturwissenschaft (2)
- Landwirtschaft / Nachhaltigkeit (2)
- MAP-Kinase (2)
- MMB (2)
- Marxismus (2)
- Marxist theory (2)
- Mediendidaktik (2)
- Medienkompetenz (2)
- Mensch-Maschine-Kommunikation (2)
- Merkel cell carcinoma (2)
- Methyltransferase (2)
- Molekül (2)
- Monarchfalter (2)
- NFATc1 (2)
- Nationale Minderheiten (2)
- Neurodegeneration (2)
- Neuronales Netz (2)
- Nucleinsäuren (2)
- OLED (2)
- Organische Chemie (2)
- Organische Solarzelle (2)
- Orientierung (2)
- Peptidsynthese (2)
- Perovskite (2)
- Perowskit (2)
- Photoelektronenspektroskopie (2)
- Photophysics (2)
- Platelets (2)
- Polymere (2)
- Pädagogik (2)
- Quantenspinsystem (2)
- Quantum information (2)
- RNA (2)
- Rassismus (2)
- Rastertunnelmikroskop (2)
- Regulatorischer T-Lymphozyt (2)
- Religionsunterricht (2)
- Religious Education (2)
- Religiöse Bildung (2)
- Renormierungsgruppe (2)
- Ribosom (2)
- Ruthenium complexes (2)
- SDN (2)
- SPECT (2)
- Schlaganfall (2)
- Simulation (2)
- Social VR (2)
- Social Virtual Reality (2)
- Sozialphilosophie (2)
- Spinale Muskelatrophie (2)
- Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty (2)
- Staphylococcus aureus (2)
- Supraleitung (2)
- Supramolekulare Chemie (2)
- Synthese (2)
- Synthesis (2)
- TNF receptor superfamily (2)
- TWEAK (2)
- Tanzania (2)
- Theoretische Chemie (2)
- Ultraschall (2)
- Virtual Reality (2)
- Winterweizen (2)
- Zambia (2)
- Zement (2)
- abandonment (2)
- accretion (2)
- adolescence (2)
- adrenal tumours (2)
- adrenocortical carcinoma (2)
- amino acid transporter (2)
- amygdala (2)
- anaesthesiology (2)
- angiogenesis (2)
- animal model (2)
- attention (2)
- auditory pathway (2)
- autophagy (2)
- basic mental models (2)
- behavior (2)
- biomarker (2)
- blood gas analysis (2)
- blood-brain barrier (2)
- bone (2)
- brain (2)
- cancer microenvironment (2)
- cartilage (2)
- case report (2)
- cell biology (2)
- cell migration (2)
- central complex (2)
- comorbidity (2)
- connected mobility applications (2)
- cosmology (2)
- crystallization (2)
- cultural politics (2)
- cultural theory (2)
- dSTORM (2)
- decision making (2)
- decision-making (2)
- decoherence (2)
- deep brain stimulation (2)
- dementia (2)
- dexamethasone suppression test (2)
- digital change (2)
- discriminant analysis (2)
- diseases of the nervous system (2)
- division of labor (2)
- doctoral graduates (2)
- drought stress (2)
- earth observation (2)
- editorial (2)
- education for sustainable healthcare (2)
- emergent time (2)
- emotion regulation (2)
- endoscopy (2)
- endurance training (2)
- exercise intensity (2)
- extracellular vesicles (2)
- fear (2)
- free electron laser (2)
- gene expression (2)
- general relativity (2)
- genetics (2)
- genomics (2)
- gephyrin (2)
- giant cell arteritis (2)
- glioblastoma (2)
- glycine receptor (2)
- grading (2)
- guard cells (2)
- health policy (2)
- honeybee (2)
- iPSCs (2)
- imaging (2)
- immunology (2)
- infection (2)
- inflammasome (2)
- innate immunity (2)
- insulin resistance (2)
- internationalism (2)
- ischemic stroke (2)
- learning (2)
- local field potentials (2)
- magnetic resonance imaging (2)
- malignancy (2)
- management (2)
- mathematical modelling (2)
- media literacy (2)
- medical education (2)
- metastasis (2)
- methodological pluralism (2)
- miRNA (2)
- migration (2)
- minorities (2)
- monitoring (2)
- movement disorder (2)
- multipath scheduling (2)
- network calculus (2)
- neural network (2)
- neurological disorders (2)
- neurology (2)
- neuromuscular junction (2)
- obesity (2)
- object detection (2)
- oncology (2)
- ordinary culture (2)
- organoids (2)
- osteoarthritis (2)
- osteoporosis (2)
- pain (2)
- pancreatic cancer (2)
- parasitology (2)
- perception (2)
- performance (2)
- peripheral nervous system (2)
- permafrost (2)
- photon-counting (2)
- platelet (2)
- platelet aggregation (2)
- politics of representation (2)
- polyneuropathy (2)
- polyomavirus (2)
- preclinical research (2)
- prefrontal cortex (2)
- preterm infants (2)
- prevention (2)
- principal component analysis (2)
- protease inhibitors (2)
- protein (2)
- protein kinase (2)
- psycho-oncology (2)
- psychoeducation (2)
- public health (2)
- qubit (2)
- racism (2)
- radioiodine (2)
- radiology (2)
- radiotherapy (2)
- radiotherapy (RT) (2)
- reconstruction (2)
- recovery (2)
- regenerative medicine (2)
- relativistic jets (2)
- renewable energy (2)
- replication crisis (2)
- secondary structure (2)
- selenium (2)
- self-assembly (2)
- sex differences (2)
- signaling pathway (2)
- simulation (2)
- single-cell RNA sequencing (2)
- social philosophy (2)
- software (2)
- sphingolipids (2)
- spinal muscular atrophy (2)
- spine (2)
- stress (2)
- survival (2)
- sustainable agriculture (2)
- tapeworm (2)
- technology (2)
- the rich (2)
- three-dimensional imaging (2)
- thrombosis (2)
- transcription (2)
- transcriptome (2)
- transformative education (2)
- transnationalism (2)
- tremor (2)
- tumor (2)
- urbanization (2)
- very-long-baseline interferometry (2)
- vitamin C (2)
- vitamin D (2)
- wind speed (2)
- zinc (2)
- Übergangsmetallkomplexe (2)
- (approximate) functional equation (1)
- 1,2-azaborinine (1)
- 131I (1)
- 133Ba (1)
- 17ßEstradiol (1)
- 18S rRNA (1)
- 19. Jahrhundert (1)
- 223Ra (1)
- 224Ra (1)
- 2PI Formalism (1)
- 2n+3 (1)
- 2ϕ\(_0\) periodicity (1)
- 3 D bioprinting (1)
- 3 dimensional cell culture model (1)
- 3D (1)
- 3D Gewebemodelle (1)
- 3D Printing (1)
- 3D Reconstruction (1)
- 3D image analysis (1)
- 3D in vitro model (1)
- 3D model generation (1)
- 3D organoids (1)
- 3D-Druck (1)
- 3D-Rekonstruktion (1)
- 3D-Zellkultur (1)
- 4D-GIS (1)
- 5G core network (1)
- 6G (1)
- 77-LH-28-1 (1)
- 9-borafluorene (1)
- A. thaliana (1)
- ABA (1)
- ACC/AHA classification (1)
- ADHD patients (1)
- ADSCs (1)
- AGP (1)
- AKT1 (1)
- ALMT (1)
- AMADEUS (1)
- AMPK (1)
- AOM/DSS (1)
- AQP4 (1)
- ARDS (1)
- ATF4 (1)
- ATPase activity (1)
- ATR-FTIR (1)
- ATSSSS (1)
- Ab-initio-Rechnung (1)
- Ableitung (1)
- Academic Skills (1)
- Accessibility (1)
- Accurate crop monitoring (1)
- Achilles tendinopathy (1)
- Ackerschmalwand (1)
- Actin cytoskeleton-related protein (1)
- Activist Scholarship (1)
- AdS-CFT-Korrespondenz (1)
- AdS/CFT correspondence (1)
- Add-on-Miss (1)
- Additive Fertigung (1)
- Adiabatic Perturbation Theory (1)
- Adjuvans (1)
- Adrenocortical Carcinoma (1)
- Affinity probe (1)
- Agentenbasierte Modellierung (1)
- Aggression (1)
- Agoraphobie (1)
- Agrobacterium (1)
- Aktivierungsenergie (1)
- Aktivist (1)
- Akzeptanz (1)
- Akzeptanz- und Commitment Therapie (1)
- Aldehyde Bioconjugation (1)
- Alkyltransferase Ribozyme SAMURI (1)
- Allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (1)
- Allorhizobium vitis (1)
- Altern (1)
- Alzheimer's Dementia (1)
- Alzheimer's disease (1)
- AmGr1 (1)
- AmGr1, AmGr2, AmGr3 (1)
- AmGr2 (1)
- AmGr3 (1)
- American Studies (1)
- American Thyroid Association (1)
- Amerikanistik (1)
- Amygdala (1)
- Analogschaltung (1)
- Analytical Quality by Design (1)
- Anderson impurity model (1)
- Angewandte Mathematik (1)
- Angst (1)
- Angst als Zustand (1)
- Angsterkrankung (1)
- Animal model (1)
- Anode (1)
- Anrege-Abfrage-Spektroskopie (1)
- Antibiotikum (1)
- Antiferromagnet (1)
- Antiferromagnetikum (1)
- Antiferromagnetismus (1)
- Antikörper (1)
- Antimikrobieller Wirkstoff (1)
- Anxiety disorder (1)
- Anxiety disorders (1)
- Apoptosis (1)
- Aquinas (1)
- Arbeitsmarkt (1)
- Arctic (1)
- Argentina (1)
- Artificial Intelligence (1)
- Arzneimittelüberwachung (1)
- Arzneistoffanalytik (1)
- Asc-1 transporter (1)
- Astrochemie (1)
- Atemwege (1)
- Atemwegsschleimhaut (1)
- Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Syndrom (1)
- Auger-Spektroskopie (1)
- Augmented Lagrangian methods (1)
- Ausschreibungen (1)
- Autoantikörper (1)
- Autoinhibition (1)
- Autonomer Roboter (1)
- Autonomie (1)
- B cell (1)
- B cell maturation (1)
- B cell receptor (1)
- B cell receptor (BCR) (1)
- B-MYB (1)
- B-Zell-Lymphom (1)
- BDNF (1)
- BDNF stimulation (1)
- BMP signaling (1)
- BOLD signal (1)
- BPM (1)
- BPMN (1)
- BRET (1)
- Bacterial infection (1)
- Baghdadite (1)
- Bakterielle Infektion (1)
- Bamboo-branch songs (1)
- Bandstruktur (1)
- Bandwürmer (1)
- Bank credit (1)
- Bank-led Growth (1)
- Barbituric Acid Merocyanines (1)
- Barium-133 (1)
- Barth syndrome (1)
- Baryogenesis (1)
- Baryonenasymmetrie (1)
- Batterie (1)
- Bauchspeicheldrüse (1)
- Bauchspeicheldrüsenkrebs (1)
- Baumhöhle (1)
- Bed nucleus of stria terminalis (1)
- Begabtenförderung (1)
- Behinderung (1)
- Benutzererlebnis (1)
- Benutzerforschung (1)
- Benzimidazolderivate (1)
- Bereaved Parents (1)
- Berufserfolg (1)
- Bestärkendes Lernen <Künstliche Intelligenz> (1)
- Bestäubung (1)
- Bias correction (1)
- Bias-Korrektur (1)
- Biene <Gattung> (1)
- Bienenkrankheiten (1)
- Bienenschwarm (1)
- Bilderzeugung (1)
- Bildgebendes Verfahren (1)
- Bildung (1)
- Bilharziose (1)
- Bimolekulare Lipidschicht (1)
- Bindegewebe (1)
- Bioconjugate (1)
- Bioinformatics (1)
- Biologie (1)
- Biologische Aktivität (1)
- Biomacromolecular Sensing (1)
- Biomechanics (1)
- Biomechanik (1)
- Bioorthogonal Tag (1)
- Bioreactor (1)
- Biosensor (1)
- Biosphere Reserves (1)
- Biosphärenreservat (1)
- Bioverfügbarkeit (1)
- Bismut (1)
- Bismuthene (1)
- Bispecific T-cell engager (1)
- Bitopische Liganden (1)
- Blei (1)
- Bleiakkumulator (1)
- BlessU2 (1)
- Blick (1)
- Bloch-Floquet Theorem (1)
- Blood nerve barrier (1)
- Bone-replacement (1)
- Boron (1)
- Boron Materials (1)
- Bortezomib (1)
- Brassicaceae (1)
- Brombeere (1)
- Brownsche Bewegung (1)
- Bruxismus (1)
- Bulk-boundary correspondence (1)
- Burkholderia pseudomallei Mip (1)
- Burkitt lymphoma (1)
- Burkitt lymphoma (BL) (1)
- Burley (1)
- Butyrate <Buttersäuresalze> (1)
- C-C coupling (1)
- C1q/TNF related protein (CTRP) (1)
- C5a (1)
- C5aR1 (1)
- CACO-2 (1)
- CAR T cell (1)
- CAR-T cells (1)
- CCR2 (1)
- CCR4 (1)
- CD19 (1)
- CD28 Superagonist (1)
- CEA (1)
- CEACAM1 (1)
- CHAC1 (1)
- CHI Conference (1)
- CIDP (1)
- CIED malfunction; pacemaker (PM) (1)
- CIPK23 (1)
- CK5 (1)
- CMV (1)
- CNS disorders (1)
- CNS integrity (1)
- CNV (1)
- COVID‐19 (1)
- CPFE (1)
- CVT (1)
- CXCL10 (1)
- CXorf44 (1)
- Ca2+ signal (1)
- Caco2 cells (1)
- Calcium (1)
- Calcium Phosphate (1)
- Calciumphosphat (1)
- Calu-3 (1)
- Cambrian (1)
- Cancer (1)
- Candida auris (1)
- Carbocistein (1)
- Carbon additives (1)
- Carbon surface chemistry (1)
- Cas9 (1)
- Catalysis (1)
- Causality (1)
- Cayley graph (1)
- Cell adhesion (1)
- Cell cycle (1)
- Change Vector Analysis (1)
- Characterization (1)
- Charged Aerosol Detection (1)
- Charged aerosol detection (1)
- Chemical Synthesis (1)
- Chemical modification (1)
- Chemische Reinheit (1)
- China (1)
- Chinese Population Policy (1)
- Chinese state media (1)
- Chinolon <2-> (1)
- Chinolonamide (1)
- Chiralität <Chemie> (1)
- Christentum (1)
- Chromatin (1)
- Circadian (1)
- Circumpolar (1)
- Climate change (1)
- Clostridium difficile (1)
- Cloud Computing (1)
- Cognitive Remediation (1)
- Cognitive control (1)
- Coherent Multidimensional Spectroscopy (1)
- Coherent perfect absorption (1)
- Coisotropic reduction (1)
- Colorectal Cancer (1)
- Combustion (1)
- Comorbidity (1)
- Composite optimization problems (1)
- Compressed Sensing (1)
- Computational Chemistry (1)
- Computer Vision (1)
- Concealed Information Test (CIT) (1)
- Conformal field theory (1)
- Conical Intersections (1)
- Contactin-1 (1)
- Containerization (1)
- Contributors (1)
- Corpus amygdaloideum (1)
- Correlated Fermions (1)
- Correlation Effects (1)
- Correlative microscopy (1)
- Covalent Organic Framework (1)
- Covid-19 (1)
- Cox proportional regression analysis (1)
- Coxiella burnetii (1)
- Crop Growth Models (1)
- Crop YIelds (1)
- Crop growth models (CGMs) (1)
- Crop yield estimations (1)
- Crosslinker (1)
- Crosstalk (1)
- CuMnSb (1)
- Cyclotrimerization (1)
- Cytomegalie-Virus (1)
- Cytotoxic T cell (1)
- Cytotoxicity (1)
- Cytotoxizität (1)
- DAS28 (1)
- DASH (1)
- DBS biomarkers (1)
- DBS programming (1)
- DEUQUA (1)
- DHX30 (1)
- DMARD (1)
- DNA (1)
- DNA damage repair (1)
- DNA methylation (1)
- DNA recognition (1)
- DNA repair (1)
- DNA storage (1)
- DNA-Sensor (1)
- DNA-based nanostructures (1)
- DNA-processing enzymes (1)
- DNS-Reparatur (1)
- DNS-Schädigung (1)
- DRD1 (1)
- Daily life (1)
- Danaus plexippus (1)
- Darmepithel (1)
- Darmparasit (1)
- Darmparasiten (1)
- Data Fusion (1)
- Datenanalyse (1)
- Dauerfrostboden (1)
- Decision Support Systems (1)
- Deep Learning (1)
- Deep-sequencing (1)
- Deformationsquantisierung (1)
- Degradation (1)
- Demethylase (1)
- Demethylierung (1)
- Density of states (1)
- Dephosphorylierung (1)
- Depression (1)
- Design-Based-Research (1)
- Desinformation (1)
- Deutschland (1)
- Development (1)
- Diabetic painful neuropathy (1)
- Diagnostik (1)
- Diboryne (1)
- Dichtefunktionalformalismus (1)
- Dickdarmkrebs (1)
- Differentialgeometrie (1)
- Differentialgleichung (1)
- Diffusion coefficient (1)
- Digital Humanities (1)
- Digitale Signalverarbeitung (1)
- Diine (1)
- Dijkstra’s algorithm (1)
- Diorganobismut-Spezies (1)
- Dirac Halbmetalle (1)
- Dirac semimetals (1)
- Directional emission (1)
- Dodecaborane (1)
- Domänenspezifische Sprache (1)
- Dorsal root ganglion (1)
- Drahtloses vermaschtes Netzwerk (1)
- Dreidimensionale Rekonstruktion (1)
- Dreiecksgitter (1)
- Drift-Diffusion (1)
- Drosophila melanogaster (1)
- Dual-setting (1)
- Dunkle Persönlichkeitsmerkmale (1)
- Dye (1)
- Dynamic charge acceptance (1)
- Dynamics of ribosome assembly (1)
- Dynamische Molekularfeldtheorie (1)
- Dünndarm (1)
- Dünnschichtsolarzelle (1)
- E-cadherin (1)
- E/T ratio (1)
- ECMO (1)
- ECMO indication (1)
- EGFR (1)
- EHT (1)
- ER dynamics in axon terminals (1)
- EUROASPIRE (1)
- Earth observation (1)
- Echinococcus (1)
- Echtzeit (1)
- Ecological Momentary Assessment (1)
- Economic development (1)
- Economic growth (1)
- Edge-MEC-Cloud (1)
- Editorial Principles (1)
- Eeriness (1)
- Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis (1)
- Einfühlung (1)
- Einfühlung <Motiv> (1)
- Einsamkeit (1)
- Einzelzellanalyse (1)
- Electronic spectroscopy (1)
- Elektromyographie (1)
- Elektronenkorrelation (1)
- Elektronische Spektroskopie (1)
- Elektrophysiologie (1)
- Elementarteilchenphysik (1)
- Embryonalentwicklung (1)
- Emission Policy (1)
- Emotion (1)
- Emotion inference (1)
- Emotionserkennung (1)
- Emotionsinterpretation (1)
- Emotionsregulation (1)
- Empathy (1)
- Enantioselektivität (1)
- Endocytose (1)
- Endocytosis (1)
- Endophänotypen (1)
- Endoplasmatisches Retikulum (1)
- Endosomes (1)
- Endothel (1)
- Endothelium (1)
- Enhanced Vegetation Index (1)
- Enterobacteriaceae (1)
- Enterococcus faecalis (1)
- Enterococcus faecium (1)
- Entscheidungsunterstützungssystem (1)
- Entwicklung (1)
- Entzündung (1)
- Environmental (1)
- Ephedrin (1)
- Epigenetik (1)
- Epistemic Network Analysis (1)
- Epistemische Überzeugungen (1)
- Epitranskriptom (1)
- Erdbeobachtung (1)
- Erde (1)
- Erfahrung (1)
- Erneuerbare Energien (1)
- Erosion (1)
- Erregbarkeit (1)
- Erziehungswissenschaften (1)
- Erzählung (1)
- Euler equations (1)
- Euler-Lagrange-Gleichung (1)
- European orchard bee (Osmia cornuta) (1)
- Exact Diagonalization (1)
- Excitatory/inhibitory imbalance (1)
- Exciton–exciton annihilation (1)
- Experimentelle Psychologie (1)
- Explainable Artificial Intelligence (1)
- Exposure treatment (1)
- Extinktion (1)
- Extrazellulärmatrix (1)
- Exziton-Exziton-Annihilierung (1)
- FAM104A (1)
- FAM104B (1)
- FAT10ylation (1)
- FFPE (1)
- FGF signaling (1)
- FIFO caching strategies (1)
- FLJ14775 (1)
- FLJ20434 (1)
- FOXP2 (1)
- FRET (1)
- FTIR spectroscopy (1)
- Fabaceae (1)
- Fabry disease (1)
- Fabry-Krankheit (1)
- Fake News (1)
- Falschmeldung (1)
- Farbstoff (1)
- Feelings of agency (1)
- Feminist (1)
- Feng Menglong (1)
- Fermionensystem (1)
- Fernerkundung (1)
- Festphasensynthese (1)
- Fibromyalgia syndrome (1)
- Fibromyalgiesyndrom (1)
- Film (1)
- Finance (1)
- Finance-growth nexus (1)
- Finite-Differenzen-Methode (1)
- Flavonoids (1)
- Flight muscle (1)
- Floquet-Theorie (1)
- Flugzeitmassenspektrometrie (1)
- FluidFM (1)
- Fluorescence Microscopy (1)
- Fluorescence and Crosslinking (1)
- Fluorescence microscopy (1)
- Fluorescent probes (1)
- Fluoreszenz-Resonanz-Energie-Transfer (1)
- Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (1)
- Fluoreszenzpolarisation (1)
- Fluoreszenzsonde (1)
- Fluoreszierender Stoff (1)
- Forkhead Transcription Factors (1)
- Forkhead-Box-Proteine (1)
- Formulierungsentwicklung (1)
- FoxO transcription factors (1)
- Fragebogen (1)
- Free Electron Laser (1)
- Freies Molekül (1)
- Friedreich’s ataxia (1)
- Fructosebisphosphat-Aldolase (1)
- Frühe Gene (1)
- Frühstudium (1)
- Fulminsäure (1)
- Functional Renormalization Group (1)
- Functional properties (1)
- Funknetz (1)
- Fusobacterium nucleatum (1)
- Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (1)
- Förster Resonanz Energie Transfer (1)
- G-Protein gekoppelter Rezeptor (1)
- G2/M genes (1)
- GAD1 (1)
- GC1 cells (1)
- GDF-5 (1)
- GEDI (1)
- GIS (1)
- GLA KO mouse model (1)
- GM-CSF (1)
- GPVI (1)
- GRAPPA (1)
- GRM8 (1)
- GSH (1)
- GSK3 (1)
- GTP-bindende Proteine (1)
- GaSb/AlAsSb (1)
- Galectin 1 (1)
- Galectine (1)
- Galle (1)
- Ganzkörperbestrahlung (1)
- Gas chromatography (1)
- Gaschromatographie (1)
- Gattungstheorie (1)
- Gaussia princeps luciferase (GpL) (1)
- Gehirn (1)
- Geld (1)
- Geldpolitik (1)
- Genetic etiology (1)
- Genexpression (1)
- Genomics (1)
- Genotyping (1)
- Genregulation (1)
- Geoinformationssystem (1)
- Geometric constraints (1)
- Geospatial (1)
- Gerichtete Abstrahlung (1)
- German population (1)
- Geschlecht (1)
- Gewalt / Frau (1)
- Gewebemodell (1)
- Gewebemodelle (1)
- Gilroy, Paul: The Black Atlantic (1)
- Glioblastoma (1)
- Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (1)
- Glucocorticoids (1)
- Glut1DS (1)
- Glycocalyx (1)
- Glykobiologie (1)
- Glykokalyx (1)
- Grad-seq (1)
- Graft-versus-host-disease (1)
- Graft-versus-leukemia (1)
- Gram points (1)
- Gram-positive (1)
- Gram’s law (1)
- Granulozyten (1)
- Graptolithoidea (1)
- Graßmannians (1)
- Grundvorstellung (1)
- Grünland (1)
- Grünlandnutzung (1)
- Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) (1)
- HAQ (1)
- HASH (1)
- HCMV (1)
- HCW (1)
- HER2 conversion (1)
- HER2 targeted therapy (1)
- HER2-low (1)
- HIIT (High intensity interval training) (1)
- HNSCC (1)
- HPLC (1)
- HPLC-MS (1)
- HPβCD (1)
- Habituationstraining (1)
- Handlungserleben (1)
- Handlungsregulation (1)
- Handlungssteuerung (1)
- Hautleitfähigkeit (1)
- Hecke L-functions (1)
- Hecke eigenforms (1)
- Heisenberg-Modell (1)
- Helicene diimide (1)
- Helicobacter pylori (1)
- Hemibodies (1)
- Hemibody (1)
- Herpes (1)
- Herzfrequenz (1)
- Herzfunktion (1)
- Herzinfarkt (1)
- Herzmuskel (1)
- Heterogenität von Mikroorganismen (1)
- Heusler (1)
- Heuslersche Legierung (1)
- Hfq (1)
- High-performance liquid chromatography (1)
- Higher-order Transient Absorption Spectroscopy (1)
- Hispanoamerikanisch (1)
- History (1)
- Hochbegabung (1)
- Homing (1)
- Honeybee (1)
- Hubbard model (1)
- Human Computer Interaction (1)
- Human-centered computing / Access (1)
- Human-centered computing / Human computer interaction (HCI) / Interaction paradigms / Mixed / augmented reality (1)
- Human-centered computing / Human computer interaction (HCI) / Interaction paradigms / Virtual reality (1)
- Human-centered computing / Human computer interaction (HCI) / Interactiondevices (1)
- Human-centered computing / Human computerinteraction (HCI) / Interaction techniques (1)
- Humane Afrikanische Trypanosomiasis (1)
- Humanoider Roboter (1)
- Humanparasitologie (1)
- Hurwitz zeta function (1)
- Hybrid-Molecules (1)
- Hybridliganden (1)
- Hydroarylation (1)
- Hyperactivity (1)
- Hyperbolische Differentialgleichung (1)
- Hypophosphatemia (1)
- Hypothalamus (1)
- Hülsenfrüchte (1)
- ICM cells (1)
- IE3 (1)
- IFNG (1)
- IL-2 (1)
- IL-3 (1)
- IL-4 antagonists (1)
- ILEX (1)
- IMAZA (1)
- IP6 (1)
- IR spectroscopy (1)
- IR/UV Ion Dip Spectroscopy (1)
- IT security (1)
- Ibrutinib (1)
- IgD (1)
- IgG4 (1)
- IgM (1)
- Image Quality (1)
- Imkerei (1)
- Immune Checkpoint Therapy (1)
- Immune System (1)
- Immunkardiologie (1)
- Immunocardiology (1)
- Immunotherapy (1)
- Immunreaktion (1)
- Immunsystem (1)
- Immuntherapie (1)
- Impulsivität (1)
- Impurity Profiling (1)
- In-vitro-Kultur (1)
- InSAR (1)
- Income (1)
- Indium (1)
- Induced pluripotent stem cells (1)
- Industrial Policy (1)
- Industrie (1)
- Industrie-Roboter (1)
- Industriepolitik (1)
- Infection models (1)
- Infektion (1)
- Infektionsmodell (1)
- Infektionsstudien (1)
- Infrarotspektroskopie (1)
- Inhibitor (1)
- Inhibitory-postsynapse (1)
- Injectability (1)
- Insekten (1)
- Insektensterben (1)
- Instrumentelle Analytik (1)
- Integrin (1)
- Interaktion (1)
- Interferon <alpha-2a-> (1)
- Interkulturalität (1)
- Interkulturelle Kompetenz (1)
- Interkulturelles Lernen (1)
- Interleukin 2 (1)
- Interleukin 4 (1)
- Interleukin-4 (IL-4) (1)
- Intermolecular Interactions (1)
- Intermolekulare Wechselwirkungen (1)
- Internet of Things (1)
- IoT (1)
- IoT-driven processes (1)
- Isolation and Characterization (1)
- JAK inhibitor (1)
- JCAS (1)
- JOL reactivity (1)
- Jameson, Frederic (1)
- Janus fibers (1)
- Japan (1)
- Josephson junctions (1)
- Journal of Nuclear Cardiology (1)
- Judgements of agency (1)
- K band ranging (KBR) (1)
- K+ channels (1)
- K-Ras (1)
- KEA (1)
- KIT (1)
- KOOS (1)
- Kabellose Netzwerke (1)
- Kakao (1)
- Kardiologie (1)
- Karriere (1)
- Kaste (1)
- Kathará (1)
- Keratinozyt (1)
- Kernspintomografie (1)
- Ketamin (1)
- KhpB protein (1)
- Ki67 (1)
- Kinaseinhibitor (1)
- Kinetische Gleichung (1)
- Klima (1)
- Klinische Studie (1)
- Knochenersatz (1)
- Knochenmark (1)
- Knochenmarktransplantation (1)
- Knowledge Acquisition (1)
- Kognitionspsychologie (1)
- Kognitive Psychologie (1)
- Kohärente perfekte Absorption (1)
- Kolloid (1)
- Kolorektales Karzinom (1)
- Komorbidität (1)
- Komplexe (1)
- Konjugation (1)
- Koordinationsverbindungen (1)
- Korrelative Mikroskopie (1)
- Kosmochemie (1)
- Krankenhaus (1)
- Kreatives Schreiben (1)
- Krebsforschung (1)
- Kristallzüchtung (1)
- Kryoelektronenmikroskopie (1)
- Kultur (1)
- Kurdyka--{\L}ojasiewicz property (1)
- Kutikula (1)
- LC-Oszillator (1)
- LCB (1)
- LCNEC (1)
- LFU (1)
- LPS (1)
- LRU (1)
- LUMEN (1)
- Land Use/Land Cover (1)
- Land use diversity (1)
- Landsat 8 (1)
- Landschaftspflege (1)
- Lead Time (1)
- Lead-acid batteries (1)
- Lead-free double perovskite (1)
- Lebensmittelchemie (1)
- Lebensmittelprodukte (1)
- LeishBASEedit (1)
- Leishmania (1)
- Leistungsbewertung (1)
- Leistungsentwicklung (1)
- Lepidoptera (1)
- Leptogenesis (1)
- Lerch zeta function (1)
- Lerneffekt (1)
- Lernkurve (1)
- Lernwirksamkeit (1)
- Lewis acidity (1)
- Lewis-Azidität (1)
- Lewis-Säure (1)
- Library of Phytochemicals (1)
- Library of plant species (1)
- Lidschlag (1)
- Lie group actions (1)
- Lie groups (1)
- Lie n-algebroids (1)
- Lieferzeit (1)
- Lifetime Imaging (1)
- Liganden (1)
- Light use efficiency (LUE) model (1)
- Lineare Optimierung (1)
- Linux (1)
- Literary and Cultural Studies (1)
- Literaturwissenschaft (1)
- Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator (1)
- Lithium-Ionen-Batterie (1)
- Lithium-ion Battery (1)
- Local (1)
- Local Gazetteer (1)
- Local Lipschitz continuity (1)
- Locomotor activity (1)
- Lokales Wissen (1)
- Lungenembolie (1)
- Lungenkrebs (1)
- Luttinger Materialien (1)
- Luttinger materials (1)
- Lysosome (1)
- Löslichkeit (1)
- M2 (1)
- M4 (1)
- MATQ-seq (1)
- MCC950 (1)
- MCMV (1)
- MEK5/ERK5 cascade (1)
- MGL (1)
- MHD equations (1)
- MOD13Q1 (1)
- MODIS (1)
- MP-DCCP (1)
- MRSA (1)
- MSC 11M35 (1)
- MSC: 14M15 (1)
- MSC: 49M37 (1)
- MSC: 53C22 (1)
- MSC: 53C35 (1)
- MSC: 65K05 (1)
- MSC: 90C30 (1)
- MSC: 90C40 (1)
- MYC (1)
- MYCNv (1)
- Machine Learning (1)
- Macrophages (1)
- Magnetische Anregung (1)
- Magnetische Störstelle (1)
- Magnetismus (1)
- Magnetohydrodynamische Gleichung (1)
- Majorana-Nullmoden (1)
- Makrophage (1)
- Malignant melanoma (1)
- Mamestra brassicae (1)
- Mantle cell lymphoma (1)
- Maschinelles Sehen (1)
- Massenmedien + Wirkung (1)
- Massenspektrometrie (1)
- Masspectrometry (1)
- Mathematical Optimization (1)
- Mathematische Modellierung (1)
- Mc4r (1)
- Media Literacy (1)
- Medical Image Analysis (1)
- Medien (1)
- Medien + Psychologie (1)
- Medienpädagogik (1)
- Medienwirkungsforschung (1)
- Megakaryozyt (1)
- Mehta, Deepa (1)
- Melanom (1)
- Melt electrowriting (1)
- Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion (1)
- Mental Representations (1)
- Metabolic Glycoengineering (1)
- Metallosupramolecular chemistry (1)
- Metallosupramolekulare Chemie (1)
- Metamaterial (1)
- Metaverse (1)
- Meteorologische Muster (1)
- Methode (1)
- Methylierung (1)
- Microscopy (1)
- Microwave Assisted Extraction (1)
- Mig1 (1)
- Mikrotubuli (1)
- Mikrotubuli-assoziiertes Protein (MAP) (1)
- Milieu (1)
- Ming dynasty (1)
- Mingdynastie (1)
- Mip (1)
- Mip Inhibitoren (1)
- Mip inhibitor (1)
- Mitose (1)
- Modell (1)
- Moderator (1)
- Modification (1)
- ModulationTregs (1)
- Molekularbiologie (1)
- Molekulare Bildgebung (1)
- Molekularstrahlepitaxie (1)
- Money (1)
- Monitoring (1)
- Monoklonaler bispezifischer Antikörper (1)
- Monolage (1)
- Monolayer (1)
- Monoschicht (1)
- Morbus Fabry (1)
- Motoneuron (1)
- Motoneuron-Krankheit (1)
- Mott-Übergang (1)
- Multi-Loop (1)
- Multi-Unit Aufnahmen (1)
- Multidrugresistant (1)
- Multilayered skin tissue model (1)
- Multiple Myeloma (1)
- Multisensory integration (1)
- Muscarinrezeptor (1)
- Muscle (1)
- Muskarinrezeptor (1)
- Myc (1)
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae (1)
- Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (1)
- Myocardial infarction (1)
- Myosin IIA (1)
- Mähen (1)
- N ligands (1)
- N-functionalization (1)
- N-heterocyclic carbenes (1)
- N-heterozyklische Carbene (1)
- NA (1)
- NAFLD (1)
- NAS (1)
- NDVI (1)
- NEDMIAL (1)
- NF-κB (1)
- NFκB (1)
- NGS (1)
- NHX1 (1)
- NIR chromophore (1)
- NMDAR (1)
- NMJ–neuromuscular junction (1)
- NMOSD (1)
- NMR-Spektroskopie (1)
- NOTCH (1)
- NRF2 (1)
- NSG (1)
- NSG-SGM3 (1)
- NSSI (1)
- NaCl transport (1)
- NaV1.9 (1)
- Nachbefragung (1)
- Nachhaltigkeit (1)
- Nahrung (1)
- Nanooptik (1)
- Nanophotonik (1)
- Narrow escape problem (1)
- Nationale Traditionen (1)
- Natriumkanal (1)
- Nature Conservation (1)
- Nature-Insipired Synthesis (1)
- Naturschutz (1)
- Naturstoff (1)
- Nebenniere (1)
- Nebennierenrindenkarzinom (1)
- Nebennierentumor (1)
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae (1)
- Nervenstimulation (1)
- Network Emulator (1)
- Neurodevelopmental diseases (1)
- Neuroepigenomics (1)
- Neurofascin (1)
- Neuromodulation (1)
- Neuropathic pain (1)
- Neuroprotection (1)
- Neuroscience (1)
- Neurowissenschaften (1)
- Neutral rate of interest (1)
- Neutrino (1)
- Neutrophils (1)
- Nicht-Fulleren Akzeptor (1)
- Nicht-kleinzelliges Bronchialkarzinom (NSCLC) (1)
- Nichtlineare Spektroskopie (1)
- Nickel-Complexes (1)
- Niedervalente Spezies (1)
- Nigeria (1)
- Nineteenth Century (1)
- Nisthöhle (1)
- Nociceptor (1)
- Non-Fullerene Acceptor (1)
- Non-Hermitian skin effect (1)
- Non-coding RNA (1)
- Norbert Groeben (1)
- Nucleobase Surrogate Incorporation (1)
- Nucleoside (1)
- O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (1)
- OLC (1)
- OLFM4 (1)
- OST1 (1)
- Oberflächenphysik (1)
- Oberflächenzustand (1)
- Object Detection (1)
- Ockham (1)
- Octopamin (1)
- Octopamine (1)
- Octopaminergic signaling (1)
- Oldenburg burnout inventory (1)
- Olfaktorik (1)
- Oligonucleotide (1)
- Onchocerca volvulus (1)
- Onchozerkose (1)
- Oncogenes (1)
- Open Quantum System (1)
- Optical antenna (1)
- Optische Antenne (1)
- Optogenetics (1)
- Optogenetik (1)
- Orbital (1)
- Organische Synthese (1)
- Organischer Halbleiter (1)
- Organoid (1)
- Orphans (1)
- Osmolarität (1)
- Oxytocin (1)
- P4-INT (1)
- PAG (1)
- PAH formation (1)
- PAR-CLIP (1)
- PCD (1)
- PCL (1)
- PCLS (1)
- PCR (1)
- PEDOT (1)
- PEG (1)
- PER (1)
- PFA in ethanol (1)
- PHQ-9 (1)
- PLGA (1)
- PPIase (1)
- PRO (1)
- PROLOG <Programmiersprache> (1)
- PROM (1)
- PROM’s (1)
- PSMC2 (1)
- PSP (1)
- PT-Transformation (1)
- PTH1R (1)
- Panikstörung (1)
- Pankreas (1)
- Parasitology (1)
- Parkinson-Krankheit (1)
- Pathogenesis (1)
- Pathogenität (1)
- Pathophysiologie (1)
- Peptide (1)
- Perceived Usefulness (1)
- Perceived Wealth (1)
- Perception (1)
- Perceptions, Attitudes, and Values (1)
- Peripheral eosinophils (1)
- Peripheres Nervensystem (1)
- Permafrost (1)
- Perturbative (1)
- Perylenbisdicarboximide <Perylen-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide)> (1)
- Pesticide (1)
- Pharmaceutical Analysis (1)
- Pharmakometrie (1)
- Pharmazeutischer Hilfsstoff (1)
- Phase diagrams (1)
- Phosphoglykolatphosphatase (1)
- Phospholipide (1)
- Phosphoramidite (1)
- Phosphorane (1)
- Photodissoziation (1)
- Photoluminescence (1)
- Photophysik (1)
- Photoresponsive DNA Crosslinker (1)
- Photoviltaics (1)
- Photovoltaik (1)
- Phylogenie (1)
- Phylogeny (1)
- Physics beyond the Standard Model (1)
- Physikalische Chemie (1)
- Physikalische Konsistenz (1)
- Pilocarpin (1)
- Pilokarpin (1)
- Place (1)
- Planetary Health (1)
- Planetary Health Education (1)
- Plant extracts (1)
- Plants (1)
- Plasmonik (1)
- Plastin 3 (1)
- Poisson algebras (1)
- PolSAR (1)
- Policy Implementation in China (1)
- Politische Ethik (1)
- Polycaprolacton (1)
- Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (1)
- Polyethylenglykole (1)
- Polyglycerol (1)
- Polyine (1)
- Polylactid-co-Glycolid (1)
- Polymers (1)
- Polyneuropathie (1)
- Populism (1)
- Populismus (1)
- Porosität (1)
- Porous Materials (1)
- Postmarxismus (1)
- Praxis (1)
- Pre-service Teachers (1)
- Prognose (1)
- Programmed Cell Death 1 (1)
- Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 (1)
- Proliferation (1)
- Promotion (1)
- Prosoziales Verhalten (1)
- Proteasom (1)
- Proteasome (1)
- Proteinbindung (1)
- Proteine (1)
- Protozoa (1)
- Protozoen (1)
- Pruno-Rubion sprengelii (1)
- Pseudo-Fermions (1)
- Pseudouridin (1)
- Psychologie (1)
- Pump-Probe-Technik (1)
- Pump–probe spectroscopy (1)
- Punktwolke (1)
- Pyrochlore (1)
- Quality Management (1)
- Qualitätsmanagement (1)
- Quanten-Hall-Effekt (1)
- Quantenfeldtheorie (1)
- Quanteninformation (1)
- Quantenthermodynamik (1)
- Quantenzustand (1)
- QuantiFERON\(^®\)-TB Gold Plus (1)
- Quantum Magnetism (1)
- Quantum many-body systems (1)
- Quantum spin lattices (1)
- Quinolone Amides (1)
- R-type currents (1)
- R57A (1)
- RAKI (1)
- RAMP (1)
- RCC (1)
- RCK domain (1)
- RCT (1)
- RIL-seq (1)
- RNA Labelling (1)
- RNA helicase (1)
- RNA labeling (1)
- RNA metabolism (1)
- RNA modifications (1)
- RNA recognition (1)
- RNA transport (1)
- RNA-Protein Interaktom (1)
- RNA-RNA interactions (1)
- RNA-Sequenzierung (1)
- RNA-bindendes Protein (1)
- RNA-binding proteins (1)
- RNA-protein interactome (1)
- RNS-Bindungsproteine (1)
- RNS-Viren (1)
- RT-qPCR (1)
- Radikal <Chemie> (1)
- Random Forest (1)
- Random Matrix Theory (1)
- Random forest (RF) model (1)
- Random-phase-Approximation (1)
- Random-walk simulations (1)
- Ranvier-Schnürring (1)
- Rapid Prototyping <Fertigung> (1)
- Rastertunnelmikroskopie (1)
- Rbm8a (1)
- Reaktive Sauerstoffspezies (1)
- Receptor Dynamics (1)
- Reduced density matrix (1)
- Referenzrahmen (1)
- Regenerative Medizin (1)
- Regierung (1)
- Regionale Klimamodelle (1)
- Regression (1)
- Regulation (1)
- Regulatory T Cells (1)
- Rekonsolidierung (1)
- Religion (1)
- Religious Practice (1)
- Remote sensing (RS) (1)
- Renormierung (1)
- Representation (1)
- Reproducibility challenges (1)
- Reprogrammming (1)
- Repräsentation (1)
- Research Station (1)
- Resonance Stabilized Radicals (1)
- Reticular Chemistry (1)
- Revenge (1)
- Rezeptionsforschung (1)
- Rezeptor (1)
- Rezeptor-Tyrosinkinasen (1)
- Rhamno-Prunetea (1)
- Rheology (1)
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (1)
- Rho GTPasw (1)
- Ribozym (1)
- Ribozyme (1)
- Robotics (1)
- Rodents (1)
- Roman (1)
- Routing (1)
- Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (1)
- Ruthenium Komplexe (1)
- Röntgenspektroskopie (1)
- SAH (1)
- SARS-CoV2 (1)
- SCCHN (1)
- SELEX (1)
- SF-36 (1)
- SIB (1)
- SLAC1 (1)
- SLC-family (1)
- SLC7A11 (1)
- SNF1 (1)
- SPECT/CT (1)
- STAT3 (1)
- STM (1)
- SUMOylation (1)
- SUSTAIN CSX (1)
- SWOT (1)
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1)
- Salmonella (1)
- Salmonella Typhimurium (1)
- Salmonella enterica (1)
- Salt Overly Sensitive pathway (1)
- Satellit (1)
- Satellite Earth Observation (1)
- Satellite Remote Sensing (1)
- Satellite glial cell (1)
- Scherstress (1)
- Schistosomiasis (1)
- Schlaf (1)
- Schmerz (1)
- Schmerzforschung (1)
- Schmetterlinge (1)
- Schroedinger equation (1)
- Schulerfolg (1)
- Schädlingsbekämpfung (1)
- Scotogenic Model (1)
- Second coordination sphere engineering (1)
- Sehen (1)
- Sekundärkrankheit (1)
- Selbstkalibrierung (1)
- Selbstmordgefährdung (1)
- Selbstorganisation (1)
- Self-calibration (1)
- Sense of agency (1)
- Sensing-aaS (1)
- Sequence-Structure (1)
- Sequenzdaten (1)
- Serotonin (1)
- Setting Control (1)
- Shannon entropy (1)
- Shear Stress (1)
- Signaltransduktion (1)
- Silica precursor (1)
- Siliciumcarbid (1)
- Silicon carbide (1)
- Siliziumcarbid (1)
- Siliziumkarbid (1)
- Single-cell RNA-sequencing (1)
- Single-molecule microscopy (1)
- Singlett Oxygen (1)
- Singulettsauerstoff (1)
- Sinusthrombose (1)
- Site-specific RNA labelling (1)
- Skin Tissue Engineering (1)
- Sleep (1)
- Social Buffering (1)
- Social Circle (1)
- Social Distancing (1)
- Socrates (1)
- Soil-transmitted helminths (1)
- Sol-gel (1)
- Solar cell (1)
- Solar-Cell (1)
- Solid-phase peptide synthesis (1)
- Solubilisation (1)
- Solubility (1)
- South Indian Ocean (1)
- Soziale Robotik (1)
- Sozialer Kontakt (1)
- Soziales Umfeld (1)
- Spatiotemporal fusion (1)
- Spechte (1)
- Specialized pro resolving mediators (1)
- Spektroskopie (1)
- Sphingolipids (1)
- Spin-Bahn-Wechselwirkung (1)
- Spin-Orbit interaction (1)
- Spinal Muscular Atrophy (1)
- Spinalganglion (1)
- Spinflüssigkeit (1)
- Spo0A (1)
- Sporenbildung (1)
- Sporulation (1)
- Sprachgebrauch (1)
- Squaraine (1)
- Staat (1)
- Stability Maintenance (1)
- Stabilitätsstudien (1)
- Staphylococcus aureus immune response (1)
- Starke Kopplung (1)
- State Estimation (1)
- Statine (1)
- Status Threat (1)
- Steroide (1)
- Steroidhormon (1)
- Stochastische Matrix (1)
- Stomata (1)
- Strategic Emerging Industries (1)
- Street children (1)
- Strongyloides (1)
- Strongyloides stercoralis (1)
- Structure-from-Motion (1)
- Struktur (1)
- Struktur-Aktivitäts-Beziehung (1)
- Strumpellin (1)
- Su-Schrieffer-Heeger chain (1)
- Su-Schrieffer-Heeger-Kette (1)
- Subjektivität (1)
- Suizidalität (1)
- Super-Resolution Microscopy (1)
- Supercap (1)
- Superkondensator (1)
- Supply Chain Design (1)
- Supply Chain Management (1)
- Support Vector Regression (1)
- Sustainable Agriculture (1)
- Sustainable Development (1)
- Symplektische Geometrie (1)
- Synthetic Aperture RADAR (1)
- Synthetic RS data (1)
- Synthetische Apertur (1)
- T Helper Cell (1)
- T Lymphocyte (1)
- T and NK development (1)
- T antigen (1)
- T-Lymphozyt (1)
- T-Track\(^®\) TB (1)
- T-cell engager (1)
- T-cell lymphoma (1)
- T-shaped π–π stacking (1)
- TB (1)
- TDM (1)
- TETC (1)
- TKA (1)
- TLR3 (1)
- TNF (1)
- TNFR1 (1)
- TNFR2 (1)
- TNFα (1)
- TPACK (1)
- TRAF2 (1)
- TRRAP (1)
- TTL validation of data consistency (1)
- Tagesrhythmus (1)
- Talententwicklung (1)
- Tamoxifen (1)
- Tansania (1)
- Targeted therapy (1)
- Temporal binding (1)
- Temporal predictability (1)
- Testinstrument (1)
- Text analysis (1)
- Textanalyse (1)
- Theoretical Chemistry (1)
- Theorie (1)
- Theory of Mind (1)
- Therapeutisches Drug Monitoring (1)
- Therapie (1)
- Therapieresistenz (1)
- Thermal equilibrium (1)
- Thermalisierung (1)
- Thermogenesis (1)
- Thigmotaxis (1)
- Thrombose (1)
- Thrombosis (1)
- Thrombozytenaggregation (1)
- Ti plasmids (1)
- Tian Rucheng (1)
- Tierversuche (1)
- Tissue staining (1)
- Tjap1 (1)
- Tolane-Modified Fluorescent Nucleosides (1)
- Toll-like receptor signaling (1)
- Tomografie (1)
- Topolectrics (1)
- Topological Pumping (1)
- Topological metamaterial (1)
- Topological semimetals (1)
- Topological superconductivity (1)
- Topologische Halbmetalle (1)
- Topologische Phase (1)
- Topologische Supraleitung (1)
- Transkription <Genetik> (1)
- Transkriptionelle Regulierung (1)
- Transkriptomanalyse (1)
- Transnationalismus (1)
- Traumatic neuropathy (1)
- Traveling culture (1)
- Treg (1)
- Trem2 (1)
- Triangular lattice (1)
- Triarylborane (1)
- TrkB (1)
- TruD (1)
- Trypanosoma (1)
- Trypanosoma brucei (1)
- Trypanosomiase (1)
- Trypanosomiasis (1)
- Tumor (1)
- Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) (1)
- Tumor-Treating Fields (TTFields) (1)
- Twitter (1)
- UBA6 (1)
- UBE2Z (1)
- UNESCO designations (1)
- Ubiquitylation (1)
- Ultrafast spectroscopy (1)
- Ultrakurzzeitspektroskopie (1)
- Ultraschallprüfung (1)
- Umwelt (1)
- Umweltpolitik / Kompensation (1)
- Uncanny Valley of Mind (1)
- Unconventional/Topological superconductivity (1)
- Underwater Mapping (1)
- Underwater Scanning (1)
- United States (1)
- Universal Two-Child Policy (1)
- Unterernährung (1)
- Ureaplasma parvum (1)
- VAS (1)
- VLA-1 (1)
- Vaccinia (1)
- Vaccinia-virus (1)
- Vasopressin (1)
- Velocity-Map-Imaging (1)
- Venezuela (1)
- Venus (1)
- Vereinigte Staaten (1)
- Vernacular poety (1)
- Vernacular story (1)
- Vero E6 (1)
- Verschwörungstheorie (1)
- Verwundbarkeit (1)
- Vicia faba (L.) (1)
- Virus infection (1)
- Visualized Kathará (1)
- Visuelle Orientierung (1)
- Visuelle Wahrnehmung (1)
- Vitis vinifera (1)
- Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) (1)
- Vorhersage (1)
- WASH complex (1)
- WaSiM-ETH (1)
- Wahrgenommener Reichtum (1)
- Wahrnehmung (1)
- Waiting Impulsivity (1)
- Wald (1)
- Wallace, Michele (1)
- Wasseroxidation (1)
- Water Oxidation (1)
- Weakly chromophore impurities (1)
- Web services (1)
- Wechsler intelligence scale (WISC-IV) (1)
- West African refugee crisis (1)
- West Gondwana (1)
- West Lake (1)
- Western Europe (1)
- Weyl Halbmetalle (1)
- Weyl semimetals (1)
- WhatsApp (1)
- Widerstand (1)
- Wilde Honigbienen (1)
- Wiliams, Raymond (1)
- Willams, Raymond (1)
- Winter wheat (1)
- Wirtschaftsentwicklung (1)
- Wirtschaftswachstum (1)
- Wissenschaft (1)
- Wissenschaftliche Beobachtung (1)
- Wissenserwerb (1)
- X-ray computed (1)
- XAI (1)
- XAI and explainable artificial intelligence (1)
- XLH (1)
- XMCD (1)
- Xanomeline (1)
- Xinjiang (1)
- Xiphophorus (1)
- YAP (1)
- YAP5SA (1)
- YouTube (1)
- Ypk1 (1)
- Yu-Shiba-Rusinov-Zustände (1)
- ZIP (1)
- Zebrafish (1)
- Zeitreihe (1)
- Zelldifferenzierung (1)
- Zellkern (1)
- Zellmigration (1)
- Zellteilung (Zytokinese) (1)
- Zhang Dai (1)
- Zinc phthalocyanine (1)
- Zinkphthalocyanin (1)
- Zins (1)
- Zustandsdichte (1)
- Zustandserkennung (1)
- Zweidimensionale konforme Feldtheorie (1)
- Zweidimensionales Material (1)
- Zwergfadenwurm (1)
- Zytotoxizität (1)
- \(^1\)H-NMR spectroscopy (1)
- abdominal imaging (1)
- abiotic stress (1)
- academia (1)
- academic domains (1)
- acceptance-based strategies (1)
- accuracy (1)
- acid value (1)
- action control (1)
- action prepotency (1)
- activated B cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (ABC-DLBCL) (1)
- active TB (1)
- active galactic nuclei (1)
- active zone (1)
- actors (1)
- acute kidney injury (1)
- adaptive intervention competence (1)
- addiction (1)
- additive manufacturing (1)
- adiponectin (1)
- adjoint and coadjoint representations (1)
- adjustment (1)
- adjuvant therapy (1)
- adrenal cancer (1)
- adrenal imaging (1)
- adrenal incidentaloma (1)
- adrenocortical adenoma (1)
- adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) (1)
- adsorption (1)
- adverse drug reaction (1)
- adverse effects (1)
- affinity (1)
- affluence (1)
- age (1)
- age determination by skeleton (1)
- ageing (1)
- aggression (1)
- aging (1)
- agonism (1)
- agonistic antibodies (1)
- agricultural landscape (1)
- airway management (1)
- akademische Domänen (1)
- algebraic degree (1)
- algorithms (1)
- alkene-alkyne [2+2] photocycloaddition (1)
- alkylation damage (1)
- allogeneic stem cell transplantation (1)
- allografts (1)
- alpha-IIb beta-3 (1)
- alternating management (1)
- alternative pig farming (1)
- alveolar bone loss (1)
- amber light (1)
- amino acid restriction (1)
- anaemia (1)
- anaerobe (1)
- anatomy (1)
- anchoring (1)
- anesthesia (1)
- anesthesiology (1)
- angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- animal models (1)
- animal physiology (1)
- animal studies (1)
- anion channels (1)
- anisotropy (1)
- annotation (1)
- antenna phase center calibration (1)
- anterior insula (1)
- anthropomorphism (1)
- anti-inflammatory cytokines (1)
- anti-thrombotic therapies (1)
- anti-tumor agents (1)
- antibody (1)
- anticoagulation (1)
- antidepressants (1)
- antifungal drug (1)
- antigen-presenting cells (1)
- antimicrobial immunity (1)
- antimicrobial resistance (1)
- antimicrobial responses (1)
- antioxidant (1)
- antivirals (1)
- anxiety disorders (1)
- anxious depression (1)
- aorta (1)
- aortic valve stenosis (1)
- apexification (1)
- approach versus withdrawal (1)
- aquaporins (1)
- aqueous humor outflow (1)
- arabidopsis thaliana (1)
- aromaticity (1)
- arousal inhibition (1)
- arthroscopic simulator training (1)
- artifical inteligence (1)
- artificial human skin (1)
- artificial photosynthesis (1)
- assembloid (1)
- asymptotic preserving (1)
- atopic diseases (1)
- attention deficit (1)
- auctions (1)
- autoantibodies (1)
- autobiographical memory (1)
- autoimmune nodopathy (1)
- autoimmune skin blistering disease (1)
- automation (1)
- autonomic (1)
- autonomous cortisol secretion (1)
- autonomy (1)
- availability (1)
- axial vascularization (1)
- axons (1)
- azapeptide nitriles (1)
- azido-ceramides (1)
- azobenzenes (1)
- background knowledge (1)
- bacterial community (1)
- bacterial migration (1)
- bacterial virulence (1)
- basal ganglia (1)
- baseline detection (1)
- battery depletion (1)
- bedingte elektrische Stimulation (1)
- bee diseases (1)
- bee-lining (1)
- beech (1)
- bees (1)
- behaviometric (1)
- behavioral conditioning (1)
- bent pointing (1)
- benzimidazole (1)
- beta cell (1)
- beta power (1)
- beta-catenin (1)
- bilateral motor network (1)
- bioceramic (1)
- biocompatible materials (1)
- biodiversity conservation (1)
- biodosimetry (1)
- bioelectronics (1)
- biofabrication (1)
- bioink (1)
- bioinorganic (1)
- biological scaffold (1)
- biology (1)
- biomedical engineering (1)
- bioorthogonal SAM analogue ProSeDMA (1)
- biophysics (1)
- biostratigraphy (1)
- biosynthetic glycosylation (1)
- bipartite metabolism (1)
- bipolar disorder (1)
- bit (1)
- bitopic hybrid ligands (1)
- bitopic ligands (1)
- bitter taste (1)
- blended learning (1)
- blockchain anchoring (1)
- blockchain in healthcare (1)
- blockchain in the pharmaceutical industry (1)
- blockchain interoperability (1)
- blood CSF barrier (1)
- blood brain barrier (1)
- blood platelets (1)
- blood vessel (1)
- body size (1)
- bond activation (1)
- bond theory (1)
- bone conduction implant (1)
- bone imaging (1)
- bone metabolism (1)
- bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) (1)
- bone morphogenetic proteins (1)
- bone regeneration (1)
- boraselenone (1)
- borirane (1)
- boundary spanning (1)
- brain endothelium (1)
- brain signal complexity (1)
- brain-computer interfaces (BCI) (1)
- branched-chain amino acids (1)
- breast cancer imaging (1)
- breed predisposition (1)
- bridging (1)
- built environment (1)
- bullous pemphigoid (1)
- burnout (1)
- business process anagement (1)
- butyrate (1)
- c-kit (1)
- cadaver multiorgan preservation (1)
- calcium activity (1)
- calcium channels (1)
- calcium phosphate (1)
- calcium signaling (1)
- calibration (1)
- caloric restriction (1)
- calorimetry (1)
- calprotectin (1)
- camera orientation (1)
- cancellous bone (1)
- cancer imaging (1)
- cancer immune cell therapy (1)
- cancer immunotherapy (1)
- candidate gene (1)
- canine (1)
- canola (1)
- canopy height (1)
- capillary electrophoresis (1)
- carbon dioxide (CO2) (1)
- carbon emissions (1)
- carborane (1)
- carcinoma (1)
- cardiac arrest (1)
- cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) (1)
- cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) (1)
- cardiac surgery (1)
- cardiology (1)
- cardioprotective potential (1)
- cardiovascular MRI (1)
- cardiovascular diseases (1)
- cardiovascular events (1)
- cardiovascular risk factors (1)
- caregiver (1)
- caregiver burden (1)
- caste system (1)
- catalase (1)
- catholicism (1)
- causality (1)
- cell (1)
- cell cycle (1)
- cell death (1)
- cell differentiation patterns (1)
- cell line specificity pyridyl indole carboxylates (1)
- cell line-specificity (1)
- cell sate variability (1)
- cell velocimetry (1)
- cell vitality (1)
- cellmigration (1)
- cellular physiology (1)
- cellular signalling networks (1)
- central bank information (1)
- cephalometry (1)
- ceramides (1)
- cerebellum (1)
- cerebral inflammation (1)
- cerebrospinal fluid (1)
- cerebrovascular disorders (1)
- change vector analysis (1)
- charge transfer (1)
- charged aerosol detector (1)
- chemical bonding (1)
- chemical ecology (1)
- chemical glycosylation (1)
- chemical libraries (1)
- chemokine receptor (1)
- child development (1)
- children (1)
- chiral (1)
- chlorantraniliprole (1)
- chondral defect (1)
- chondrogenesis (1)
- chondrogenic hypertrophy (1)
- chromatin (1)
- chromatin accessibility (1)
- chronic IBD model (1)
- chronic heart failure (1)
- chronic kidney disease (1)
- cine loop (1)
- circadian rhythm (1)
- circular dichroism (1)
- circulating (1)
- circulation types (1)
- circum-Arctic (1)
- cisplatin (1)
- classification (1)
- climate (1)
- climate policy (1)
- climate resilience (1)
- climate‐smart pest management (1)
- clinical decision support (1)
- clinical measurement in health technology (1)
- clinical outcome (1)
- clinical skills (1)
- clinical systems (1)
- closing of chromatin (1)
- closo-Borane (1)
- cluster analysis (1)
- co-culture (1)
- coastal erosion (1)
- cochlear nucleus (1)
- cocoa mapping (1)
- cognitive ability (1)
- cognitive bias (1)
- cognitive decline (1)
- cognitive deficits (1)
- cognitive load (1)
- cognitive neuroscience (1)
- cognitive profile (1)
- cognitive remediation (1)
- coherence (1)
- collagen (1)
- collybistin (1)
- color (1)
- colorectal cancer (1)
- combination (1)
- commensal bacteria (1)
- communication models (1)
- communication networks (1)
- comparability (1)
- comparison exercise (1)
- complementary medicine (1)
- complex‐valued machine learning (1)
- computational chemistry (1)
- computational neural networks (1)
- computed tomography (1)
- computed tomography angiography (CTA) (1)
- computer modelling (1)
- computer navigation (1)
- computer performance evaluation (1)
- computer vision (1)
- computer-aided (1)
- conditionality (1)
- cone-beam computed tomography (1)
- confocal Raman imaging (1)
- conformational activation (1)
- conservation biology (1)
- contactin (1)
- content-based image retrieval (1)
- contingent electrical stimulation (1)
- continuous extracorporeal femoral perfusion model (1)
- contrast effect (1)
- control group (1)
- controllability (1)
- conventional imaging (1)
- convolution kernel (1)
- cooperation (1)
- coordination chemistry (1)
- cord blood (1)
- coronary artery disease (1)
- coronary heart disease (1)
- coronavirus (1)
- coronavirus disease 2019 (1)
- correlation (1)
- cortico-striatal synapse (1)
- corticoid (1)
- covalent inhibitors (1)
- covariance and correlation (1)
- covert retrieval (1)
- creativity (1)
- critical care (1)
- crop modeling (1)
- crop models (1)
- crop rotation (1)
- cross-sectional imaging (1)
- cryo-EM (1)
- cryo-ET (1)
- crystal growth (1)
- crystallographic analyses (1)
- cue availability (1)
- cue exposure therapy (1)
- cue reactivity (1)
- cultural diversity (1)
- curriculum development (1)
- cut and sew technique (1)
- cutaneous lymphomas (1)
- cuticular hydrocarbon (1)
- cutting (1)
- cyclic alkyl(amino)carbenes (1)
- cyclization reactions (1)
- cyclodextrins (1)
- cyclosporin A (1)
- cytochrome P450s (1)
- cytosine base editor (CBE) toolbox (1)
- cytoskeleton (1)
- cytosolic pH (1)
- cytotoxic T cells (1)
- cytotoxicity (1)
- dSPN (1)
- damage control orthopedics (1)
- data analysis (1)
- data augmentation (1)
- data display (1)
- data storage (1)
- data warehouse (1)
- dataset (1)
- ddPCR (1)
- de Casteljau Algorithm (1)
- de novo sequenced genomes (1)
- decafluoroazobezene (1)
- decay (1)
- decision support system (1)
- defensive states (1)
- definite clause grammars (1)
- degradation (1)
- delay constrained (1)
- delay of therapy (1)
- deliberation (1)
- dens invaginatus (1)
- density functional calculations (1)
- density gradient centrifugation (1)
- dental education (1)
- depressive disorder (1)
- derivative (1)
- dermal fibroblasts (1)
- desiccation (1)
- design (1)
- design of experiments (1)
- developmental biology (1)
- developmental differentiation (1)
- dexamethasone (1)
- diabetes mellitus (1)
- diagnostic correctness (1)
- diagnostic markers (1)
- diagnostics (1)
- dialysis adequacy (1)
- dicarboximide (1)
- dicoordinate borylene (1)
- diet (1)
- difference-in-differences (1)
- differential RNA-seq (1)
- differential centrifugation (1)
- differential expression (1)
- differential graded modules (1)
- differentiated thyroid cancer (1)
- digit (1)
- digital Health (1)
- digital age (1)
- digital medicine (1)
- digital subtraction angiography (DSA) (1)
- digital tools (1)
- digital twin (1)
- digitalization (1)
- dimethyl fumarate (1)
- direct pathway (1)
- disability (1)
- discourse analysis (1)
- discourses of gender and ethnicity (1)
- disease score (1)
- disease severity (1)
- diseases (1)
- disengagement (1)
- dishonest responding (1)
- dishonesty (1)
- disjoint multi-paths (1)
- disorder of immunity (1)
- distress (1)
- dog (1)
- dopaminergic cells (1)
- dormancy (1)
- dosimetry (1)
- drift-diffusion model (1)
- drift-diffusion modeling (1)
- driving pressure (1)
- drought stress indicators (1)
- drug delivery (1)
- drug repurposing (1)
- drug resistance (1)
- drug safety (1)
- dual action benefits (1)
- dual targeting (1)
- dual tasking (1)
- dual-energy CT (1)
- dual-source CT (1)
- dualsteric ligands (1)
- dust microbiomes (1)
- dynamic protein-protein interactions (1)
- dynamics (1)
- dystonia (1)
- e-Government (1)
- e-Learning (1)
- early breast cancer (1)
- early detection (1)
- echinococcosis (1)
- echinocytes (1)
- eco health (1)
- ecology (1)
- ecosystem function (1)
- edge states (1)
- effector Treg (eTreg) (1)
- effector cells (1)
- elections (1)
- electrical and electronic engineering (1)
- electrocution (1)
- electroencephalography (EEG) (1)
- electromyography (1)
- electronic health records (1)
- electronic properties and materials (1)
- electrophysiology (1)
- electroporation (1)
- elite athlete (1)
- elite sport (1)
- emergency information (1)
- emotion (1)
- emotion measurement (1)
- emotional shifts (1)
- emotions (1)
- emphysema (1)
- emulation (1)
- enantiomers (1)
- end-stage kidney disease (1)
- endoglin (1)
- endoradiotherapy (1)
- endoscopic instruments (1)
- endoscopic intervention (1)
- endosomal trafficking (1)
- endpoint geodesics (1)
- endurance (1)
- energy efficiency (1)
- enhancers (1)
- enteroids (1)
- entomology (1)
- environmental health (1)
- environmental impact (1)
- ephedrine (1)
- epidemiology (1)
- epigenetic modification (1)
- episodic binding (1)
- epitaxial structures (1)
- epitope mapping (1)
- equilibrium real interest rate (1)
- equivocation (1)
- error (1)
- error processing (1)
- error-transfer (1)
- ester value (1)
- eudaimonia (1)
- euglena (1)
- euglenids (1)
- evidence synthesis (1)
- evidence-based policy (1)
- evidence-based practice (1)
- evolutionary developmental biology (1)
- evolutionary genetics (1)
- exchange rate dynamics (1)
- exciton (1)
- excitonic chirality (1)
- exemplarity (1)
- exercise (1)
- exercise science (1)
- exhaustion (1)
- experience (1)
- experimental models of disease (1)
- experimental stroke (1)
- explainability of machine learning (1)
- exponent pairs (1)
- exponential growth (1)
- exposure therapy (1)
- extended cognition (1)
- extended reality (1)
- extinction (1)
- extracellular (1)
- extracellular domain (1)
- extracellular matrix (1)
- extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (1)
- eye contact (1)
- eye movement disorders (1)
- fMRI time series (1)
- fNIRS (1)
- fatigue (1)
- fatty acids (1)
- feature analysis (1)
- feature matching (1)
- feature selection (1)
- fecal short-chain fatty acids (1)
- federated learning (1)
- feeding (1)
- femoral arteries (1)
- femoral fracture (1)
- feral bees (1)
- fiber intake (1)
- fibrin (1)
- fibrosis (1)
- fibula (1)
- filamentous Salmonella Typhimurium (1)
- film analysis (1)
- fitness trackers (1)
- fixation (1)
- flowering plants (1)
- flowers (1)
- fluorescence (1)
- fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (1)
- fluorescence polarization (1)
- fluorescence resonance energy transfer (1)
- fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) (1)
- fluorescent probe (1)
- fluoroscopy (1)
- fmri activity (1)
- focus of infection (1)
- fog computing (1)
- folded macrocyles (1)
- food cultures (1)
- forager (1)
- force (1)
- fordisc (1)
- forensic anthropology (1)
- forest (1)
- forest ecology (1)
- forest hydrology (1)
- forest landscape (1)
- forest structure Germany (1)
- formalin (1)
- formulation development (1)
- fostamatinib (1)
- fracture (1)
- free jet (1)
- free light chains (1)
- frontal bone (1)
- fully convolutional neural networks (1)
- functional connectivity (1)
- functional electrical stimulation (1)
- functional neuroimaging (1)
- functional resting-state connectivity (1)
- funktionelle Kernspintomographie (1)
- funktionelle Magnetresonanztomographie (1)
- funktionelle Resting-State Konnektivität (1)
- fused boracycles (1)
- fusion (1)
- future energy grid exploration (1)
- gait-phase prediction (1)
- game layers (1)
- gammadelta T cells (1)
- gastroenterology (1)
- gastrointestinal (1)
- gender (1)
- gene (1)
- gene ADGRL3 (1)
- gene editing (1)
- gene expression heterogeneity (1)
- gene expression noise (1)
- general circulation model (1)
- general cognitive ability (1)
- general practice (1)
- genetic engineering (1)
- genetic modification (1)
- genetic screen (1)
- genotoxicity (1)
- genotypes (1)
- geographically weighted regression (1)
- geometric morphometrics (1)
- germanium (1)
- glial fibrillary acidic protein (1)
- global (action-inherent) (1)
- global IPX network (1)
- globus pallidus (1)
- glutathione peroxidase (1)
- glycine uptake (1)
- glycoengineering (1)
- glycogen synthase kinase 3 (1)
- glycosylation (1)
- good clinical practice (1)
- graft (1)
- gram-negative bacteria (1)
- grasshopper (1)
- gravity (1)
- grazing (1)
- group 10 element (1)
- group-based communication (1)
- growth cone (1)
- growth models (1)
- guanylyl cyclase (1)
- guideline-directed medical therapy (1)
- gustatory receptors (Grs) (1)
- gut barrier (1)
- haircoat (1)
- half-Heusler (1)
- haloacid dehalogenase phosphatase (1)
- halogenation (1)
- hand dominance (1)
- hardware-in-the-loop simulation (1)
- hardware-in-the-loop streaming system (1)
- head and neck cancer (1)
- health care (1)
- health sciences (1)
- health-care workers (1)
- health-related quality of life (1)
- healthcare assistants (1)
- hearing aids (1)
- heart (1)
- heart rate variability (1)
- heat transfer (1)
- helical edge states (1)
- hematoma (1)
- hematopoietic stem cells (1)
- hemodialysis (1)
- hemoglobin jet (1)
- hemolymph lipids (1)
- heparin binding sites (1)
- herpes virus (1)
- heuristics (1)
- high contrast (1)
- high throughput screening (1)
- high tibial osteotomy (1)
- high-frequency identification (1)
- high-pressure freezing/freeze substitution (1)
- higher plants (1)
- historical document analysis (1)
- historical images (1)
- historical psychology (1)
- history of psychology (1)
- hit ratio analysis and simulation (1)
- home isolation (1)
- homeostasis (1)
- homogeneous catalysis (1)
- honey bee density (1)
- honeybee taste perception (1)
- honeycomb lattice (1)
- hospital (1)
- hospital data (1)
- hospitalization (1)
- host-guest chemistry (1)
- human (1)
- human African trypanosomiasis (1)
- human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMVEC) (1)
- human cells (1)
- human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) (1)
- human factors (1)
- human induced pluripotent stem cells (1)
- human learning (1)
- human nutrition (1)
- human startle disease (1)
- humanized hemato-lymphoid mice (1)
- humanized mice (1)
- human–computer interaction (1)
- hyaluronic acid (1)
- hybrid ligands (1)
- hybrid materials (1)
- hydrides (1)
- hydrogel (1)
- hymenoptera (1)
- hyperbolic partial differential equations (1)
- hyperpolarization (1)
- hypertension (1)
- hypoxia (1)
- iPSC (induced pluripotent stem cells) (1)
- iPSC-cardiomyocytes (1)
- illness experience (1)
- immature tooth (1)
- immaturity (1)
- immediate early genes (1)
- immune cell infiltration (1)
- immune evasion (1)
- immune infiltration (1)
- immunofluorescence (1)
- immunogenetics (1)
- immunoglobulin rearrangement (1)
- immunoglobulin repertoire (1)
- immunomodulation (1)
- immunosurveillance (1)
- implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) (1)
- implementation framework (1)
- implications of wealth (1)
- imposition (1)
- impression formation (1)
- in silico analysis (1)
- in vitro and in vivo thrombus formation (1)
- in vitro culture (1)
- in vitro dissolution methods (1)
- in vitro dissolution testing (1)
- in vitro study (1)
- in vitro/in vivo Korrelation (1)
- in vitro/in vivo correlation (1)
- in vivo dissolution (1)
- inappropriate medication (1)
- inbound medical tourism (1)
- inclusive education (1)
- income wealth threshold estimations (1)
- individual drug responses (1)
- individual mind state (1)
- indoxacarb (1)
- induced pluripotent stem cells (1)
- inebilizumab (1)
- inertial measurement units (1)
- infection detection (1)
- inferior frontal gyrus (1)
- inflammatory cell model (1)
- inflammatory disease (1)
- inflammatory neuropathy (1)
- inflammatory pain (1)
- influenza A virus (1)
- influenza vaccination (1)
- infodemic (1)
- informal education (1)
- information extraction (1)
- information strategies (1)
- information theory entropy (1)
- inherent chirality (1)
- inhibition failures (1)
- inhibitory postsynapse (1)
- innate immunity training (1)
- insect conservation (1)
- insecticide (1)
- instrument design (1)
- insulin receptor (1)
- integral graph (1)
- integrated stress response (1)
- intelligence (1)
- intelligent voice assistant (1)
- intensity analysis (1)
- intensity distribution (1)
- intensity of attention (1)
- interactivity (1)
- intercultural pedagogy (1)
- interference pattern (1)
- interferometry (1)
- internal medicine (1)
- international trade (1)
- intervention strategies (1)
- interview study (1)
- intestinal barrier (1)
- intestinal enteroids (1)
- intestinal epithelial barrier (1)
- intestinal inflammation (1)
- intestinal organoids (1)
- intestinal parasites (1)
- intestinal permeability (1)
- intramuscular hemorrhage (1)
- intratumoral microbiota (1)
- intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) (1)
- intubation (1)
- iodine value (1)
- ipsilateral motor evoked potential (1)
- ipsilateral motor network (1)
- irony (1)
- ischemia (1)
- isentropic Euler equations (1)
- job satisfaction (1)
- judgement (1)
- judgments of learning (1)
- junior studies (1)
- justice (1)
- juvenile hormone (1)
- ketamine (1)
- ketogenic dietary therapy (KDT) (1)
- key-insight extraction (1)
- kidney cancer (1)
- kinase (1)
- kinase inhibitor (1)
- kinase signaling (1)
- kinetic equations (1)
- knee (1)
- knee arthroplasty (1)
- knee replacement (1)
- knowledge representation (1)
- label-free quantification (1)
- laboratory and online studies (1)
- lactation (1)
- land surface temperature (1)
- land-use intensification (1)
- landsat (1)
- landscape complexity (1)
- landscape management (1)
- landwirtschaftlicher Betrieb (1)
- large T antigen (1)
- large animal models (1)
- large‐scale atmospheric circulation modes (1)
- laryngoscopy (1)
- late enhancement (1)
- late gadolinium-enhancement (1)
- lateral neck abscesses (1)
- law (1)
- layered dissection (1)
- layout recognition (1)
- leaf response (1)
- learning and memory (1)
- learning curve (1)
- learning effect (1)
- least cost (1)
- left atrial appendage occlusion (1)
- length of stay (1)
- level of evidence III (1)
- lidar (1)
- lifestyle habits (1)
- ligands (1)
- light sheet fluorescence microscopy (1)
- light-driven metabolism (1)
- light-induced interstrand DNA crosslinking (1)
- lipidomics (1)
- liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) (1)
- live-cell imaging (1)
- livestock-associated staphylococci (1)
- local (transient) (1)
- local cell neighborhood (1)
- local culture of knowledge (1)
- local energy system (1)
- local farm management (1)
- local self‐governance (1)
- locomotor activity (1)
- locus coeruleus (1)
- logic programming (1)
- long-term analysis (1)
- long-term survivors (1)
- longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (1)
- low back pain (1)
- low energy metabolism (1)
- low-molecular heparin (1)
- lower extremity (1)
- lower extremity amputation (1)
- luciferase assay (1)
- lung fibrosis (1)
- lying (1)
- lying behavior (1)
- lymph node (1)
- lymph nodes (1)
- lymphatic metastasis (1)
- lymphocyte differentiation (1)
- lysosomal storage disorders (1)
- lytic infection (1)
- mHealth (1)
- macrophages (1)
- magnesium stearate (1)
- magnetic (1)
- magnetic topological insulator (1)
- main group elements (1)
- major amputation (1)
- major depressive disorder (MDD) (1)
- malnourishment (1)
- mandibular (1)
- manufacturing (CAD/CAM) (1)
- marker (1)
- mass spectrometry (1)
- mathematical modeling (1)
- mathematics classrooms (1)
- mating strategies (1)
- maturation strategies (1)
- maxillofacial surgery (1)
- meadow (1)
- mean first passage time (1)
- mechanical alignment (1)
- mechanical power (1)
- mechanical thrombectomy (1)
- mechanism of action (1)
- mechanisms of disease (1)
- media analysis (1)
- medical device training (1)
- medical devices (1)
- medical imaging (1)
- medical nutrition therapy (1)
- medical records (1)
- medium cut-off dialyzer (1)
- megakaryocyte (1)
- melanoma (1)
- membrane biophysics (1)
- membrane protein (1)
- membrane transporters (1)
- memory formation (1)
- meningioma (1)
- mental disorders (1)
- mental impairment (1)
- mesenchymal stem cells (1)
- mesenchymal stromal cell (1)
- mesenchymal stromal cells (1)
- mesodermal organoid (1)
- mesophyll cells (1)
- meta-data (1)
- metaanalysis (1)
- metabolic disease (1)
- metabolically unhealthy obesity (1)
- metabolite repair (1)
- metabolomics (1)
- metacomprehension (1)
- metagenomics (1)
- metaphor (1)
- meteorological patterns (1)
- methionine (1)
- methodology (1)
- methylprednisolone (1)
- miR (1)
- miRNA target (1)
- miRNS (1)
- micro-CT (1)
- micro-computed-tomography (1)
- microRNA (1)
- microbial diversity (1)
- microbial ecology (1)
- microbiology (1)
- microbiome (1)
- microbiota-derived metabolites (1)
- microglia (1)
- micrometre level microwave ranging (1)
- micronuclei (1)
- micronutrients (1)
- microscopy (1)
- microstates (1)
- mid-infrared wavelength applications (1)
- middle cerebral artery occlusion (1)
- midfrontal theta (MFT) (1)
- migraine (1)
- mild cognitive impairment (1)
- mild hypothermia (1)
- mind-body-intervention (1)
- mindfulness (1)
- mind–body intervention (1)
- miniature schnauzer (1)
- minimally invasive surgery (1)
- minor amputation (1)
- misconceptions (1)
- mitochondrial calcium uniporter (1)
- mitochondrial cardiomyopathy (1)
- mitophagy (1)
- mitotic disturbance (1)
- mixed methods (1)
- mobile instant messaging (1)
- mobile messaging application (1)
- mobility (1)
- model output statistics (1)
- model reduction (1)
- modelling (1)
- modified inflation (1)
- moisture convergence (1)
- molecular biology (1)
- molecular capsules (1)
- molecular diagnostics (1)
- molecular evolution (1)
- molecular mechanism (1)
- molecular modeling (1)
- molecular modelling (1)
- molecular movie (1)
- molecular neuroscience (1)
- molekulares Modellieren (1)
- monarch butterfly (1)
- monetary policy rules (1)
- monocyte subsets (1)
- monocytes (1)
- monolithic grating (1)
- monovalent cation:proton antiporter-2 (CPA2) family (1)
- moral elitism (1)
- morality (1)
- morbidity (1)
- morphology (1)
- motivation (1)
- motivational level (1)
- motoneuron (MN) (1)
- motor learning (1)
- motor neurons (1)
- mountain (1)
- mountain biodiversity (1)
- mouse blastocysts (1)
- mouse embryonic stem cells (1)
- mouse xenografts (1)
- multi-centre (1)
- multi-pinhole collimation (1)
- multi-unit recording (1)
- multicentric (1)
- multidisciplinary (1)
- multilayer perceptron model (1)
- multimodal intervention (1)
- multipath (1)
- multipath packet scheduling (1)
- multiple action control (1)
- multiscale encoder (1)
- multisensory navigation (1)
- multivariate data analysis (1)
- multi‐model ensemble (1)
- murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) (1)
- muscarinic (1)
- muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (1)
- muscarinic receptors (1)
- muscle (1)
- musculoskeletal system (1)
- museum practice (1)
- mushroom body (1)
- music performance anxiety (1)
- mutation (1)
- mycoplasma (1)
- myelin biology and repair (1)
- myelination (1)
- myeloablation (1)
- myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) (1)
- myeloma (1)
- myocardial infarction (1)
- myofibroblasts (1)
- nanofibers (1)
- nanographene (1)
- nanoporous (1)
- nanotopography (1)
- nanotopology (1)
- narrative effects (1)
- narrative persuasion (1)
- national traditions (1)
- natural processing (1)
- navigation (1)
- near infrared chirality (1)
- near-surface geophysics (1)
- necrobiome (1)
- necroptosis (1)
- neighborhood movement (1)
- neoadjuvant therapies (1)
- neonatal immunology (1)
- neonatal meningitis (1)
- neonate (1)
- network analysis (1)
- network simulation (1)
- neural crest (1)
- neural networks (1)
- neural organoid (1)
- neural stem cell potential (1)
- neuroblastoma cell (1)
- neurodegeneration (1)
- neuroendocrine tumor (1)
- neurofascin (1)
- neurofeedback training (1)
- neurofibromatosis type 1 (1)
- neurofilament light chain (1)
- neurogenesis (1)
- neurologic disease (1)
- neurologin-2 (1)
- neuronal and synaptic plasticity (1)
- neuronal excitability (1)
- neuronal silencing (1)
- neuronavigation (1)
- neuropaticher Schmerz (1)
- neurosphere (1)
- neutrophils (1)
- new media (1)
- news media reporting (1)
- ngEHT (1)
- nifedipine (1)
- nodal structures (1)
- node of ranvier (1)
- non-SBI fungicide (1)
- non-aureus staphylococci (1)
- non-cancer controls (1)
- non-fullerene acceptor (1)
- non-fullerene acceptors (1)
- non-muscle myosin (1)
- non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (1)
- non-small-cell lung (1)
- non-suicidal self-injury (1)
- non-terrestrial networks (1)
- non-verbal communication (1)
- nonadiabatic Dynamics (1)
- nonradiative Relaxation (1)
- non‐fullerene acceptors (1)
- noradrenaline (1)
- norepinephrine transporter (1)
- normal distribution transform (1)
- normal values (1)
- novel human cadaveric perfusion model (1)
- nuclear import (1)
- nuclear localization (1)
- nurse bee (1)
- nursing home residents (1)
- nutrition support (1)
- nystagmus (1)
- o-carborane (1)
- obesity surgery (1)
- object reconstruction (1)
- occupational destinations (1)
- ocular anterior segment perfusion culture (1)
- oculomotor (1)
- off-chain data (1)
- oil seed rape (1)
- oil-seed rape (1)
- oilseed rape (1)
- olfaction (1)
- olfactomedin 4 (1)
- oncobiome (1)
- oncogenic YAP (1)
- oncologist (1)
- oncolytic virus (1)
- one-electron oxidation (1)
- one-health approach (1)
- ontology (1)
- opendsu (1)
- opening of chromatin (1)
- ophthalmic artery (1)
- opsins (1)
- optic nerve (1)
- optic neuritis (1)
- optical clearing (1)
- optogenetic (1)
- oral bioavailability (1)
- oral drug absorption (1)
- oral squamous cell carcinoma (1)
- orbit (1)
- orbital tomography (1)
- orchestration (1)
- order of growth (1)
- organellar mapping (1)
- organic (1)
- organic farming (1)
- organic light emitting diodes (1)
- organic photovoltaics (1)
- organic solar cell (1)
- organic solar cells (1)
- organoid (1)
- orientation (1)
- orienting response (1)
- oropharyngeal carcinoma (1)
- orthodontics (1)
- orthognathic surgery (1)
- orthopaedic surgery (1)
- orthopedic surgery (1)
- orthopedics (1)
- oscillation (1)
- osmotic effects (1)
- osteochondral lesion (1)
- osteocutaneous (1)
- ovarian cancer (1)
- ovarian tumor (1)
- oxygen/glucose deprivation (1)
- ozone (O3) (1)
- p38 MAPK (1)
- p53 (1)
- p97 VCP Cdc48 (1)
- pH (1)
- pN1 (1)
- packet reception method (1)
- paediatric patients (1)
- pain regulation (1)
- pain sensation (1)
- pancreas (1)
- pancreatic differentiation (1)
- pandemic (1)
- panel-sequencing (1)
- papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) (1)
- parallel imaging (1)
- parasitoid (1)
- parental investment theory (1)
- parotid gland (1)
- partial knee arthroplasty (1)
- particle correlations (1)
- particle picking (1)
- passive transfer (1)
- pasture (1)
- path indistinguishability (1)
- patient data (1)
- patient reported outcome measures (1)
- patient safety (1)
- patient-specific implant (1)
- patient-specific instruments (1)
- patients' experience (1)
- pedagogical content knowledge (1)
- pedicle screws (1)
- people with disabilities (1)
- peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) (1)
- peptide stapling (1)
- peptidomimetic sequence (1)
- peptidomimetics (1)
- perception and action (1)
- perfluoroarylation (1)
- performance evaluation (1)
- performance monitoring (1)
- performance testing (1)
- perfusion (1)
- perfusion culture (1)
- perfusion map (1)
- pericytes (1)
- peripartum (1)
- permanent employment (1)
- peroxisome purification (1)
- peroxisomes (1)
- personality (1)
- personalized medicine (1)
- perylene bisimide (1)
- perylene bisimide dyes (1)
- pesticide mixture (1)
- pharmacology (1)
- pharmacometrics (1)
- pharmacotherapy (1)
- pharmacovigilance (1)
- pharmaledger (1)
- phase space (1)
- phase transition (1)
- phenomenology (1)
- phenotype (1)
- phosphatidylcholines (1)
- phosphoglycolate phosphatase (1)
- phospholipidosis (1)
- phosphoproteome (1)
- photoacoustic (1)
- photocatalysis (1)
- photocontrol (1)
- photon-counting computed tomography (CT) (1)
- photon-counting-detector CT (1)
- photovoltaic (1)
- phthalazinone pyrazole (1)
- phylogenetics (1)
- physical activity (1)
- physical consistency (1)
- physical therapy (1)
- physiological dataset (1)
- physiology (1)
- pig (1)
- pig farming methods (1)
- piquetero movement (1)
- planetary health (1)
- planetary health education (1)
- planning (1)
- plant development (1)
- plant molecular biology (1)
- plant physiology (1)
- plant signalling (1)
- plant-herbivore interactions (1)
- plant-insect interactions (1)
- plantaris tendinopathy (1)
- plant–herbivore interactions (1)
- platelet activation (1)
- platelet-derived growth factor (1)
- platelet-rich plasma (1)
- pneumoniae (1)
- point-of-care (1)
- point-of-care-testing (1)
- pointing interpretation (1)
- policy cycle (1)
- policy evaluation (1)
- policy lab (1)
- policy pilot (1)
- political regime (1)
- political theory (1)
- politische Institution (1)
- pollen beetle (1)
- pollen tubes (1)
- pollinator (1)
- pollinators (1)
- pollution (1)
- poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (1)
- poly(2-oxazoline) (1)
- poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (1)
- polycaprolactone (1)
- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (1)
- polymers (1)
- polymyalgia rheumatica (1)
- polypharmacy (1)
- polysorbate 80 (1)
- population-based (1)
- pore (1)
- pose tracking (1)
- positive nodal status (1)
- positron emission tomography (1)
- post Marxism (1)
- post-mortem heart recovery (1)
- post-neoadjuvant therapies (1)
- post-transcriptional regulation (1)
- postdoctoral careers (1)
- postoperative bleeding (1)
- postsynaptic potentials (1)
- posttranscriptional regulation (1)
- posture (1)
- potassium (1)
- potassium channel (1)
- potassium homeostasis (1)
- potenzielles therapeutisches Target (1)
- precision agriculture (1)
- precision medicine (1)
- precision-cut tumor slices (1)
- preclinical model (1)
- prediction (1)
- prediction error (1)
- predictive modeling (1)
- predictive process analytics (1)
- predictive process monitoring (1)
- preface (1)
- pregnancy (1)
- prenatal paternal depression (1)
- preoperative (1)
- prescribing omission (1)
- preterm birth (1)
- prevalence (1)
- preventive medicine (1)
- primary care (1)
- principal (1)
- private chat groups (1)
- pro-inflammatory cytokines (1)
- proboscis extension response (PER) (1)
- process mining (1)
- professional success (1)
- prognostic marker (1)
- programmed cell death (1)
- progression-free survival (1)
- progressive muscle relaxation (1)
- project management (1)
- propeller flap (1)
- propofol (1)
- prospective (1)
- prospective study (1)
- proteasome inhibitors (1)
- proteasome system (1)
- protective behavior (1)
- protective factors (1)
- protein analysis (1)
- protein binding (1)
- protein folding (1)
- protein localization (1)
- proteomics (1)
- protocol (1)
- proxy VAR (1)
- psychiatric rehabilitation (1)
- psychological burden (1)
- psychometrics (1)
- psychopathology (1)
- psychotropic drugs (1)
- psychotropic medication (1)
- puberty (1)
- pulmonary cancer (1)
- pulmonary embolism (1)
- pulse therapy (1)
- punishment (1)
- push-pull stabilization (1)
- pyrene (1)
- pyrrolizidine alkaloids (1)
- qualitative methods (1)
- qualitative research (1)
- quality control (1)
- quality of care (1)
- quantitative 1H NMR (1)
- quantitative SPECT/CT (1)
- quantitative methods (1)
- quantum optics (1)
- quantum spin hall insulator (1)
- quantum wave functions (1)
- quaterrylene bisimide (1)
- qubit interaction (1)
- quiescence (1)
- rBAM2-labeled RNA strands (1)
- rRNA depletion (1)
- radiation dose (1)
- radiation dose reduction (1)
- radical (1)
- radical reactions (1)
- radio astronomy (1)
- radiographic bone loss (1)
- radiomics (1)
- rainfall (1)
- random forest (1)
- random forest regression (1)
- randomized controlled trial (1)
- randomized trial (1)
- range shifts (1)
- ransomware (1)
- rapid prototyping (1)
- reactivity and selectivity study (1)
- real-time (1)
- real-time PCR (1)
- real-time imaging (1)
- real-world (1)
- reasoning (1)
- reciprocity (1)
- recognition (1)
- red fruit oil (1)
- reference data (1)
- reflections (1)
- regenerative cooling (1)
- regional climate model (1)
- regional climate models (1)
- registry trial (1)
- regulation (1)
- regulatory RNA (1)
- regulatory T cells (1)
- rehabilitation (1)
- reinforcement learning (1)
- relationship duration (1)
- reliability (1)
- religion (1)
- remitted/acute phase (1)
- renewable energy policy (1)
- reperfusion injury (1)
- replica (1)
- reporter screen (1)
- representations up to homotopy (1)
- reproducibility of results (1)
- reproductive disorders (1)
- research infrastructure (1)
- research integrity (1)
- resection (1)
- reserpinized rat model (1)
- resilience (1)
- resolution (1)
- respiratory signs and symptoms (1)
- response fractionation (1)
- responsiveness (1)
- resting state (1)
- resting-state (1)
- restrained statehood (1)
- retrogressive thaw slump (1)
- reversible oxidation (1)
- review (1)
- revitalization (1)
- rheumatoid arthritis (1)
- ribosome biogenesis (1)
- right prefrontal cortex (PFC) (1)
- rigidification (1)
- ring strain (1)
- risk SNP rs1397547 (1)
- risk pregnancy (1)
- risk stratification (1)
- robotic (1)
- robotic process automation (1)
- rocket engine (1)
- rodent model (1)
- rotations (1)
- rural (1)
- sRNA (1)
- sacubitril-valsartan (1)
- salivary gland neoplasia (1)
- salivary gland tumor (1)
- salt metathesis (1)
- salt stress (1)
- salt-and-pepper pattern (1)
- salvage therapy (1)
- saponification Value (1)
- satellite (1)
- satellite communication (1)
- saturation transfer difference NMR (1)
- scaffold-free (1)
- scalability (1)
- scalability evaluation (1)
- scalable functional genomic screening (1)
- school (1)
- science–policy interface (1)
- scurvy (1)
- second line antibiotics (1)
- secondary infarct growth (1)
- secondary prevention (1)
- seed yield (1)
- self-efficacy (1)
- self-governance (1)
- self-serving dishonesty (1)
- self-sovereign identities (1)
- self-targeting CRISPR-Cas (1)
- selfcompassion (1)
- self‐organisation (1)
- selpercatinib (1)
- senescence (1)
- sensory cues (1)
- sensory ganglia (1)
- sensory neuron (1)
- sentiment analysis (1)
- sentinel (1)
- sentinel-2 (1)
- sequencing (1)
- seronegative (1)
- serum (1)
- service-curve estimation (1)
- severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (1)
- shape (1)
- shedding (1)
- shortest path routing (1)
- sigma factor (1)
- sigma-1 receptor-directed molecular imaging (1)
- signal transduction (1)
- signaling network (1)
- signaling traffic (1)
- signalling pathways (1)
- signification (1)
- singe crystal (1)
- single cell analysis (1)
- single particle tracking (1)
- single-cell RNA-seq (1)
- single-molecule biophysics (1)
- single-molecule localization microscopy (1)
- site mapping (1)
- situation awareness (1)
- situational awareness (1)
- skeletal muscle (1)
- skin equivalent (1)
- skinned fiber (1)
- sky kinases (1)
- slice culture (1)
- slow cortical potentials (SCP) (1)
- small RNA (1)
- small RNA expression (1)
- small fiber neuropathy (1)
- small pixel effect (1)
- small-animal SPECT (1)
- small-cell lung (1)
- smart journaling (1)
- smart meter data utilization (1)
- smart speaker (1)
- smoking (1)
- social comparisons (1)
- social context (1)
- social inclusion (1)
- social interaction (1)
- social media (1)
- social movements (1)
- social psychology (1)
- social relationship (1)
- social role (1)
- social self‐organization (1)
- social understanding (1)
- sodium (1)
- sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (1)
- software performance (1)
- solid surrogate source (1)
- solid-state emitter (1)
- solid‐state emission (1)
- somatic symptom burden (1)
- spatial error assessment (1)
- spatial proteomics (1)
- spatio-thematic coverage (1)
- spatiotemporal slump development (1)
- species range shifts (1)
- specific phobia (1)
- spectral CT (1)
- spectral imaging (1)
- spectral shaping (1)
- speech motor impairment (1)
- speech recognition (1)
- spezifische Phobie (1)
- spider (1)
- spider phobia (1)
- spin physics (1)
- spin-resolved ARPES (1)
- spinning (1)
- spiral trajectory (1)
- spontaneous blinks (1)
- sports medicine (1)
- sports therapy (1)
- ssVEP (1)
- standard schnauzer (1)
- staphylococcal abscess (1)
- star products (1)
- state (1)
- state management (1)
- state–society relations (1)
- stationary preserving (1)
- statistical data (1)
- statistics and numerical data (1)
- stem cell differentiation (1)
- stem cells (1)
- stem weevil (1)
- stereochemistry (1)
- steroid measurement (1)
- strategy advice (1)
- strategy selection (1)
- stress factors (1)
- stress reduction (1)
- stress response (1)
- strong electronic correlations (1)
- strongyloides infection (1)
- structure (1)
- structured light illumination (1)
- structure–activity relationships (1)
- students with disabilities (1)
- subcutaneous animal model (1)
- subjective perception of wealth (1)
- subjective wealth cues (1)
- subjectivity (1)
- sublethal effect (1)
- sublethal effects (1)
- substance use disorders (1)
- subtropical Indian Ocean dipole (1)
- subversiveness (1)
- succession (1)
- suffering (1)
- sugar perception (fructose, sucrose) (1)
- sugar receptor (1)
- sugar responsiveness (1)
- sugars (1)
- suicidality (1)
- super-resolution microscopy (1)
- supportive care intervention (1)
- suppression of women (1)
- suppressive capacity (1)
- suppressor (1)
- supramolecular chemistry (1)
- surface model (1)
- surface scanner (1)
- surgical treatment (1)
- surrogate model (1)
- sustainability (1)
- sustainable development (1)
- swarming (1)
- sympathetic nervous system (1)
- symptom burden (1)
- synaptic plasticity (1)
- synaptic transmission (1)
- synaptic vesicles (1)
- synergistic effect (1)
- synthesis (1)
- synthetic aperture RADAR (1)
- synthetic biology (1)
- systematic review (1)
- systemic inflammation (1)
- systems biology (1)
- table extraction (1)
- table understanding (1)
- talent development (1)
- tanzania (1)
- task control (1)
- task coordination (1)
- task-order control (1)
- taxanes (1)
- teacher education (1)
- technology use (1)
- telehealth (1)
- telemedicine (1)
- telescopes (1)
- temperature (1)
- temporal binding (1)
- temporal processing (1)
- temporary employment (1)
- temporo-parietal junction (1)
- tendon tissue engineering (1)
- tenogenic differentiation (1)
- test instrument (1)
- testosterone (1)
- tetany (1)
- text line detection (1)
- theory (1)
- theory of science (1)
- theranostics (1)
- therapy (1)
- therapy response (1)
- thinking style (1)
- threat (1)
- three-coordinate borane (1)
- thrombin (1)
- thrombo-inflammation (1)
- thromboembolism (1)
- thrombopoiesis (1)
- thyroid carcinoma (TC) (1)
- time frequency analyses (1)
- time series (1)
- time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) (1)
- time-dependent Schrodinger equation (1)
- time-resolved (1)
- timestamping method (1)
- tin (1)
- tin prefiltration (1)
- tissue preparation (1)
- tofacitinib (1)
- tools overview (1)
- tooth (1)
- tooth extraction (1)
- topic modeling (1)
- total recall (1)
- toxicity (1)
- trARPES (1)
- trabecular meshwork (1)
- trace elements (1)
- traditional almond orchard (1)
- traditional land use (1)
- trafficking (1)
- training (1)
- training intensity distribution (1)
- transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation/stimulation (TUS) (1)
- transcriptional regulation (1)
- transcriptional termination site (1)
- transcriptomics (1)
- transference (1)
- transgenic mouse (1)
- transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model (1)
- translocation experiment (1)
- transportation (1)
- trastuzumab (1)
- trastuzumab deruxtecan (1)
- traumatic brain injury (1)
- treatment regimens (1)
- tree cavity (1)
- triarylborane (1)
- triple-negative breast cancer (1)
- triplet excitons (1)
- triptan (1)
- trispecific (1)
- truth (1)
- tuber (1)
- tuberculosis (1)
- tumor microenvironment (TME) (1)
- tumormicroenvironment (1)
- tumors (1)
- tumour (1)
- tumour immunology (1)
- two-dimensional topological insulator (1)
- ubiquitin proteasome system (1)
- ultra-low-dose CT (1)
- ultrafiltration (1)
- ultrahigh resolution (1)
- ultrahigh-field MRI (1)
- uncooperative space rendezvous (1)
- underutilized legumes (1)
- underwater 3D scanning (1)
- unethical behaviour (1)
- unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (1)
- universal prevention (1)
- upper limb (1)
- upslope shift (1)
- urban (1)
- urinary calculi (1)
- urinary tract infections (1)
- usability (1)
- user identification (1)
- user-centered design (1)
- user-centred design (1)
- vDEUQUA2021 (1)
- vacuolar calcium sensor (1)
- vacuum processable (1)
- vagal threshold (1)
- valence framing (1)
- vascular structure (1)
- vasculature (1)
- vasp (1)
- vegetation (1)
- venous infiltration (1)
- ventilation (1)
- verbal n-back (1)
- vertebral pedicles (1)
- very long baseline interferometry (1)
- video games (1)
- video object detection (1)
- video-assisted laryngoscopy (1)
- videooculography (1)
- vineyard terrace (1)
- viral genome packaging (1)
- viral infection (1)
- viral miRNAs (1)
- virology (1)
- virtual non-contrast (1)
- virtual reality exposure therapy (1)
- vision (1)
- visual cue (1)
- visual memory (1)
- visual perception (1)
- visual processes (1)
- visual proteomics (1)
- vitamins (1)
- voltage gating (1)
- voluntary movement (1)
- waggle dance decoding (1)
- walkability (1)
- warhead (1)
- wax (1)
- weak statehood (1)
- wealth estimation (1)
- weight-bearing (1)
- well-balanced scheme (1)
- white blood cells (1)
- white matter disease (1)
- wild honey bees (1)
- wild-living honey bees (1)
- wildlife-friendly farming (1)
- women (1)
- workshop (1)
- wrong labelling (1)
- x-ray spectroscopy (1)
- yam (1)
- zentrale Spindel und Mittelkörper (1)
- zonulin (1)
- zoology (1)
- Übergangsmetall (1)
- Übergangsmetalldichalkogenide (1)
Institute
- Graduate School of Life Sciences (103)
- Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften (82)
- Institut für Informatik (46)
- Institut für Psychologie (43)
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik (31)
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II (30)
- Institut für Geographie und Geologie (27)
- Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie (26)
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I (25)
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie (ab 2004) (24)
Schriftenreihe
Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI) (2)
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Klinische Forschung (IZKF) (2)
- Klinische Studienzentrale (Universitätsklinikum) (2)
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg (2)
- Anthropology Department University of Tennessee, Knoxville (1)
- CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg (1)
- Carl-Ludwig-Institut für Physiologie, Universität Leipzig (1)
- Chair of Experimental Biomedicine I (1)
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague, Czech Republic (1)
- DATE Lab, KITE Research Insititute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada (1)
Introduction
Medium-cut-off (MCO) dialyzers may beneficially impact outcomes in patients on hemodialysis.
Methods
In a randomized, controlled trial in maintenance hemodialysis patients, the new Nipro ELISIO-17HX MCO dialyzer was compared to the Baxter Theranova 400 filter regarding middle molecule removal. Furthermore, the suitability of two assays for free lambda-light chain (λFLC) detection (Freelite vs. N-Latex) was verified.
Results
ELISIO-HX achieved slightly lower reduction ratios for β2-microglobulin (71.8 ± 6.0 vs. 75.3 ± 5.8%; p = 0.001), myoglobin (54.7 ± 8.6 vs. 64.9 ± 8.7%; p < 0.001), and kappa-FLC (62.1 ± 8.8 vs. 56.3 ± 7.7%; p = 0.021). λFLC reduction ratios were more conclusive with the Freelite assay and not different between ELISIO-HX and Theranova (28.4 ± 3.9 vs. 38.7 ± 13.4%; p = 0.069). The albumin loss of Theranova was considerably higher (2.14 ± 0.45 vs. 0.77 ± 0.25 g; p = 0.001) and the Global Removal ScoreLoss alb largely inferior (30.6 ± 7.4 vs. 82.4 ± 29.2%/g; p = 0.006) to ELISIO-HX.
Conclusions
The new ELISIO-HX expands the choice of dialyzers for MCO hemodialysis.
Chapter I – Introduction
Global trade of beans of the cacao tree (Theobroma cacao), of which chocolate is produced, contributes to the livelihoods of millions of smallholder farmers. The understorey tree is native to South America but is nowadays cultivated in many tropical regions. In Peru, a South American country with a particularly high cacao diversity, it is common to find the tree cultivated alongside non-crop trees that provide shade, in so-called agroforestry systems. Because of the small scale and low management intensity of such systems, agroforestry is one of the most wildlife-friendly land-use types, harbouring the potential for species conservation. Studying wildlife-friendly land-use is of special importance for species conservation in biodiversity-rich tropical regions such as Peru, where agricultural expansion and intensification are threatening biodiversity. Moreover, there is a growing body of evidence that shows co-occurrence of high biodiversity levels and high yield in wildlife-friendly cacao farming. Yet studies are restricted to non-native cacao countries, and since patterns might be different among continents, it is important to improve knowledge on wildlife-friendly agroforestry in native countries.
Because studies of wildlife-friendly cultivation processes are still largely lacking for South America, we set out to study multiple aspects of cacao productivity in agroforests in Peru, part of cacao´s region of origin. The natural pollination process of cacao, which is critically understudied, was investigated by trapping flower visitors and studying pollen deposition from macrophotographs (Chapter II). Next, we excluded birds, bats, ants and flying insects and squirrels from cacao trees in a full-factorial field experiment and quantified these animals´ contribution to cacao fruit set, fruit loss and yield (Chapter III). Lastly, we aimed to assess whether fruit quantity and quality of native cacao increases through manually supplementing pollen (Chapter II and IV), and whether microclimatic conditions and the genetic background of the studied varieties limit fruit set (Chapter IV).
Chapter II – Cacao flower visitation: Low pollen deposition, low fruit set and dominance of herbivores
Given the importance of cacao pollination for the global chocolate production, it is remarkable that fruit set limitations are still understudied. Knowledge on flower visitation and the effect of landscape context and local management are lacking, especially in the crop’s region of origin. Moreover, the role of pollen deposition in limiting fruit set as well as the benefits of hand pollination in native cacao are unknown. In this chapter, we aimed to close the current knowledge gaps on cacao pollination biology and sampled flower visitors in 20 Peruvian agroforests with native cacao, along gradients of shade cover and forest distance. We also assessed pollen quantities and compared fruit set between manually and naturally pollinated flowers. We found that herbivores were the most abundant flower visitors in both northern and southern Peru, but we could not conclude which insects are effective cacao pollinators. Fruit set was remarkably low (2%) but improved to 7% due to pollen supplementation. Other factors such as a lack of effective pollinators, genetic pollen incompatibility or resource unavailability could be causing fruit set limitations. We conclude that revealing those causes and the effective pollinators of cacao will be key to improve pollination services in cacao.
Chapter III – Quantifying services and disservices provided by insects and vertebrates in cacao agroforestry landscapes
Pollination and pest control, two ecosystem services that support cacao yield, are provided by insects and vertebrates. However, animals also generate disservices, and their combined contribution is still unclear. Therefore, we excluded flying insects, ants, birds and bats, and as a side effect also squirrels from cacao trees and we assessed fruit set, fruit loss and final yield. Local management and landscape context can influence animal occurrence in cacao agroforestry landscapes; therefore, shade cover and forest distance were included in the analyses. Flying insects benefitted cacao fruit set, with largest gains in agroforests with intermediate shade cover. Birds and bats were also associated with improved fruit set rates and with a 114% increase in yield, potentially due to pest control services provided by these animals. The role of ants was complicated: these insects had a positive effect on yield, but only close to forest. We also evidenced disservices generated by ants and squirrels, causing 7% and 10% of harvest loss, respectively. Even though the benefits provided by animals outweighed the disservices, trade-offs between services and disservices still should be integrated in cacao agroforestry management.
Chapter IV – Cross-pollination improves fruit set and yield quality of Peruvian native cacao
Because yields of the cacao tree are restricted by pollination, hand pollination has been proposed to improve yield quantity and potentially, also quality. However, low self- and cross-compatibility of native cacao, and abiotic conditions could cancel out hand pollination benefits. Yet, the impact of genetic constraints and abiotic conditions on fruit set have not been assessed in native cacao so far. To increase our understanding of the factors that limit fruit set in native cacao, we compared manual self- and cross-pollination with five native genotypes selected for their sensorial quality and simultaneously tested for effects of soil water content, temperature, and relative air humidity. We also compared quality traits between manually and naturally pollinated fruits. Success rates of self-pollination were low (0.5%), but increased three- to eightfold due to cross-pollination, depending on the genotype of the pollen donor. Fruit set was also affected by the interaction between relative air humidity and temperature, and we found heavier and more premium seeds in fruits resulting from manual than natural pollination. Together, these findings show that reproductive traits of native cacao are constrained by genetic compatibility and abiotic conditions. We argue that because of the high costs of hand pollination, natural cross-pollination with native pollen donors should be promoted so that quality improvements can result in optimal economic gains for smallholder farmers.
Chapter V – Discussion
In this thesis, we demonstrated that the presence of flying insects, ants and vertebrates, local and landscape management practices, and pollen supplementation interactively affected cacao yield, at different stages of the development from flower to fruit. First, we showed that fruit set improved by intermediate shade levels and flower visitation by flying insects. Because the effective cacao pollinators remain unknown, we recommend shade cover management to safeguard fruit set rates. The importance of integrating trade-offs in wildlife-friendly management was highlighted by lower harvest losses due to ants and squirrels than the yield benefits provided by birds and bats. The maintenance of forest in the landscape might further promote occurrence of beneficial animals, because in proximity to forest, ants were positively associated with cacao yields. Therefore, an integrated wildlife-friendly farming approach in which shade cover is managed and forest is maintained or restored to optimize ecosystem service provision, while minimizing fruit loss, might benefit yields of native cacao. Finally, manual cross-pollination with native genotypes could be recommended, due to improved yield quantity and quality. However, large costs associated with hand pollination might cancel out these benefits. Instead, we argue that in an integrated management, natural cross-pollination should be promoted by employing compatible genotypes in order to improve yield quantity and quality of native cacao.
Respiratory infections are a significant health concern worldwide, and the airway epithelium plays a crucial role in regulating airway function and modulating inflammatory processes. However, most studies on respiratory infections have used cell lines or animal models, which may not accurately reflect native physiological conditions, especially regarding human pathogens. We generated human nasal mucosa (hNM) and tracheobronchial mucosa (hTM) models to address this issue using primary human airway epithelial cells and fibroblasts. We characterised these human airway tissue models (hAM) using high speed video microscopy, single cell RNA sequencing, immunofluorescence staining,
and ultrastructural analyses that revealed their complexity and cellular heterogeneity. We demonstrated that Bordetella pertussis virulence factor adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) elevated the intracellular production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and secretion of interleukin (IL) 6, IL 8, and human beta defensin 2 (HBD2). In addition, we compared the responses of the tissue models from two different anatomical sites (the upper and lower respiratory mucosa) and are the first to report such differential susceptibility towards CyaA using 3D primary airway cell derivedmodels. The effect of toxin treatment on the epithelial barrier integrity of the tissue models was assessed by measuring the flux of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated dextran across the models. Though we observed a cell type specific response with respect to intracellular cAMP production and IL 6, IL 8, and HBD2 secretion in the models treated with CyaA on the apical side, the epithelial membrane barrier integrity was not compromised. In addition to toxin studies, using these characterised models, we established viral infection studies for Influenza A (IAV), Respiratory Syncytial Virus subtype B (RSV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. We visualised the morphological consequences of the viral infection using ultrastructural analysis
and immunofluorescence. We verified the effective infection in hAM by measuring the viral RNA using RTqPCR and detected elevated cytokine levels in response to infection using biochemical assays. In contrast to cell lines, studies on viral infection using hAM demonstrated that infected areas were localized to specific regions. This led to the formation of infection hotspots, which were more likely to occur when models derived from different donors were infected separately with all three viruses. IAV infected tissue models replicate the clinical findings of H1N1 infection, such as mucus
hypersecretion, cytokine release, and infection-associated epithelial cell damage.Finally, we paved the steps towards understanding the impact of IAV infection on disease models. We generated hTM from biopsies obtained from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. As a model to study the impact of COPD on respiratory infections, considering the increase in COPD cases in the past decade and the continued predicted increase in the future. We established the IAV infection
protocol to capture the early infection signatures in non-COPD and COPD conditions using scRNA-seq. We investigated the infection kinetics of IAV (H1N1-clinical isolate) in hTM and found that viruses were actively released approximately 24 hours post infection. The scRNA-seq data from the hTM derived from non-COPD and COPD patients, revealed lower levels of SCGB1A1 (club cell marker) gene expression in the COPD-control group compared to the non-COPD control group, consistent with previous clinical studies. Furthermore, we observed that IAV infection elevated SCGB1A1 gene expression especially in secretory cells of both the COPD and non COPD groups. This may imply the role of club cells as early responders during IAV infection providing epithelial repair, regeneration, and resistance to spread of infection. This is the first study to address the molecular diversity in COPD and non-COPD disease models infected with IAV investigating the early response (6 h) of specific cell types in the human lower airways towards infection using scRNA-seq. These findings
highlight the potential interplay between COPD, IAV infection, and altered vulnerability to other viral infections and respiratory illnesses making the hAM applicable for addressing more specific research questions and validating potential targets, such as SCGB1A1 targeted therapy for chronic lung diseases. Our findings demonstrate the potential of the hNM and hTM for investigating respiratory infections, innate immune responses, and trained immunity in non-immune cells. Our experiments show that hAM may represent a more accurate representation of the native physiological condition and improve our understanding of the disease mechanisms. Furthermore, these models promote non-animal research as they replicate clinical findings. We can further increase their complexity by incorporating dynamic flow systems and immune cells catered to the research question.
Motivated by the perceived great potential of chiral polymers, the presented work aimed at the investigation of synthesis, solubility and optical activity of chiral poly(2,4-disubstituted-2-oxazoline)s. A novel polymeric carrier based on ABA-type triblock copolymers poly(2-oxazoline)s with chiral and racemic hydrophobic blocks was developed for the formulation of chiral and achiral drugs (Fig. 5.1). Poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (pMeOx) was used as hydrophilic A block, and poly(2-ethyl-4-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (pEtEtOx) and poly(2-propyl-4-methyl-2-oxazoline) (pPrMeOx) were used as hydrophobic B blocks. Curcumin (CUR), paclitaxel (PTX) and chiral/racemic ibuprofen (R/S/RS-IBU) were applied as model drugs. Nanoformulations were prepared consisting of these triblock copolymers and model drugs. ...
Fostering Teacher Educators’ Intercultural Media-Related Competencies Using a Social VR Environment
(2023)
Recent studies suggest that teacher educators require intercultural media-related educational competencies to respond to contemporary and future educational needs. However, necessary professional development concepts, which are aimed at fostering these competencies, are underrepresented in current teacher education research. This study reports on the results of a case study within a Design-Based-Research project aimed at designing, implementing and evaluating a professional development concept to foster teacher educators’ intercultural media-related competencies. A remote workshop using a Social VR environment was conducted with a convenience sample of 10 teacher educators. Data collected through a qualitative pre-post survey and a focus group was interpreted through qualitative content analysis. Findings showed intercultural aspects were addressed in several domains as well as an increased ability to evaluate potentials and risks related to interculturally focused teaching and learning with Social VR.
Humans have long used external memory aids to support remembering. However, modern digital technologies could facilitate recording and remembering personal information in an unprecedented manner. The present research sought to understand the potential impact of these technologies on autobiographical memory based on interviews with users of smart journaling apps. In Study 1 (N = 12), participants who had no prior experience with smart journaling apps tested the app Day One for 2 weeks and were interviewed about their subjective perceptions afterwards. In order to cross-validate the obtained findings, Study 2 (N = 4) was based on in-depth interviews with long-time users of different smart journaling apps. Taken together, the two studies provide insights into the way autobiographical remembering may change in the digital age – but also into the opportunities and risks potentially associated with the use of technologies that allow creating a detailed and multimedia-based record of one's life.
This dissertation focuses on Mip (macrophage infectivity potentiator protein) inhibitors in response to increasing antibiotic resistance. The study follows an antivirulence approach, which aims to inhibit the non-essential Mip protein without exerting too much selective pressure. Three focus areas were (1) development and synthesis of a fluorescent probe for screening Mip inhibitors via fluorescence polarization; (2) design and synthesis of broad spectrum Mip inhibitors bearing a side chain; and (3) understanding the metabolism of Mip inhibitors and identification of active metabolites.
A sub-study addressed the biotinylation of anti-leishmanial compounds from Valeriana wallichii rhizomes, with three tracer molecules synthesized for future pull-down experiments.
RNA helicases are key players in the regulation of gene expression. They act by remodeling local RNA secondary structures as well as RNA-protein interactions to enable the dynamic association of RNA binding proteins to their targets. The putative RNA helicase DHX30 is a member of the family of DEAH-box helicases with a putative role in the ATP-dependent unwinding of RNA secondary structures. Mutations in the DHX30 gene causes the autosomal dominant neuronal disease “Neurodevelopmental Disorder with severe Motor Impairment and Absent Language” (NEDMIAL;OMIM#617804). In this thesis, a strategy was established that enabled the large-scale purification of enzymatically active DHX30. Through enzymatic studies performed in vitro, DHX30 was shown to act as an ATP-dependent 3’ → 5’ RNA helicase that catalyzes the unwinding of RNA:RNA and RNA:DNA substrates. Using recombinant DHX30, it could be shown that disease-causing missense mutations in the conserved helicase core caused the disruption of its ATPase and helicase activity. The protein interactome of DHX30 however, was unchanged indicating that the pathogenic missense-mutations do not cause misfolding of DHX30, but rather specifically affect its catalytic activity. DHX30 localizes predominantly in the cytoplasm where it forms a complex with ribosomes and polysomes. Using a cross-linking mass spectrometry approach, a direct interaction of the N-terminal double strand RNA binding domain of DHX30 with sites next to the ribosome’s mRNA entry channel and the subunit interface was uncovered. RNA sequencing of DHX30 knockout cells revealed a strong de-regulation of mRNAs involved in neurogenesis and nervous system development, which is in line with the NEDMIAL disease phenotype. The knockdown of DHX30 results in a decreased 80S peak in polysome gradients, indicating that DHX30 has an effect on the translation machinery. Sequencing of the pool of active translating mRNAs revealed that upon DHX30 knockout mainly 5’TOP mRNAs are downregulated. These mRNAs are coding for proteins of the translational machinery and translation initiation factors. This study identified DHX30 as a factor of the translation machinery that selectively impacts the expression of a subset of proteins and provides insight on the etiology of NEDMIAL.
Additive manufacturing processes such as 3D printing are booming in the industry due to their high degree of freedom in terms of geometric shapes and available materials. Focusing on patient-specific medicine, 3D printing has also proven useful in the Life Sciences, where it exploits the shape fidelity for individualized tissues in the field of bioprinting. In parallel, the current systems of bioreactor technology have adapted to the new manufacturing technology as well and 3D-printed bioreactors are increasingly being developed. For the first time, this work combines the manufacturing of the tissue and a tailored bioreactor, significantly streamlining the overall process and optimally merging the two processes. This way the production of the tissues can be individualized by customizing the reactor to the tissue and the patient-specific wound geometry. For this reason, a common basis and guideline for the cross-device and cross-material use of 3D printers was created initially. Their applicability was demonstrated by the iterative development of a perfusable bioreactor system, made from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and a lignin-based filament, into which a biological tissue of flexible shape can be bioprinted. Cost-effective bioink-replacements and in silico computational fluid dynamics simulations were used for material sustainability and shape development. Also, nutrient distribution and shear stress could be predicted in this way pre-experimentally.
As a proof of functionality and adaptability of the reactor, tissues made from a nanocellulose-based Cellink® Bioink, as well as an alginate-based ink mixed with Me-PMeOx100-b-PnPrOzi100-EIP (POx) (Alginate-POx bioink) were successfully cultured dynamically in the bioreactor together with C2C12 cell line. Tissue maturation was further demonstrated using hMSC which were successfully induced to adipocyte differentiation. For further standardization, a mobile electrical device for automated media exchange was developed, improving handling in the laboratory and thus reduces the probability of contamination.
In all the projects presented, it is evident that the selection of suitable separation conditions is only one side of the coin. Equally crucial in the development of methods for the quality assessment of APIs/drugs is the right detection system.
The application of CAD as an alternative to UV detection at low wavelength of the two weak chromophore main degradation products of the very polar, zwitterionic API carbocisteine requires the volatility of the mobile phase. Therefore, as a substitute for the non-volatile ion pairing reagent tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH), six different volatile alkylamines as well as a RP/SAX mixed-mode column were evaluated. The best selectivity and separation performance comparable to TBAOH was achieved with the RP/SAX column and a mixture of formic acid and trifluoroacetic acid. For the simultaneous optimisation of the evaporation temperature of the CAD as a function of two chromatographic parameters, a central composite design was chosen and the “desirability function” was subsequently applied for modelling. In addition, column bleeding was investigated with a second RP/SAX column (different batch) with the result that the acetonitrile percentage had to be adjusted and preconditioning by injection of concentrated samples is essential. The final mixed-mode method was finally validated with both columns according to the ICH Q2 (R1) guideline.
Based on this, an MS-compatible method was developed with little effort using an identical RP/SAX column in UPLC dimension for the untargeted analysis by HRMS of two carbocisteine-containing prototype syrup formulations. For a comprehensive characterisation, HRMS and MS/HRMS data were recorded simultaneously by information dependent acquisition mode. Based on the exact masses, isotope patterns and an in silico plausibility check of the fragment spectra, the prediction of the structures of the unknown impurities was possible. In both syrup samples, which had been stored for nine months at 40 °C and 75 % r.h., two additional impurities of carbocisteine (i.e. lactam of the sulfoxides and disulphide between cysteine and thioglycolic acid) were identified by comparison with the corresponding prototype placebo samples using general unknown comparative screening. In addition, the formation of Maillard products by binary mixtures with 13C-labelled sugars was revealed in the sucrose-containing formulation.
For the promising hyphenation of the UV detector with the CAD for the simultaneous detection of all UV-active impurities of the cholesterol-lowering drug simvastatin and the only weak chromophore dihydrosimvastatin, the Ph. Eur. method had to be adapted. Besides replacing phosphoric acid with trifluoroacetic acid, the gradient also had to be adjusted and a third critical peak pair was observed. Based on validation experiments (according to the ICH Q2 (R1) guideline), the suitability of the CAD for sensitive detection (LOQ = 0.0175 % m/m) was proven.
To further investigate the robustness of the adapted method and CAD, a Plackett-Burman design was chosen. None of the factors had a statistically significant effect on the S/N of the CAD in the ranges tested. Regarding the three critical peak pairs, on the other hand, the factors to be controlled were statistically established, so that a targeted correction is possible if the system suitability test is not passed. The idea of employing a hyphenated UV-CAD system was finally applied to the structurally closely related lovastatin and its specified impurity dihydrolovastatin. Here, the CAD showed a significantly better S/N compared to the compendial UV detection at 200 nm.
The suitability of CAD for the analysis of non-volatile fatty acids in polysorbate 80 (PS80) as favourable alternative to the Ph. Eur. GC method (no time-consuming, error-prone and toxic derivatisation) has already been demonstrated. The aim of this project was therefore to develop a robust method with a focus on the AQbD principles, which can be used for the analysis of other excipients with similar fatty acid composition. After the definition of the analytical target profile and a risk assessment by means of an Ishikawa diagram, a suitable C18 column and the chromatographic framework conditions (formic acid concentration and initial/final gradient conditions) were selected after only few preliminary runs. The remaining critical method parameters were then investigated with the help of DoE and RSM. Using the obtained model equations, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to create the method operable design region as a region of theoretical robustness. After validation according to ICH Q2 (R1), the fatty acid composition of a magnesium stearate batch was successfully analysed as a further application example in addition to PS80.
The CAD was able to prove its potential in all the issues investigated in the context of this doctoral thesis. As a cost-effective alternative compared to MS instruments, it thus closes a gap in the quality assessment of APIs or excipients without a suitable chromophore. The easy method transfer to (HR)MS instruments also allows for a unique degree of sample characterisation through untargeted approaches in case of new impurities. For resource- and time-efficient work, the possibilities and limitations of software tools for method development and data evaluation as well as the application of risk-based approaches such as AQbD should also be considered.
In the eusocial insect honeybee (Apis mellifera), many sterile worker bees live together with a reproductive queen in a colony. All tasks of the colony are performed by the workers, undergoing age-dependent division of labor. Beginning as hive bees, they take on tasks inside the hive such as cleaning or the producing of larval food, later developing into foragers. With that, the perception of sweetness plays a crucial role for all honeybees whether they are sitting on the honey stores in the hive or foraging for food. Their ability to sense sweetness is undoubtedly necessary to develop and evaluate food sources. Many of the behavioral decisions in honeybees are based on sugar perception, either on an individual level for ingestion, or for social behavior such as the impulse to collect or process nectar. In this context, honeybees show a complex spectrum of abilities to perceive sweetness on many levels. They are able to perceive at least seven types of sugars and decide to collect them for the colony. Further, they seem to distinguish between these sugars or at least show clear preferences when collecting them. Additionally, the perception of sugar is not rigid in honeybees. For instance, their responsiveness towards sugar changes during the transition from in-hive bees (e.g. nurses) to foraging and is linked to the division of labor. Other direct or immediate factors changing responsiveness to sugars are stress, starvation or underlying factors, such as genotype.
Interestingly, the complexity in their sugar perception is in stark contrast to the fact that honeybees seem to have only three predicted sugar receptors.
In this work, we were able to characterize the three known sugar receptors (AmGr1, AmGr2 and AmGr3) of the honeybee fully and comprehensively in oocytes (Manuscript II, Chapter 3 and Manuscript III, Chapter 4). We could show that AmGr1 is a broad sugar receptor reacting to sucrose, glucose, maltose, melezitose and trehalose (which is the honeybees’ main blood sugar), but not fructose. AmGr2 acts as its co-receptor altering AmGr1’s specificity, AmGr3 is a specific fructose receptor and we proved the heterodimerization of all receptors. With my studies, I was able to reproduce and compare the ligand specificity of the sugar receptors in vivo by generating receptor mutants with CRISPR/Cas9. With this thesis, I was able to define AmGr1 and AmGr3 as the honeybees’ basis receptors already capable to detect all sugars of its known taste spectrum.
In the expression analysis of my doctoral thesis (Manuscript I, Chapter 2) I demonstrated that both basis receptors are expressed in the antennae and the brain of nurse bees and foragers. This thesis assumes that AmGr3 (like the Drosophila homologue) functions as a sensor for fructose, which might be the satiety signal, while AmGr1 can sense trehalose as the main blood sugar in the brain. Both receptors show a reduced expression in the brain of foragers when compared with nurse bees. These results may reflect the higher concentrated diet of nurse bees in the hive. The higher number of receptors in the brain may allow nurse bees to perceive hunger earlier and to consume the food their sitting on. Forager bees have to be more persistent to hunger, when they are foraging, and food is not so accessible. The findings of reduced expression of the fructose receptor AmGr3 in the antennae of nurse bees are congruent with my other result that nurse bees are also less responsive to fructose at the antennae when compared to foragers (Manuscript I, Chapter 2). This is possible, since nurse bees sit more likely on ripe honey which contains not only higher levels of sugars but also monosaccharides (such as fructose), while foragers have to evaluate less-concentrated nectar.
My investigations of the expression of AmGr1 in the antennae of honeybees found no differences between nurse bees and foragers, although foragers are more responsive to the respective sugar sucrose (Manuscript I, Chapter 2). Considering my finding that AmGr2 is the co-receptor of AmGr1, it can be assumed that AmGr1 and the mediated sucrose taste might not be directly controlled by its expression, but indirectly by its co-receptor. My thesis therefore clearly shows that sugar perception is associated with division of labor in honeybees and appears to be directly or indirectly regulated via expression.
The comparison with a characterization study using other bee breeds and thus an alternative protein sequence of AmGr1 shows that co-expression of different AmGr1 versions with AmGr2 alters the sugar response differently. Therefore, this thesis provides first important indications that alternative splicing could also represent an important regulatory mechanism for sugar perception in honeybees.
Further, I found out that the bitter compound quinine lowers the reward quality in learning experiments for honeybees (Manuscript IV, Chapter 5). So far, no bitter receptor has been found in the genome of honeybees and this thesis strongly assumes that bitter substances such as quinine inhibit sugar receptors in honeybees. With this finding, my work includes other molecules as possible regulatory mechanism in the honeybee sugar perception as well. We showed that the inhibitory effect is lower for fructose compared to sucrose. Considering that sugar signals might be processed as differently attractive in honeybees, this thesis concludes that the sugar receptor inhibition via quinine in honeybees might depend on the receptor (or its co-receptor), is concentration-dependent and based on the salience or attractiveness and concentration of the sugar present.
With my thesis, I was able to expand the knowledge on honeybee’s sugar perception and formulate a complex, comprehensive overview. Thereby, I demonstrated the multidimensional mechanism that regulates the sugar receptors and thus the sugar perception of honeybees. With this work, I defined AmGr1 and AmGr3 as the basis of sugar perception and enlarged these components to the co-receptor AmGr2 and the possible splice variants of AmGr1. I further demonstrated how those sugar receptor components function, interact and that they are clearly involved in the division of labor in honeybees. In summary, my thesis describes the mechanisms that enable honeybees to perceive sugar in a complex way, even though they inhere a limited number of sugar receptors. My data strongly suggest that honeybees overall might not only differentiate sugars and their diet by their general sweetness (as expected with only one main sugar receptor). The found sugar receptor mechanisms and their interplay further suggest that honeybees might be able to discriminate directly between monosaccharides and disaccharides or sugar molecules and with that their diet (honey and nectar).
In a modified inflation scenario we replace the “big bang” by a condensation event in an eternal all-compassing big ocean of free qubits in our modified cosmology. Interactions of qubits in the qubit ocean are rare. If they happen, they provide a nucleus for a new universe as the qubits become decoherent and freeze-out into defined bit ensembles. Second, we replace inflation by a crystallization event triggered by the nucleus of interacting qubits to which rapidly more and more qubits attach (like in everyday crystal growth) – the crystal unit cell guarantees same symmetries everywhere. Hence, the textbook inflation scenario to explain the same laws of nature in our domain is replaced by the crystal unit cell of the crystal formed. We give here only the perspective or outline of this modified inflation theory, as the detailed mathematical physics behind this has still to be formulated and described.
Interacting qubits solidify, quantum entropy decreases (but increases in the ocean around). The interacting qubits form a rapidly growing domain where the n**m states become separated ensemble states, rising long-range forces stop ultimately further growth. After that very early events, standard cosmology with the hot fireball model takes over. Our theory agrees well with lack of inflation traces in cosmic background measurements, but more importantly can explain well by such a type of cosmological crystallization instead of inflation the early creation of large-scale structure of voids and filaments, supercluster formation, galaxy formation, and the dominance of matter: no annihilation of antimatter necessary, rather the unit cell of our crystal universe has a matter handedness avoiding anti-matter.
We prove a triggering of qubit interactions can only be 1,2,4 or 8-dimensional (agrees with E8 symmetry of our universe). Repulsive forces at ultrashort distances result from quantization, long-range forces limit crystal growth. Crystals come and go in the qubit ocean. This selects for the ability to lay seeds for new crystals, for self-organization and life-friendliness.
The phase space of the crystal agrees with the standard model of the basic four forces for n quanta. It includes all possible ensemble combinations of their quantum states m, a total of n**m states. Neighbor states reach according to transition possibilities (S-matrix) with emergent time from entropic ensemble gradients. However, this means that in our four dimensions there is only one bit overlap to neighbor states left (almost solid, only below h dash liquidity left). However, the E8 symmetry of heterotic string theory has six rolled-up, small dimensions which help to keep the qubit crystal together and will never expand.
Finally, we give first energy estimates for free qubits vs bound qubits, misplacements in the qubit crystal and entropy increase during qubit decoherence / crystal formation. Scalar fields for color interaction and gravity derive from the permeating qubit-interaction field in the crystal. Hence, vacuum energy gets low inside the qubit crystal. Condensed mathematics may advantageously help to model free (many states denote the same qubit) and bound qubits in phase space.
This PhD thesis addresses the photophysics of selected small organic molecules with the purpose of using them for efficient and even novel light sources. In particular, the studies presented focused on revealing the underlying exciton dynamics and determining the transition rates between different molecular states. It was shown how the specific properties and mechanisms of light emission in fluorescent molecules, molecules with phosphorescence or thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), biradicals, and multichromophores can be utilized to build novel light-emitting devices. The main tool employed here was the analysis of the emitters’ photon statistics, i.e. the analysis of the temporal distribution of emitted photons, during electrical or optical excitation. In the introduction of this work, the working principle of an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) was introduced, while Chapter 2 provided the physical background of the relevant properties of organic molecules and their interaction with light. In particular, the occurrence of discrete energy levels in organic semiconductors and the process of spontaneous light emission were discussed. Furthermore, in this chapter a mathematical formalism was elaborated with the goal to find out what kind of information about the studied molecule can be obtained by analyzing its photon statistics. It was deduced that the intensity correlation function g (2)(t) contains information about the first two factorial moments of the photon statistics and that higher order factorial moments do not contain any additional information about the system under study if the system is always in the same state after the emission of a photon. To conclude the introductory part, Chapter 3 introduced the utilized characterization methods including confocal microscopy of single molecules, time correlated single photon counting and temperature dependent photoluminescence measurements. To provide the background necessary for an understanding of for the following result chapters, in Section 4.1 a closer look was taken at the phenomenon of blinking and photobleaching of individual molecules. For a squaraine-based fluorescent emitter rapid switching between a bright and dark state was observed during photoexcitation. Using literature transition rates between the molecular states, a consistent model was developed that is able to explain the distribution of the residence times of the molecule in the bright and dark states. In particular, an exponential and a power-law probability distribution was measured for the time the molecule resides in tis bright and dark state, respectively. This behavior as well as the change in photoluminescence intensity between the two states was conclusively explained by diffusion of residual oxygen within the sample, which had been prepared in a nitrogen-filled glovebox. For subsequent samples of this work, thin strips of atomic aluminum were deposited on the matrices to serve as oxygen getter material. This not only suppressed the efficiency of photobleaching, but also noticeably prolonged the time prior to photobleaching, which made many of the following investigations possible in the first place. For emitters used in displays, emission properties such as narrow-band luminescence and short fluorescence lifetimes are desired. These properties can be influenced not only by the emitter molecule itself, but also by the interaction with the chosen environment. Therefore, before focusing on the photophysics of individual small organic molecules, Section 4.2 highlighted the interaction of a perylene bisimide-based molecular species with its local environment in a disordered polymethyl methacrylate matrix. In a statistical approach, individual photophysical properties were measured for 32 single molecules and correlations in the variation of the properties were analyzed. This revealed how the local polarity of the molecules’ environment influences their photophysics. In particular, it was shown how an increase in local polarity leads to a red-shifted emission, narrower emission lines, broader vibronic splitting between different emission lines in combination with a smaller Huang-Rhys parameter, and a longer fluorescence lifetime. In the future, these results may help to embed individual chromophores into larger macromolecules to provide the chromophore with the optimal local environment to exhibit the desired emission properties. The next two sections focused on a novel and promising class of chromophores, namely linear coordinated copper complexes, synthesized in the group of Dr. Andreas Steffen at the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Würzburg. In copper atoms, the d-orbitals are fully occupied, which prevents undesirable metal-centered d-d⋆ states, which tend to lie low in energy and recombine non-radiatively. Simultaneously, the copper atom provides a flexible coordination geometry, while complexes in their linear form are expected to exhibit the least amount of excited state distortions. Depending on the chosen ligands, these copper complexes can exhibit phosphorescence as well as temperature activated delayed fluorescence. In Section 4.3, a phosphorescent copper complex with a chlorine atom and a 1-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-2-pyrrolidine-ylidene- ligand was tested for its suitability as an optically active material in an OLED. For this purpose, an OLED with a polyspirobifluorene-based copolymer matrix and the dopant at a concentration of 20 wt% was electrically excited. Deconvolution of the emission spectrum in contributions from the matrix and the dopant revealed that 60 % of the OLEDs emission was due to the copper complex. It was also shown that the shape of the emission spectrum of the copper complex remains unchanged upon incorporation into the OLED, but is red-shifted by about 233 meV. In Section 4.4, a second copper complex exhibiting thermally activated delayed fluorescence was analyzed. This complex comprised a carbazolate as well as a 2-(2,6- diisopropyl)-phenyl-1,1-diphenyl-isoindol-2-ium-3-ide ligand and was examined in the solid state and at the single-molecule level, where single photon emission was recorded up to an intensity of 78’000 counts per second. The evaluation of the second-order autocorrelation function of the emitted light proved an efficient transition between singlet and triplet excited states on the picosecond time scale. In the solid state, the temperature- dependent fluorescence decay of the complex was analyzed after pulsed photoexcitation in the temperature range between 300 K and 5 K. From these measurements, a small singlet-triplet energy gap of only 65 meV and a triplet sublevel splitting of 3.0 meV were derived. The transition rates between molecular states could also be determined. Here, the fast singlet decay time of τS1 = 9.8ns proved the efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescence process, which was demonstrated for the first time for this new class of copper(I) complexes thus. While the use of thermally activated delayed fluorescence is a potential way to harness otherwise long-living dark triplet states, radicals completely avoid dark triplet states. However, this usually comes with the huge drawback of the molecules being chemically unstable. Therefore, two chemically stable biradical species were synthesized in the framework of the DFG research training school GRK 2112 on Molecular biradicals: structure, properties and reactivity, by Yohei Hattori in the group of Prof. Dr. Christoph Lambert and Rodger Rausch in the group of Prof. Dr. Frank Würthner at the Institute of Organic Chemistry at the University of Würzburg, respectively. In Section 4.5, it was investigated how these molecules can be used in OLEDs. In the first isoindigo based biradical (6,6’-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-phenoxyl)-1,1’-bis(2- ethylhexyl)-[3,3’-biindolinyl-idene]-2,2’-dione) two tert-butyl moieties kinetically block chemical reactions at the place of the lone electrons and an electron-withdrawing core shifts the electron density into the center of the chromophore. With these properties, it was possible to realize a poly(p-phenylene vinylene) copolymer based OLED doped with the biradical and to observe luminescence during optical as well as electrical excitation. Analyzing shapes of the photo- and electroluminescence spectra at different doping concentrations, Förster resonance energy transfer was determined to be the dominant transition mechanism for excitons from the matrix to the biradical dopants. Likewise, OLEDs could be realized with the second diphenylmethylpyridine based birad- ical (4-(5-(bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl)-4,6-dichloropyridin-2-yl)-N-(4-(5-(bis(2,4,6- -trichlorophenyl)methyl)-4,6-dichloropyridin-2-yl)phenyl)-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)aniline) as dopant. In this biradical, chlorinated diphenylmethyl groups protect the two unpaired electrons. Photo- and electroluminescence spectra showed an emission in the near in- frared spectral range between 750 nm and 1000 nm. Also, Förster resonance energy trans- fer was the dominant energy transfer mechanism with an transfer efficiency close to 100 % even at doping concentrations of only 5 wt%. In addition to demonstrating the working OLEDs based in biradicals, the detection of luminescence of the two biradical species in devices also constitutes an important step toward making use of experimental techniques such as optically detected electron spin resonance, which could provide information about the electronic states of the emitter and their spin manifold during OLED operation. Another class of emitters studied are molecules in which several chromophores are co- valently linked to form a macrocyclic system. The properties of these multichromophores were highlighted in Section 4.6. Here, it was analyzed how the photophysical behavior of the molecules is affected by the covalent linking, which determines the interaction be- tween the chromophores. The first multichromophore, 2,2’-ditetracene, was synthesized by Lena Ross in the group of Prof. Dr. Anke Krüger at the Institute of Organic Chemistry at the University of Würzburg and was analyzed in this work both at the single-molecule level and in its aggregated crystalline form. While the single crystals were purified and grown in a vertical sublimation oven, the samples for the single molecule studies were prepared in matrices of amorphous polymethyl methacrylate and crystalline anthracene. Tetracene was analyzed concurrently to evaluate the effects of covalent linking. In samples where the distance between two molecules is sufficiently large, tetracene and 2,2’-ditracene show matching emission profiles with the only difference in the Franck-Condon factors and a de- creased photoluminescence decay time constant from 14 ns for tetracene to 5 ns for 2,2’- ditracene, which can be attributed to the increased density of the vibrational modes in 2,2’-ditracene. Evaluation of the photon statistics of individual 2,2’-ditracene molecules however showed that the system does not behave as two individual chromophores but as a collective state, preserving the spectral properties of the two tetracene chromophores. Complementary calculations performed by Marian Deutsch in the group of Prof. Dr. Bernd Engels at the Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry at the University of Würzburg helped to understand the processes in the materials and could show that the electronic and vibronic modes of 2,2’-ditracene are superpositions of the modes occurring in tetracene. In contrast, single-crystalline 2,2’-ditetracene behaves significantly different than tetracene, namely exhibiting a red shift in photoluminescence of 150 meV, caused by an altered crys- talline packing that lowers the S1-state energy level. Temperature-dependent photolu- minescence measurements revealed a rich emission pattern from 2,2’-ditetracene single crystals. The mechanisms behind this were unraveled using photoluminescence lifetime density analysis in different spectral regions of the emission spectrum and at different tem- peratures. An excimer state was identified that is located about 5 meV below the S1-state, separated by a 1 meV barrier, and which can decay to the ground state with a time constant of 9 ns. Also, as the S1-state energy level is lowered below the E(S1) ≥ 2 ×E(T1) threshold, singlet fission is suppressed in 2,2’-ditetracene in contrast to tetracene. Therefore, at low temperatures, photoluminescence is enhanced by a factor of 46, which could make 2,2’- ditetracene a useful material for future applications in devices such as OLEDs or lasers. The second multichromophore species, para-xylylene bridged perylene bisimide macrocycles, were synthesized by Peter Spenst in the group of Prof. Dr. Frank Würthner at the Institute of Organic Chemistry at the University of Würzburg, by linking three and four perylene bisimides, respectively. To reveal the exciton dynamics in these macrocycles, highly diluted monomers as well as trimers and tetramers were doped into matrices of polymethyl methacrylate to create thin films in which individual macrocycles could be analyzed. The emission spectra of the macrocycles remained identical to those of the monomers, indicating weak coupling between the chromophores. Single photon emission could be verified for monomers as well as macrocycles, as exciton-exciton annihilation processes suppress the simultaneous emission of two photons from one macrocycle. Nevertheless, the proof of the occurrence of a doubly excited state was obtained by excitation power dependent photon statistics measurements. The formalism developed in the theory part of this thesis for calculating the photon statistics of multichromophore systems was used here to find a theoretical model that matches the experimental results. The main features of this model are a doubly excited state, fast singlet-singlet annihilation, and an efficient transition from the doubly excited state to a dark triplet state. The occurrence of triplet-triplet annihilation was demonstrated in a subsequent experiment in which the macrocycles were excited at a laser intensity well above the saturation intensity of the monomer species. In contrast to the monomers, the trimers and tetramers exhibited neither a complete dark state nor saturation of photoluminescence. Both processes, efficient singlet-singlet and triplet-triplet annihilation make perylene bisimide macrocycles exceptionally bright single photon emitters. These advantages were utilized to realize a room temperature electrically driven fluorescent single photon source. For this purpose, OLEDs were fabricated using polyvinylcarbazole and 2-tert-butylphenyl-5-biphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol blends as a host material for perylene bisimide trimers. Photon antibunching could be observed in both optically and electrically driven devices, representing the first demonstration of electrically driven single photon sources using fluorescent emitters at room temperature. As expected from the previous optical experiments, the electroluminescence of the molecules was exceptionally bright, emitting about 105 photons per second, which could be seen even by eye under the microscope. Finally, in the last section 4.7 of this thesis, two additional measurement schemes were proposed as an alternative to the measurement of the second-order correlation function g (2)(t) of single molecules, which only provides information about the first two factorial moments of the molecules’ photon statistics. In the first scheme, the g (3)(t) function was measured with three photodiodes, which is a consequential extension of the Hanbury Brown and Twiss measurement with two photodiodes. It was demonstrated how measuring the g (3)(t) function is able to identify interfering emitters with non-Poisson statistics in the experiment. The second setup was designed with an electro-optic modulator that repeatedly gen- erates photoexcitation in the form of a step function. The recording of luminescence transients for different excitation intensities yields the same results as the correspond- ing g (2)-functions measured on single emitters, both in their shape and in their depen- dence on excitation power. To demonstrate this concept, the TADF emitter TXO-TPA (2- [4-(diphenylamino)phenyl]-10,10-dioxide-9H-thioxanthen-9-one) was doped at a concen- tration of 10−4 wt% in a mCP (1,3-Bis(N-carbazolyl)benzene) matrix. This concentration was low enough that TXO-TPA molecules did not interact with each other, but an ensem- ble of molecules was still present in the detection volume. The intramolecular transition rates between singlet and triplet states of TXO-TPA could be derived with an error of at most 5 %. Other experimental techniques designed to obtain this information require ei- ther lengthy measurements on single molecules, where sample preparation is also often a challenge, or temperature-dependent fluorescence lifetime measurements, which require a cryostat, which in turn places constraints on the sample design used. In future, this ap- proach could establish a powerful method to study external factors influencing molecular transition rates. Overall, this thesis has introduced new molecular materials, revealed their photophys- ical properties, and demonstrated how they can be used to fabricate efficient and even novel light sources.
Polymeric Janus Fibers
(2023)
Janus fibers are a class of composite materials comprising mechanical and chemical to biological functionality. Combining different materials and functionalities in one micro- or even nanoscale fiber enables otherwise unreachable synergistic physicochemical effects with unprecedented opportunities for technical or biomedical applications. Here, recent developments of processing technologies and applications of polymeric Janus fibers will be reviewed. Various examples in the fields of textiles, catalysis, sensors as well as medical applications, like drug delivery systems, tissue engineering and antimicrobial materials, are presented to illuminate the outstanding potential of such high-end functional materials for novel applications in the upcoming future.
In contrast to the well described molecular basis for S-type anion currents, the genes underlying R-type anion currents were unknown until 2010. Meyer S. and colleagues (2010) showed that, localized in the guard cell plasma membrane, AtALMT12 is an R-type anion channel involved in stomatal closure. However, knocking out AtALMT12 did not fully shut down R-type currents; the almt12 loss-of-function mutant has residual R-type-like currents indicating that ALMT12 is not the only gene encoding Arabidopsis thaliana R-type channels (Meyer S. et al., 2010). This PhD thesis is focussed on understanding the properties, regulation and molecular nature of the R-type channels in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. To fulfil these aims, the patch clamp technique was used to characterize electrical features of R-type currents in various conditions such as the presence/absence of ATP, variation in cytosolic calcium concentration or the presence of cytosolic chloride. Electrophysiological study revealed many similarities between the features of Arabidopsis thaliana R-type currents (Col0) and residual R-type currents (the almt12 loss-of-function mutant). Strong voltage dependency, channel activity in the same voltage range, position of maximal recorded current and blockage by cytosolic ATP all pointed to a shared phylogenetic origin of the channels underlying these R-type currents. Expression patterns of the ALMT family members for Col0 and the almt12 mutant revealed ALMT13 and AMT14 as potential candidates of the R-type channels. Electrical characterization of Col0, almt12 and the two double loss-of-function mutants (almt12/almt13 and almt12/almt14) strongly suggest that ALMT13 mediates the calcium-dependent R-type current component that is directly regulated by cytosolic calcium. Additionally, similarly to ALMT12, ALMT14 could participate as a calcium-independent R-type anion channel. Differences in response to the cytosolic calcium concentration between ALMT12, ALMT13 and ALMT14 suggest their possible involvement in different signalling pathways leading to stomatal closure. Moreover, a study performed for the two Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes Col0 and WS showed drastically increased ALMT13 expression for WS, which is related to R-type current properties. The WS ecotype has calcium-dependent R-type current behaviour, while it is calcium-independent in Col0. Furthermore, this plant line showed lower peak current densities compared to Col0 and almt mutants. These facts strongly suggest interaction between ALMT12 and ALMT13, with ALMT13 as a repressor of the ALMT12. Acquired patch clamp data revealed sulphate-dependent increases in ALMT13 current. This could be caused by changes in absolute open probability and/or permeability for sulphate and possibly chloride and links ALMT13 with sulphate-mediated stomatal closure under drought stress. It was then confirmed that ATP affects R-type currents. In contrast to Vicia faba, ATP was identified as a negative regulator of the Arabidopsis thaliana R-type anion channels. The effect of ATP is ambiguous but there is a high probability that it is a result of direct block and phosphorylation. However, the phosphorylation site and place of ATP binding needs further investigation.
The story of the ALMT family, as examined in this thesis, sheds light on the complexity of the stomatal closure process.
SUMOylation, as a post-translational modification, plays a crucial role in several biological processes. Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins can be reversibly linked to the lysine residues located within specific motifs on numerous target proteins, leading to the change of stability, localization, activity of target proteins, mostly by promoting or interfering with the interaction with other molecules. Consequently, it can regulate gene transcription, migration, cell cycle progression, cellular responses to stress, and tumorigenesis.
NFATc1 belongs to the Nuclear Factor of Activated T-cells (NFAT) transcription factor family, which is dephosphorylated and translocates to the nucleus upon cell stimulation, which provokes Ca2+ signalling. NFAT plays a crucial role in the development and function of the immune system. NFATc1 has three SUMOylation sites at the position of aa 349, 702, and 914. In our previous study, we demonstrated that point mutations performed on the SUMOylation sites on all three or only at the lysine residues K702 and K914 lead to enhanced expression of IL-2 in vitro. To evaluate the function of SUMOylation of NFATc1 on T cell-mediated immunity in vivo, we not only generated a transgenic mouse strain (NFATc1/ΔS+ mouse) by point mutations from Lysine to Arginine on the two SUMOylation sites within exon 10 of Nfatc1 to prevent their SUMOylation, but in combination created another mouse strain (NFATc1/ΔBC+ mouse) that is completely Nfatc1 exon 10-ablated by using the LoxP/Cre system. In NFATc1/ΔS+ T cells, we observed enhanced IL-2 production and less IL-17A and IFN-γ expression. In line with exon 10 bearing the relevant SUMO sites, NFATc1/ΔBC+ CD4+ T cells behaved similarly as NFATc1/ΔS+ ones. The mechanism is that elevated IL-2 secretion can counteract the expression of IL-17A and IFN-γ via STAT5 and Blimp-1 induction. Afterwards, Blimp-1 suppressed IL-2 itself as well as Bcl2A1. Next, we performed two disease models with our NFATc1/ΔS+ mice. In a major mismatch model for acute graft-versus-host disease, we found that the mice transplanted with NFATc1/ΔS+ CD3+ T cells developed less severe disease, and T cells proliferated less due to increased Tregs. Moreover, when transferring 2D2.NFATc1/ΔS+ Th1 plus Th17 cells to Rag1-/- mice to induce experimental autoimmune encephalitis, we also observed ameliorated disease compared to animals with transferred WT T cells as well as increased Tregs.
Taking all data together, the deficiency in SUMOylation of NFATc1 leads to an elevated IL-2 secretion in T cells and subsequent activation of STAT5, which competes with STAT3 to inhibit IL-17A production and promotes Treg expansion, as well as to an enforcement of Blimp-1 expression, which suppresses IFN-γ and IL-2 expression. Consequently and despite a short phase of enhanced IL-2 secretion, the deficiency of SUMOylation on NFATc1 can protect from autoreactive and alloreactive diseases.
Moreover, to further understand the function of SUMOylation of NFATc1 in humans, we started by establishing an in vitro 3D culture system for tonsil organoids, which was successful in the presence of feeder cells, along with IL-4 and IL-7 cytokines. To confirm that our 3D tonsil organoids can respond to real antigens, we used CMV peptides and peptides of spike proteins from Covid-19 as real antigens, and co-cultured with tonsil organoids, which indeed can generate memory cells and plasmablasts. In the end, we also compared 3D to 2D cultures. Although the total numbers of all B cell subsets were much less in 3D culture than that in 2D culture, still, it indicates that this in-vitro culture system has its limitation, while being usable to produce the similar results as 2D did. Therefore, this 3D culture system can be used as a platform to investigate NFATc1/ΔS+ or NFATc1/ΔBC+ TFH and TFR cells in the dynamic of human GC responses.
Strumpellin is a member of the highly conserved pentameric WASH complex, which stimulates the Arp2/3 complex on endosomes and induces the formation of a branched actin network. The WASH complex is involved in the formation and stabilisation of endosomal retrieval subdomains and transport carriers, into which selected proteins are packaged and subsequently transported to their respective cellular destination, e.g. the plasma membrane. Up until now, the role of Strumpellin in platelet function and endosomal trafficking has not been researched. In order to examine its role, a conditional knockout mouse line was generated, which specifically lacked Strumpellin in megakaryocytes and platelets.
Conditional knockout of Strumpellin resulted in only a mild platelet phenotype. Loss of Strumpellin led to a decreased abundance of the αIIbβ3 integrin in platelets, including a reduced αIIbβ3 surface expression by approximately 20% and an impaired αIIbβ3 activation after platelet activation. The reduced surface expression of αIIbβ3 was also detected in megakaryocytes. The expression of other platelet surface glycoproteins was not affected. Platelet count, size and morphology remained unaltered. The reduction of αIIbβ3 expression in platelets resulted in a reduced fibrinogen binding capacity after platelet activation. However, fibrinogen uptake under resting conditions, although slightly delayed, as well as overall fibrinogen content in Strumpellin-deficient platelets were comparable to controls. Most notably, reduced αIIbβ3 expression did not lead to any platelet spreading and aggregation defects in vitro. Furthermore, reduced WASH1 protein levels were detected in the absence of Strumpellin.
In conclusion, loss of Strumpellin does not impair platelet function, at least not in vitro. However, the data demonstrates that Strumpellin plays a role in selectively regulating αIIbβ3 surface expression. As a member of the WASH complex, Strumpellin may regulate αIIbβ3 recycling back to the platelet surface. Furthermore, residual WASH complex subunits may still assemble and partially function in the absence of Strumpellin, which could explain the only 20% decrease in αIIbβ3 surface expression. Nonetheless, the exact mechanism still remains unclear.
Short functional peptidic probes can maximize the potential of high-end microscopy techniques and multiplex imaging assays and provide new insights into normal and aberrant molecular, cellular and tissue function. Particularly, the visualization of inhibitory synapses requires protocol tailoring for different sample types and imaging techniques and relies either on genetic manipulation or on antibodies that underperform in tissue immunofluorescence. Starting from an endogenous activity-related ligand of gephyrin, a universal marker of the inhibitory post-synapse, I developed a short peptidic multivalent binder with exceptional affinity and selectivity to gephyrin. By tailoring fluorophores to the binder, I have obtained Sylite, a probe for the visualization of inhibitory synapses, with an outstanding signal-to-background ratio, that bests the “gold standard” gephyrin antibodies both in selectivity and in tissue immunofluorescence. In tissue Sylite benefits from simplified handling, provides robust synaptic labeling in record-short time and, unlike antibodies, is not affected by staining artefacts. In super-resolution microscopy Sylite precisely localizes the post-synapse and enables accurate pre- to post-synapse measurements. Combined with complimentary tracing techniques Sylite reveals inhibitory connectivity and profiles inhibitory inputs and synapse sizes of excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the periaqueductal gray brain region. Lastly, upon probe optimization for live cell application and with the help of novel thiol-reactive cell penetrating peptide I have visualized inhibitory synapses in living neurons. Taken together, my work provided a versatile probe for conventional and super-resolution microscopy and a workflow for the development and application of similar compact functional synthetic probes.
Platelets are anucleated cell fragments derived from megakaryocytes. They play a fundamental role in hemostasis, but there is rising evidence that they are also involved in immunological processes. Despite absence of a nucleus, human platelets are capable of de novo protein synthesis and contain a fully functional proteasome system, which is, in nucleated cells, involved in processes like cell cycle progression or apoptosis by its ability of protein degradation. The physiological significance of the proteasome system in human platelets is not yet fully understood and subject of ongoing research.
Therefore, this study was conducted with the intention to outline the role of the proteasome system for functional characteristics of human platelets. For experimentation, citrated whole blood from healthy donors was obtained and preincubated with proteasome inhibitors. In addition to the commonly used bortezomib, the potent and selective proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib was selected as a second inhibitor to rule out agent-specific effects and to confirm that observed changes are related to proteasome inhibition.
Irreversibly induced platelet activation and aggregation were not affected by proteasome blockade with bortezomib up to 24 hours. Conversely, proteasome inhibition led to enhanced threshold aggregation and agglutination up to 25 %, accompanied by partial alleviation of induced VASP phosphorylation of approximately 10-15 %. Expression of different receptors were almost unaffected. Instead, a significant increase of PP2A activity was observable in platelets after proteasome blockade, accompanied by facilitated platelet adhesion to coated surfaces in static experiments or flow chamber experiments.
Carfilzomib, used for the first time in functional experimentation with human platelets in vitro, led to a dose-dependent decrease of proteasome activity with accumulation of poly ubiquitylated proteins. Like bortezomib, carfilzomib treatment resulted in enhanced threshold aggregation with attenuated VASP phosphorylation.
As the main conclusion of this thesis, proteasome inhibition enhances the responsiveness of human platelets, provided by an alleviation of platelet inhibitory pathways and by an additional increase of PP2A activity, resulting in facilitated platelet adhesion under static and flow conditions. The proteasome system appears to be involved in the promotion of inhibitory counterregulation in platelets. The potential of proteasome inhibitors for triggering thromboembolic adverse events in patients must be clarified in further studies, in addition to their possible use for targeting platelet function to improve the hemostatic reactivity of platelets.
N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) are utilized for the stabilization of reactive compounds, for the activation of strong bonds, and as ligands in transition metal chemistry. In contrast to neutral NHCs, few examples of anionic or even dianionic NHCs are known. One approach for the synthesis of anionic carbenes is the deprotonation of neutral or anionic precursors, bearing Lewis acids instead of alkyl or aryl substituents. Following this strategy, novel anionic and dianionic NHCs, featuring weakly coordinating fluorinated borane and phosphorane substituents or coordinating tricyanoborane substituents were synthesized within the scope of this thesis. These carbenes possess unprecedented stabilities compared to related species. Furthermore, their electronic and steric properties can be directly adjusted by the type of Lewis acid attached. Their potential as ligands with highly shielding weakly coordinating substituents next to the carbene coordination center was demonstrated by the syntheses of the respective NHC selenium adducts and NHC gold(I) complexes. In contrast anionic NHCs with coordinating tricyanoborane moieties have an outstanding potential as ditopic ligands with coordination being possible at the carbene center and via the cyano groups. Their beneficial ligand properties were demonstrated by the syntheses of the respective NHC selenium adducts and NHC nickeltricarbonyl complexes. The combination of electronic properties, the large buried volume, the negative charge, the possibility to act as ditopic or ligands with weakly coordinating groups, and the ease of accessibility render borane- and phosphorane functionalized NHCs unique novel ligands. A further project of this PhD thesis deals with the steric properties of Lewis acids. Therefore, an easy-to-apply model was designed to quantify the steric demand of Lewis acids. Using the results of this evaluation, a second model was developed which judges the steric repulsion in Lewis acid/base adduct formation for arbitrary sets of acids and bases.
Exploring the Relationship Between Social Movement Organizations and the State in Latin America
(2023)
Under conditions of weak statehood, societal actors are supposed to assume functions usually attributed to the state. Social self-organization is expected to emerge when the state leaves important social problems unattended. Should social self-organization, therefore, be regarded as a reaction to state weakness and as compensation for state failure in the provision of basic services? Does society organize itself on its own in areas where the state is absent or ineffective? By the example of two Latin American social movements, this article aims to show that social self-organization—at least on a larger scale—is not independent of the state, but rather a result of a dynamic interaction with the state. The two examples this article explores are the middle-class Venezuelan neighborhood movement and the Argentine piquetero movement of unemployed workers. Both movements emerged as reactions to the state’s failure and retreat from essential social functions and both developed into extensive and influential social actors. For that reason, they can be regarded as crucial cases for observing the patterns and conditions of social self-organization and autonomous collective action within the specific Latin American context. Despite their different backgrounds and social bases, the two cases reveal remarkable similarities. They show that the emergence and development of self-organized social groups cannot be conceived simply as a reaction to state weakness, but rather should be viewed as a dynamic interaction with the state.
This thematic issue addresses the relationship between local self-governance and the state. Self-governance is understood as the rules that emerge in the local social and spatial context. Local self-governance of individual local groups, actors, communities, and their social and institutional arrangements are considered. From this situated collective entanglement, the interactions and relations with state authorities are analysed in the various contributions embedded in local contexts of different world regions and based on empirical social science research containing mostly interdisciplinary approaches. The nine case studies of this thematic issue reflect a variety of statehoods (weak to restrained), divers “intentionalities” of local self-governance (emancipatory and democratic, socio-economically, and socio-culturally oriented, security-driven or ecological), and their state-locality entanglements range between four forms of relationships: mutually supportive, conflictual, ambivalent, and avoiding.
For decades autonomy has been utilised as a concept in various social sciences, like sociology, political science, law and philosophy. Certain concepts of autonomy have always reflected the needs of the respective disciplines that made use of the term, but also ever infringed on the interpretation of autonomy in other disciplines. Most notably, conceptualisations of international and constitutional law have found their way into bordering sciences, like political science. The result: a legal positivist view prevailing in the conceptualisations of autonomy within political and administrative sciences. As this working paper points out, this perspective does not do justice to the complex phenomenon autonomy is or may be in social and political reality. Hence, the paper argues for a differentiated concept of autonomy, splitting it into autonomy claims, actors, process, rights and powers, regimes, and their institutions. The empirical world suggests a salience of formally and informally lived types of autonomy, especially in Latin America, due to the region’s indigenous population often living outside of, or within the limited reach of the state. Therefore, the paper aims to incorporate the dimension of informality – lacking in previous legal positivist approaches. Autonomy regimes could be entrenched in international, constitutional, or secondary law, or they could be tolerated by the state or seized by autonomy claimants by force. From a theoretical or conceptual perspective, the dimension of (in)formality facilitates the incorporation of autonomy into the discussion on governance and government, mostly on the local or regional level. Thus, the paper establishes autonomy regimes as a concept located at the verges of (self-)government and (self-)governance.
Abstract
Neuropathic pain affects 6.9 to 10% of the general population, arises from lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system and is still challenging to treat. Indeed, current treatments efficacy are relatively low and present strong side effects. To that extent, identifying new targets and developing new treatment strategies constitute a priority. The blood nerve barrier consists of the endoneurial micro-blood vessels and the perineurium sealed by tight junctions constituted of tight junction proteins such claudin-5 and claudin-1. As the functional blood nerve barrier allows nerve tissue protection from external elements and maintains homeostasis, a destabilization or a disruption leads to infiltration of immunocytes promoting neuroinflammation and increased inflammatory mediators that can sensitize nociceptors and enhance pain. Thus resealing the blood nerve barrier in case of neuropathic pain could be a possible treatment strategy.
Specialised proresolving mediators such lipoxin A4 and resolvin D1 are small lipids that bind to receptors such the formylpeptide recptor 2 (FPR2) and resolve inflammation. Specially resolvin D1 as anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Thus using resolvin D1 or eventually other specialized proresolving mediators in neuropathic pain could reseal the blood nerve barrier and resolve neuropathic pain. The present work aimed to characterize the blood nerve barrier in a preclinical model of diabetic polyneuropathy and nerve injury (chronic constriction injury) and to identify specialized proresolving mediators that seal the blood nerve barrier and thereby alleviate neuropathic pain.
In diabetic polyneuropathy, the blood nerve barrier is permeable only to small molecules, which is due to the loss of claudin-1 in the perineurium and a reduced number of blood vessel- associated macrophages. Interestingly, blood nerve barrier permeability did not occur until four to eight weeks after diabetes induction, whereas mechanical hyperalgesia was measurable as early as two weeks. This suggests a pain-maintaining rather than a pain-triggering role of the blood nerve barrier.
In case of chronic constriction injury, a resolution process of both mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia occurs between three to six weeks after injury. Here, the blood nerve barrier is permeable to both small and large molecules from the beginning. The pain recovery process occurs primarily in parallel with the sealing of the endoneurial barrier to large molecules such as fibrinogen from the plasma and its degradation. Perineurium is still permeable nine weeks after injury. Metabolomic analyses show that especially precursors of Resolvin D1 as well as its receptor FPR2, are upregulated at the beginning of pain resolution. Application of resolvin
D1 loaded nanoparticles or agonists of FPR2 at the injury site before the onset of pain resolution accelerates the process and fibrinogen is no longer detectable in the endoneurium. Depending on the nerve damage, the blood nerve barrier is affected to varying degrees. Direct mechanical trauma and the accompanying inflammation lead to a more pronounced and long-lasting permeability - independent hyperalgesia. Possibly permeability, at least for small molecules, is important for prolonged reparative processes. In the nerve, permeability of capillaries in particular depends not only on tight junctions but also on other cells: in addition to macrophages, pericytes could also have a sealing effect. Endoneurial fibrinogen triggers pain; the exact mechanism remains to be investigated. Resolvin-containing nanoparticles were particularly effective and could be used locally as they contain endogenous substances in non- toxic particles.
Given the growing interest of corporate stakeholders in Metaverse applications, there is a need to understand accessibility of these technologies for marginalized populations such as people living with dementia to ensure inclusive design of Metaverse applications. We assessed the accessibility of extended reality technology for people living with mild cognitive impairment and dementia to develop accessibility guidelines for these technologies. We used four strategies to synthesize evidence for barriers and facilitators of accessibility: (1) Findings from a non-systematic literature review, (2) guidelines from well-researched technology, (3) exploration of selected mixed reality technologies, and (4) observations from four sessions and video data of people living with dementia using mixed reality technologies. We utilized template analysis to develop codes and themes towards accessibility guidelines. Future work can validate our preliminary findings by applying them on video recordings or testing them in experiments.
Evidence synthesis findings depend on the assumption that the included studies follow good clinical practice and results are not fabricated or false. Studies which are problematic due to scientific misconduct, poor research practice, or honest error may distort evidence synthesis findings. Authors of evidence synthesis need transparent mechanisms to identify and manage problematic studies to avoid misleading findings. As evidence synthesis authors of the Cochrane COVID-19 review on ivermectin, we identified many problematic studies in terms of research integrity and regulatory compliance. Through iterative discussion, we developed a research integrity assessment (RIA) tool for randomized controlled trials for the update of this Cochrane review. In this paper, we explain the rationale and application of the RIA tool in this case study. RIA assesses six study criteria: study retraction, prospective trial registration, adequate ethics approval, author group, plausibility of methods (e.g., randomization), and plausibility of study results. RIA was used in the Cochrane review as part of the eligibility check during screening of potentially eligible studies. Problematic studies were excluded and studies with open questions were held in awaiting classification until clarified. RIA decisions were made independently by two authors and reported transparently. Using the RIA tool resulted in the exclusion of >40% of studies in the first update of the review. RIA is a complementary tool prior to assessing “Risk of Bias” aiming to establish the integrity and authenticity of studies. RIA provides a platform for urgent development of a standard approach to identifying and managing problematic studies.
In 1747, an important milestone in the history of clinical research was set, as the Scottish surgeon James Lind conducted the first randomized controlled trial. Lind was interested in scurvy, a severe vitamin C deficiency which caused the death of thousands of British seamen. He found that a dietary intervention with oranges and lemons, which are rich in vitamin C by nature, was effective to recover from scurvy. Because of its antioxidative properties and involvement in many biochemical processes, the essential micronutrient vitamin C plays a key role in the human biology. Moreover, the use of vitamin C in critical illness—a condition also resulting in death of thousands in the 21st century—has gained increasing interest, as it may restore vascular responsiveness to vasoactive agents, ameliorate microcirculatory blood flow, preserve endothelial barriers, augment bacterial defense, and prevent apoptosis. Because of its redox potential and powerful antioxidant capacity, vitamin C represents an inexpensive and safe antioxidant, with the potential to modify the inflammatory cascade and improve clinical outcomes of critically ill patients. This narrative review aims to update and provide an overview on the role of vitamin C in the human biology and in critically ill patients, and to summarize current evidence on the use of vitamin C in diverse populations of critically ill patients, in specific focusing on patients with sepsis and coronavirus disease 2019.
Magnetic systems underlie the physics of quantum mechanics when reaching the limit of few or even single atoms. This behavior limits the minimum size of magnetic bits in data storage devices as spontaneous switching of the magnetization leads to the loss of information. On the other hand, exactly these quantum mechanic properties allow to use such systems in quantum computers. Proposals to realize qubits involve the spin states of single atoms as well as topologically protected Majorana zero modes, that emerge in coupled systems of magnetic atoms in proximity to a superconductor. In order to implement and control the proposed applications, a detailed understanding of atomic spins and their interaction with the environment is required.
In this thesis, two different systems of magnetic adatoms coupled to metallic and superconducting surfaces are studied by means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy: Co atoms on the clean Cu(111) were among the first systems exhibiting signatures of the Kondo effect in an individual atom. Yet, a recent theoretical work proposed an alternative interpretation of these early experimental results, involving a newly described many-body state. Spin-averaged and -polarized experiments in high magnetic fields presented in this thesis confirm effects beyond the Kondo effect that determine the physics in these Co atoms and suggest a potentially even richer phenomenology than proposed by theory.
The second studied system are single and coupled Fe atoms on the superconducting Nb(110) surface. Magnetic impurities on superconducting surfaces locally induce Yu-Shiba-Rusinov (YSR) states inside the superconducting gap due to their pair breaking potential. Coupled systems of such impurities exhibit YSR bands and, if the bands cross the Fermi level such that the band structure is inverted, host Majorana zero modes. Using the example of Fe atoms on Nb(110), the YSR states’ dependence on the adatom–substrate interaction as well as the interatomic YSR state coupling is investigated. In the presence of oxygen on the Nb surface, the adatom–substrate interaction is shown to be heavily modified and the YSR states are found to undergo a quantum phase transition, which can be directly linked to a modified Kondo screening.
STM tips functionalized with CO molecules allow to resolve self-assembled one-dimensional chains of Fe atoms on the clean Nb(110) surface to study the YSR states’ coupling. Mapping out the states’ wave functions reveals their symmetry, which is shown to alter as a function of the states’ energy and number of atoms in the chain. These experimental results are reproduced in a simple tight-binding model, demonstrating a straightforward possibility to describe also more complex YSR systems toward engineered, potentially topologically non-trivial states.
Inflammation and oxidative stress represent physiological response mechanisms to different types of stimuli and injury during critical illness. Its proper regulation is fundamental to cellular and organismal survival and are paramount to outcomes and recovery from critical illness. A proper maintenance of the delicate balance between inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune response is crucial for resolution from critical illness with important implications for patient outcome. The extent of inflammation and oxidative stress under normal conditions is limited by the antioxidant defense system of the human body, whereas the antioxidant capacity is commonly significantly compromised, and serum levels of micronutrients and vitamins significantly depleted in patients who are critically ill. Hence, the provision of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory nutrients may help to reduce the extent of oxidative stress and therefore improve clinical outcomes in patients who are critically ill. As existing evidence of the beneficial effects of antioxidant supplementation in patients who are critically ill is still unclear, actual findings about the most promising anti-inflammatory and antioxidative candidates selenium, vitamin C, zinc, and vitamin D will be discussed in this narrative review. The existing evidence provided so far demonstrates that several factors need to be considered to determine the efficacy of an antioxidant supplementation strategy in patients who are critically ill and indicates the need for adequately designed multicenter prospective randomized control trials to evaluate the clinical significance of different types and doses of micronutrients and vitamins in selected groups of patients with different types of critical illness.
One of the features that defines humans as extraordinarily social beings is their striking susceptibility to the gaze of others. The research reported in this dissertation was undertaken to advance our understanding of the role of gaze cues in low-level attentional and higher-order cognitive processes. In particular, effects of gaze were examined with regard to three aspects of human cognition: (1) social attention, (2) social interaction and (3) social understanding. Chapter 1 consists of three manuscripts that investigate the boundary conditions of attention capture by direct gaze and how gaze direction is integrated with facial context information. Manuscript 1 and 2 suggest two necessary requirements for attention capture by direct gaze: a meaningful holistic facial context and sharp foveal vision, respectively. Manuscript 3 shows approach/avoidance-congruency effects between gaze direction and emotion expression on attention. Chapter 2 of this dissertation explores the role of gaze in more naturalistic social scenarios. Manuscript 4 demonstrates that gaze behavior during a conversation shapes our perception of another person. Manuscript 5 builds on these findings by showing that these perceptions define our willingness to act in a prosocial way towards our interaction partner. Finally, chapter 3 adopts a broader perspective on social cognition research with a special focus on methodological aspects. Manuscript 6 is a review highlighting the significance of methodological aspects in social cognition research and stressing the importance of sophisticated decisions on task and stimulus materials. Manuscript 7 introduces a new instrument for the assessment of social understanding in adolescents. Initial application in a young sample group indicates that an understanding of another person’s mental states is a capacity that is still developing throughout adolescence. Both manuscripts of this final chapter include eye tracking data that suggest a relationship between gaze behavior and social understanding, a finding that further emphasizes the complex and multifaceted nature of social cognition. I conclude from the findings of this dissertation that research can benefit from adopting a broad view in terms of methodological as well as temporal aspects in order to capture human social cognition in its entirety.
Explaining the baryon asymmetry of the Universe has been a long-standing problem of particle physics, with the consensus being that new physics is required as the Standard Model (SM) cannot resolve this issue. Beyond the Standard Model (BSM) scenarios would need to incorporate new sources of \(CP\) violation and either introduce new departures from thermal equilibrium or modify the existing electroweak phase transition. In this thesis, we explore two approaches to baryogenesis, i.e. the generation of this asymmetry.
In the first approach, we study the two-particle irreducible (2PI) formalism as a means to investigate non-equilibrium phenomena. After arriving at the renormalised equations of motions (EOMs) to describe the dynamics of a phase transition, we discuss the techniques required to obtain the various counterterms in an on-shell scheme. To this end, we consider three truncations up to two-loop order of the 2PI effective action: the Hartree approximation, the scalar sunset approximation and the fermionic sunset approximation. We then reconsider the renormalisation procedure in an \(\overline{\text{MS}}\) scheme to evaluate the 2PI effective potential for the aforementioned truncations. In the Hartree and the scalar sunset approximations, we obtain analytic expressions for the various counterterms and subsequently calculate the effective potential by piecing together the finite contributions. For the fermionic sunset approximation, we obtain similar equations for the counterterms in terms of divergent parts of loop integrals. However, these integrals cannot be expressed in an analytic form, making it impossible to evaluate the 2PI effective potential with the fermionic contribution. Our main results are thus related to the renormalisation programme in the 2PI formalism: \( (i) \)the procedure to obtain the renormalised EOMs, now including fermions, which serve as the starting point for the transport equations for electroweak baryogenesis and \( (ii) \) the method to obtain the 2PI effective potential in a transparent manner.
In the second approach, we study baryogenesis via leptogenesis. Here, an asymmetry in the lepton sector is generated, which is then converted into the baryon asymmetry via the sphaleron process in the SM. We proceed to consider an extension of the SM along the lines of a scotogenic framework. The newly introduced particles are charged odd under a \(\mathbb{Z}_2\) symmetry, and masses for the SM neutrinos are generated radiatively. The \(\mathbb{Z}_2\) symmetry results in the lightest BSM particle being stable, allowing for a suitable dark matter (DM) candidate. Furthermore, the newly introduced heavy Majorana fermionic singlets provide the necessary sources of \(CP\) violation through their Yukawa interactions and their out-of-equilibrium decays produce a lepton asymmetry. This model is constrained from a wide range of observables, such as consistency with neutrino oscillation data, limits on branching ratios of charged lepton flavour violating decays, electroweak observables and obtaining the observed DM relic density. We study leptogenesis in this model in light of the results of a Markov chain Monte Carlo scan, implemented in consideration of the aforementioned constraints. Successful leptogenesis in this model, to account for the baryon asymmetry, then severely constrains the available parameter space.
Anxiety is characterized by anxious anticipation and heightened vigilance to uncertain threat. However, if threat is not reliably indicated by a specific cue, the context in which threat was previously experienced becomes its best predictor, leading to anxiety. A suitable means to induce anxiety experimentally is context conditioning: In one context (CTX+), an unpredictable aversive stimulus (US) is repeatedly presented, in contrast to a second context (CTX−), in which no US is ever presented. In this EEG study, we investigated attentional mechanisms during acquisition and extinction learning in 38 participants, who underwent a context conditioning protocol. Flickering video stimuli (32 s clips depicting virtual offices representing CTX+/−) were used to evoke steady‐state visual evoked potentials (ssVEPs) as an index of visuocortical engagement with the contexts. Analyses of the electrocortical responses suggest a successful induction of the ssVEP signal by video presentation in flicker mode. Furthermore, we found clear indices of context conditioning and extinction learning on a subjective level, while cortical processing of the CTX+ was unexpectedly reduced during video presentation. The differences between CTX+ and CTX− diminished during extinction learning. Together, these results indicate that the dynamic sensory input of the video presentation leads to disruptions in the ssVEP signal, which is greater for motivationally significant, threatening contexts.
The effect of inherently threatening contexts on visuocortical engagement to conditioned threat
(2023)
Fear and anxiety are crucial for adaptive responding in life‐threatening situations. Whereas fear is a phasic response to an acute threat accompanied by selective attention, anxiety is characterized by a sustained feeling of apprehension and hypervigilance during situations of potential threat. In the current literature, fear and anxiety are usually considered mutually exclusive, with partially separated neural underpinnings. However, there is accumulating evidence that challenges this distinction between fear and anxiety, and simultaneous activation of fear and anxiety networks has been reported. Therefore, the current study experimentally tested potential interactions between fear and anxiety. Fifty‐two healthy participants completed a differential fear conditioning paradigm followed by a test phase in which the conditioned stimuli were presented in front of threatening or neutral contextual images. To capture defense system activation, we recorded subjective (threat, US‐expectancy), physiological (skin conductance, heart rate) and visuocortical (steady‐state visual evoked potentials) responses to the conditioned stimuli as a function of contextual threat. Results demonstrated successful fear conditioning in all measures. In addition, threat and US‐expectancy ratings, cardiac deceleration, and visuocortical activity were enhanced for fear cues presented in threatening compared with neutral contexts. These results are in line with an additive or interactive rather than an exclusive model of fear and anxiety, indicating facilitated defensive behavior to imminent danger in situations of potential threat.
When trying to conceal one's knowledge, various ocular changes occur. However, which cognitive mechanisms drive these changes? Do orienting or inhibition—two processes previously associated with autonomic changes—play a role? To answer this question, we used a Concealed Information Test (CIT) in which participants were either motivated to conceal (orienting + inhibition) or reveal (orienting only) their knowledge. While pupil size increased in both motivational conditions, the fixation and blink CIT effects were confined to the conceal condition. These results were mirrored in autonomic changes, with skin conductance increasing in both conditions while heart rate decreased solely under motivation to conceal. Thus, different cognitive mechanisms seem to drive ocular responses. Pupil size appears to be linked to the orienting of attention (akin to skin conductance changes), while fixations and blinks rather seem to reflect arousal inhibition (comparable to heart rate changes). This knowledge strengthens CIT theory and illuminates the relationship between ocular and autonomic activity.
Salt stress is a major abiotic stress, responsible for declining agricultural productivity. Roots are regarded as hubs for salt detoxification, however, leaf salt concentrations may exceed those of roots. How mature leaves manage acute sodium chloride (NaCl) stress is mostly unknown.
To analyze the mechanisms for NaCl redistribution in leaves, salt was infiltrated into intact tobacco leaves. It initiated pronounced osmotically‐driven leaf movements. Leaf downward movement caused by hydro‐passive turgor loss reached a maximum within 2 h.
Salt‐driven cellular water release was accompanied by a transient change in membrane depolarization but not an increase in cytosolic calcium ion (Ca\(^{2+}\)) level. Nonetheless, only half an hour later, the leaves had completely regained turgor. This recovery phase was characterized by an increase in mesophyll cell plasma membrane hydrogen ion (H\(^{+}\)) pumping, a salt uptake‐dependent cytosolic alkalization, and a return of the apoplast osmolality to pre‐stress levels. Although, transcript numbers of abscisic acid‐ and Salt Overly Sensitive pathway elements remained unchanged, salt adaptation depended on the vacuolar H\(^{+}\)/Na\(^{+}\)‐exchanger NHX1.
Altogether, tobacco leaves can detoxify sodium ions (Na\(^{+}\)) rapidly even under massive salt loads, based on pre‐established posttranslational settings and NHX1 cation/H+ antiport activity. Unlike roots, signaling and processing of salt stress in tobacco leaves does not depend on Ca\(^{2+}\) signaling.
The phylogeny of Euglenophyceae (Euglenozoa, Euglenida) has been discussed for decades with new genera being described in the last few years. In this study, we reconstruct a phylogeny using 18S rDNA sequence and structural data simultaneously. Using homology modeling, individual secondary structures were predicted. Sequence–structure data are encoded and automatically aligned. Here, we present a sequence–structure neighbor‐joining tree of more than 300 taxa classified as Euglenophyceae. Profile neighbor‐joining was used to resolve the basal branching pattern. Neighbor‐joining, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood analyses were performed using sequence–structure information for manually chosen subsets. All analyses supported the monophyly of Eutreptiella, Discoplastis, Lepocinclis, Strombomonas, Cryptoglena, Monomorphina, Euglenaria, and Colacium. Well‐supported topologies were generally consistent with previous studies using a combined dataset of genetic markers. Our study supports the simultaneous use of sequence and structural data to reconstruct more accurate and robust trees. The average bootstrap value is significantly higher than the average bootstrap value obtained from sequence‐only analyses, which is promising for resolving relationships between more closely related taxa.
Although most protective behaviors related to the COVID‐19 pandemic come with personal costs, they will produce the largest benefit if everybody cooperates. This study explores two interacting factors that drive cooperation in this tension between private and collective interests. A preregistered experiment (N = 299) examined (a) how the quality of the relation among interacting partners (social proximity), and (b) how focusing on the risk of self‐infection versus onward transmission affected intentions to engage in protective behaviors. The results suggested that risk focus was an important moderator of the relation between social proximity and protection intentions. Specifically, participants were more willing to accept the risk of self‐infection from close others than from strangers, resulting in less caution toward a friend than toward a distant other. However, when onward transmission was the primary concern, participants were more reluctant to effect transmission to close others, resulting in more caution toward friends than strangers. These findings inform the debate about effective nonclinical measures against the pandemic. Practical implications for risk communication are discussed.
How do people estimate the income that is needed to be rich? Two correlative survey studies (Study 1 and 2, N = 568) and one registered experimental study (Study 3, N = 500) examined the cognitive mechanisms that are used to derive an answer to this question. We tested whether individuals use their personal income (PI) as a self‐generated anchor to derive an estimate of the income needed to be rich (= income wealth threshold estimation, IWTE). On a bivariate level, we found the expected positive relationship between one's PI and IWTE and, in line with previous findings, we found that people do not consider themselves rich. Furthermore, we predicted that individuals additionally use information about their social status within their social circles to make an IWTE. The findings from study 2 support this notion and show that only self‐reported high‐income individuals show different IWTEs depending on relative social status: Individuals in this group who self‐reported a high status produced higher IWTEs than individuals who self‐reported low status. The registered experimental study could not replicate this pattern robustly, although the results trended non‐significantly in the same direction. Together, the findings revealed that the income of individuals as well as the social environment are used as sources of information to make IWTE judgements, although they are likely not the only important predictors.
Earlier flowering of winter oilseed rape compensates for higher pest pressure in warmer climates
(2023)
Global warming can increase insect pest pressure by enhancing reproductive rates. Whether this translates into yield losses depends on phenological synchronisation of pests with their host plants and natural enemies. Simultaneously, landscape composition may mitigate climate effects by shaping the resource availability for pests and their antagonists. Here, we study the combined effects of temperature and landscape composition on pest abundances, larval parasitism, crop damage and yield, while also considering crop phenology, to identify strategies for sustainable management of oilseed rape (OSR) pests under warming climates.
In all, 29 winter OSR crop fields were investigated in different climates (defined by multi‐annual mean temperature, MAT) and landscape contexts in Bavaria, Germany. We measured abundances of adult pollen beetles and stem weevil larvae, pollen beetle larval parasitism, bud loss, stem damage and seed yield, and calculated the flowering date from growth stage observations. Landscape parameters (proportion of non‐crop and OSR area, change in OSR area relative to the previous year) were calculated at six spatial scales (0.6–5 km).
Pollen beetle abundance increased with MAT but to different degrees depending on the landscape context, that is, increased less strongly when OSR proportions were high (1‐km scale), interannually constant (5‐km scale) or both. In contrast, stem weevil abundance and stem damage did not respond to landscape composition nor MAT. Pollen beetle larval parasitism was overall low, but occasionally exceeded 30% under both low and high MAT and with reduced OSR area (0.6‐km scale).
Despite high pollen beetle abundance in warm climates, yields were high when OSR flowered early. Thereby, higher temperatures favoured early flowering. Only among late‐flowering OSR crop fields yield was higher in cooler than warmer climates. Bud loss responded analogously. Landscape composition did not substantially affect bud loss and yield.
Synthesis and applications: Earlier flowering of winter OSR compensates for higher pollen beetle abundance in warmer climates, while interannual continuity of OSR area prevents high pollen beetle abundance in the first place. Thus, regional coordination of crop rotation and crop management promoting early flowering may contribute to sustainable pest management in OSR under current and future climatic conditions.
A series of novel imide‐functionalized C\(_{64}\) nanographenes is investigated as acceptor components in organic solar cells (OSCs) in combination with donor polymer PM6. These electron‐poor molecules either prevail as a monomer or self‐assemble into dimers in the OSC active layer depending on the chosen imide substituents. This allows for the controlled stacking of electron‐poor and electron‐rich π–scaffolds to establish a novel class of non‐fullerene acceptor materials to tailor the bulk‐heterojunction morphology of the OSCs. The best performance is observed for derivatives that are able to self‐assemble into dimers, reaching power conversion efficiencies of up to 7.1%.
To evaluate an iterative learning approach for enhanced performance of robust artificial‐neural‐networks for k‐space interpolation (RAKI), when only a limited amount of training data (auto‐calibration signals [ACS]) are available for accelerated standard 2D imaging.
Methods
In a first step, the RAKI model was tailored for the case of limited training data amount. In the iterative learning approach (termed iterative RAKI [iRAKI]), the tailored RAKI model is initially trained using original and augmented ACS obtained from a linear parallel imaging reconstruction. Subsequently, the RAKI convolution filters are refined iteratively using original and augmented ACS extracted from the previous RAKI reconstruction. Evaluation was carried out on 200 retrospectively undersampled in vivo datasets from the fastMRI neuro database with different contrast settings.
Results
For limited training data (18 and 22 ACS lines for R = 4 and R = 5, respectively), iRAKI outperforms standard RAKI by reducing residual artifacts and yields better noise suppression when compared to standard parallel imaging, underlined by quantitative reconstruction quality metrics. Additionally, iRAKI shows better performance than both GRAPPA and standard RAKI in case of pre‐scan calibration with varying contrast between training‐ and undersampled data.
Conclusion
RAKI benefits from the iterative learning approach, which preserves the noise suppression feature, but requires less original training data for the accurate reconstruction of standard 2D images thereby improving net acceleration.
Wind energy is a key option in global dialogues about climate change mitigation. Here, we combined observations from surface wind stations, reanalysis datasets, and state‐of‐the‐art regional climate models from the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX Africa) to study the current and future wind energy potential in Zambia. We found that winds are dominated by southeasterlies and are rarely strong with an average speed of 2.8 m·s\(^{−1}\). When we converted the observed surface wind speed to a turbine hub height of 100 m, we found a ~38% increase in mean wind speed for the period 1981–2000. Further, both simulated and observed wind speed data show statistically significant increments across much of the country. The only areas that divert from this upward trend of wind speeds are the low land terrains of the Eastern Province bordering Malawi. Examining projections of wind power density (WPD), we found that although wind speed is increasing, it is still generally too weak to support large‐scale wind power generation. We found a meagre projected annual average WPD of 46.6 W·m\(^{−2}\). The highest WPDs of ~80 W·m\(^{−2}\) are projected in the northern and central parts of the country while the lowest are to be expected along the Luangwa valley in agreement with wind speed simulations. On average, Zambia is expected to experience minor WPD increments of 0.004 W·m\(^{−2}\) per year from 2031 to 2050. We conclude that small‐scale wind turbines that accommodate cut‐in wind speeds of 3.8 m·s\(^{−1}\) are the most suitable for power generation in Zambia. Further, given the limitations of small wind turbines, they are best suited for rural and suburban areas of the country where obstructions are few, thus making them ideal for complementing the government of the Republic of Zambia's rural electrification efforts.
Atmospheric circulation is a key driver of climate variability, and the representation of atmospheric circulation modes in regional climate models (RCMs) can enhance the credibility of regional climate projections. This study examines the representation of large‐scale atmospheric circulation modes in Coupled Model Inter‐comparison Project phase 5 RCMs once driven by ERA‐Interim, and by two general circulation models (GCMs). The study region is Western Europe and the circulation modes are classified using the Promax rotated T‐mode principal component analysis. The results indicate that the RCMs can replicate the classified atmospheric modes as obtained from ERA5 reanalysis, though with biases dependent on the data providing the lateral boundary condition and the choice of RCM. When the boundary condition is provided by ERA‐Interim that is more consistent with observations, the simulated map types and the associating time series match well with their counterparts from ERA5. Further, on average, the multi‐model ensemble mean of the analysed RCMs, driven by ERA‐Interim, indicated a slight improvement in the representation of the modes obtained from ERA5. Conversely, when the RCMs are driven by the GCMs that are models without assimilation of observational data, the representation of the atmospheric modes, as obtained from ERA5, is relatively less accurate compared to when the RCMs are driven by ERA‐Interim. This suggests that the biases stem from the GCMs. On average, the representation of the modes was not improved in the multi‐model ensemble mean of the five analysed RCMs driven by either of the GCMs. However, when the best‐performed RCMs were selected on average the ensemble mean indicated a slight improvement. Moreover, the presence of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in the simulated modes depends also on the lateral boundary conditions. The relationship between the modes and the NAO was replicated only when the RCMs were driven by reanalysis. The results indicate that the forcing model is the main factor in reproducing the atmospheric circulation.
The development of ligands capable of effectively stabilizing highly reactive main‐group species has led to the experimental realization of a variety of systems with fascinating properties. In this work, we computationally investigate the electronic, structural, energetic, and bonding features of proximity‐enforced group 13–15 homodimers stabilized by a rigid expanded pincer ligand based on the 1,8‐naphthyridine (napy) core. We show that the redox‐active naphthyridine diimine (NDI) ligand enables a wide variety of structural motifs and element‐element interaction modes, the latter ranging from isolated, element‐centered lone pairs (e.g., E = Si, Ge) to cases where through‐space π bonds (E = Pb), element‐element multiple bonds (E = P, As) and biradical ground states (E = N) are observed. Our results hint at the feasibility of NDI‐E2 species as viable synthetic targets, highlighting the versatility and potential applications of napy‐based ligands in main‐group chemistry.
Influence of Carbon Additives on the Electrochemical Performance of Modern Lead-Acid Batteries
(2023)
In the first part of this thesis, a validation of both short-term and long-term DCA tests on 2 V laboratory cells is focussed. The aim is to improve the laboratory cell level measurement technology for dynamic charge acceptance regarding the investigation of carbon additives. To address this issue, it is crucial to apply carbon additives generating a remarkable difference in charge acceptance. For this purpose, five different carbon additives providing a variation in the specific external surface were included as additives in the negative plates of 2 V lead-acid cells. Both short-term (charge acceptance test 2 from SBA and DCA from EN) and long-term (Run-in DCA from Ford) DCA tests were executed on the lead-acid cells. Further understanding of the mechanism was studied by applying electrochemical methods like cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
The second part of this thesis aims to understand the impact of carbon surface functional groups on the electrochemical activity of the negative electrodes as well as the DCA of 2 V lead-acid cells. In order to address this topic, commercially available activated carbon was modified by different chemical treatments to incorporate specific surface functional groups in the carbon structure. A series of activated carbons having a broad range of pH was prepared, which were used as additives in the negative electrodes. The corresponding lead-acid cells were subjected to cyclic voltammetry and DCA test according to EN. Further, the physical and chemical properties of the functionalized carbon additives were intensively analyzed to establish a structure-property relationship with a focus on DCA.
A plethora of novel material concepts are currently being investigated in the condensed matter research community. Some of them hold promise to shape our everyday world in a way that silicon-based semiconductor materials and the related development of semiconductor devices have done in the past. In this regard, the last decades have witnessed an explosion of studies concerned with so called ‘’quantum materials’’ with emerging novel functionalities. These could eventually lead to new generations of electronic and/or spintronic devices. One particular material class, the so called topological materials, play a central role. As far as their technological applicability is concerned, however, they are still facing outstanding challenges to date.
Predicted for the first time in 2005 and experimentally verified in 2007, two-dimensional topological insulators (2D TIs) (a.k.a. quantum spin Hall insulators) exhibit the outstanding property of hosting spin-polarized metallic states along the boundaries of the insulating 2D bulk material, which are protected from elastic single-particle backscattering and give rise to the quantum spin Hall effect (QSHE). Owing to these peculiar properties the QSHE holds promise for dissipationless charge and/or spin transport. However, also in today’s best 2D TIs the observation of the QSHE is still limited to cryogenic temperatures of maximum 100 K. Here, the discovery of bismuthene on SiC(0001) has marked a milestone towards a possible realization of the QSHE at or beyond room-temperature owing to the massively increased electronic bulk energy gap on the order of 1 eV. This thesis is devoted to and motivated by the goal of advancing its synthesis and to build a deeper understanding of its one-particle and two-particle electronic properties that goes beyond prior work.
Regarding the aspect of material synthesis, an improved growth procedure for bismuthene is elaborated that increases the domain size of the material considerably (by a factor of ≈ 3.2 - 6.5 compared to prior work). The improved film quality is an important step towards any future device application of bismuthene, but also facilitates all further basic studies of this material.
Moreover, the deposition of magnetic transition metals (Mn and Co) on bismuthene is investigated. Thereby, the formation of ordered magnetic Bi-Mn/Co alloys is realized, their structure is resolved with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and their pristine electronic properties are resolved with scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) and photoemission spectroscopy (PES). It is proposed that these ordered magnetic Bi-Mn/Co-alloys offer the potential to study the interplay between magnetism and topology in bismuthene in the future.
In this thesis, a wide variety of spectroscopic techniques are employed that aim to build an understanding of the single-particle, as well as two-particle level of description of bismuthene's electronic structure. The techniques involve STS and angle-resolved PES (ARPES) on the one hand, but also optical spectroscopy and time-resolved ARPES (trARPES), on the other hand. Moreover, these experiments are accompanied by advanced numerical modelling in form of GW and Bethe-Salpeter equation calculations provided by our theoretical colleagues. Notably, by merging many experimental and theoretical techniques, this work sets a benchmark for electronic structure investigations of 2D materials in general.
Based on the STS studies, electronic quasi-particle interferences in quasi-1D line defects in bismuthene that are reminiscent of Fabry-Pérot states are discovered. It is shown that they point to a hybridization of two pairs of helical boundary modes across the line defect, which is accompanied by a (partial) lifting of their topological protection against elastic single-particle backscattering.
Optical spectroscopy is used to reveal bismuthene's two-particle elecronic structure. Despite its monolayer thickness, a strong optical (two-particle) response due to enhanced electron-hole Coulomb interactions is observed. The presented combined experimental and theoretical approach (including GW and Bethe-Salpeter equation calculations) allows to conclude that two prominent optical transitions can be associated with excitonic transitions derived from the Rashba-split valence bands of bismuthene. On a broader scope this discovery might promote further experiments to elucidate links of excitonic and topological physics.
Finally, the excited conduction band states of bismuthene are mapped in energy and momentum space employing trARPES on bismuthene for the first time. The direct and indirect band gaps are succesfully extracted and the effect of excited charge carrier induced gap-renormalization is observed. In addition, an exceptionally fast excited charge carrier relaxation is identified which is explained by the presence of a quasi-metallic density of states from coupled topological boundary states of domain boundaries.
Cellular growth and proliferation are among the most important processes for cells and
organisms. One of the major determinants of these processes is the amount of proteins
and consequently also the amount of ribosomes. Their synthesis involves several hundred
proteins and four different ribosomal RNA species, is highly coordinated and very
energy-demanding. However, the molecular mechanims of transcriptional regulation of
the protein-coding genes involved, is only poorly understood in mammals.
In this thesis, unbiased genome-wide knockout reporter screens were performed, aiming
to identify previously unknown transcriptional regulators of ribosome biogenesis
factors (RiBis), which are important for the assembly and maturation of ribosomes,
and ribosomal proteins (RPs), which are ribosomal components themself. With that
approach and follow-up (validation) experiments, ALDOA and RBM8A among others,
could be identified as regulators of ribosome biogenesis.
Depletion of the glycolytic enzyme ALDOA led to a downregulation of RiBi- and RPpromoter
driven reporters on protein and transcript level, as well as to a downregulation
of ribosome biogenesis gene transcripts and of mRNAs of other genes important for
proliferation.
Reducing the amount of the exon junction complex protein RBM8A, led to a more prominent
downregulation of one of the fluorescent reporters, but this regulation was independent
of the promoter driving the expression of the reporter. However, acute protein
depletion experiments in combination with nascent RNA sequencing (4sU-Seq)
revealed, that mainly cytosolic ribosomal proteins (CRPs) were downregulated upon
acute RBM8A withdrawal. ChIP experiments showed RBM8A binding to promoters of
RP genes, but also to other chromatin regions. Total POL II or elongating and initiating
POL II levels were not altered upon acute RBM8A depletion.
These data provide a starting point for further research on the mechanisms of transcriptional
regulation of RP and RiBi genes in mammals.
Despite sometimes strong codependencies of insect herbivores and plants, the responses of individual taxa to accelerating climate change are typically studied in isolation. For this reason, biotic interactions that potentially limit species in tracking their preferred climatic niches are ignored. Here, we chose butterflies as a prominent representative of herbivorous insects to investigate the impacts of temperature changes and their larval host plant distributions along a 1.4‐km elevational gradient in the German Alps. Following a sampling protocol of 2009, we revisited 33 grassland plots in 2019 over an entire growing season. We quantified changes in butterfly abundance and richness by repeated transect walks on each plot and disentangled the direct and indirect effects of locally assessed temperature, site management, and larval and adult food resource availability on these patterns. Additionally, we determined elevational range shifts of butterflies and host plants at both the community and species level. Comparing the two sampled years (2009 and 2019), we found a severe decline in butterfly abundance and a clear upward shift of butterflies along the elevational gradient. We detected shifts in the peak of species richness, community composition, and at the species level, whereby mountainous species shifted particularly strongly. In contrast, host plants showed barely any change, neither in connection with species richness nor individual species shifts. Further, temperature and host plant richness were the main drivers of butterfly richness, with change in temperature best explaining the change in richness over time. We concluded that host plants were not yet hindering butterfly species and communities from shifting upwards. However, the mismatch between butterfly and host plant shifts might become a problem for this very close plant–herbivore relationship, especially toward higher elevations, if butterflies fail to adapt to new host plants. Further, our results support the value of conserving traditional extensive pasture use as a promoter of host plant and, hence, butterfly richness.
This work in the field of digital literary stylistics and computational literary studies is concerned with theoretical concerns of literary genre, with the design of a corpus of nineteenth-century Spanish-American novels, and with its empirical analysis in terms of subgenres of the novel. The digital text corpus consists of 256 Argentine, Cuban, and Mexican novels from the period between 1830 and 1910. It has been created with the goal to analyze thematic subgenres and literary currents that were represented in numerous novels in the nineteenth century by means of computational text categorization methods. The texts have been gathered from different sources, encoded in the standard of the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI), and enriched with detailed bibliographic and subgenre-related metadata, as well as with structural information.
To categorize the texts, statistical classification and a family resemblance analysis relying on network analysis are used with the aim to examine how the subgenres, which are understood as communicative, conventional phenomena, can be captured on the stylistic, textual level of the novels that participate in them. The result is that both thematic subgenres and literary currents are textually coherent to degrees of 70–90 %, depending on the individual subgenre constellation, meaning that the communicatively established subgenre classifications can be accurately captured to this extent in terms of textually defined classes.
Besides the empirical focus, the dissertation also aims to relate literary theoretical genre concepts to the ones used in digital genre stylistics and computational literary studies as subfields of digital humanities. It is argued that literary text types, conventional literary genres, and textual literary genres should be distinguished on a theoretical level to improve the conceptualization of genre for digital text analysis.