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F 1 C fimbriae allow uropathogenic Escherichia coli to adhere to specific epithelial surfaces. This adhesive property is probably due to the presence of minor fimbrial components in F1C fimbriae. The foe gene cluster encoding F1C fimbriae has been cloned, as described previously. Here we present the nucleotide sequence (2081 bp) coding for the F 1 C minor fimbria I subunits. The structural genes code for polypeptides of 175 (FocF), 166 (FocG), and 300 (FocH) amino acids. The deduced amino acids of the F 1 C minor subunits were compared with the reported sequences of the minor subunits of other types of fimbriae. The data show that the Foc minor subunits are highly homologous to the corresponding Sfa proteins, whereas homology to the minor subunits of type 1 and P fimbriae is much lower.
Die MHK-Werte von Desacetylcefotaxim gegen verschiedene, z. T. ampicillinresistente Stämme von Escherichia coH, die mit Hilfe einer Agardilutionsmethode erhoben wurden, waren höher als die von Cefotaxim und Ceftriaxon, jedoch niedriger als die von Cefoxitin. In einem Modell der systemischen Infektion der Maus mit einem plasmidtragenden, betalactamaseproduzierenden Stamm von E. coli führte die Therapie mit Desacetylcefotaxim zu einer starken Reduktion der Keime pro Leber. Im Vergleich zur Therapie mit Cefotaxim trat die protektive Wirkung aber verlangsamt ein. Desacetylcefotaxim ist also kein unnützes Abbauprodukt von Cefotaxim.
The \(\alpha\)-Sialyl-\(\beta\) 2-3-Galactosyl-specific adhesin (S adhesin) was isolated from cells of a recombinant Escherichia coli K-12 strain expressing the S-flmbrial adhesin complex. A crude cell extract was partiaUy dissociated into fimbriae and an adhesin-enriched fraction by heating to 7O°C. From the latter, adhesin was purified to apparent homogeneity (by fast protein liquid chromatography, immunoblot, and NaDodSO\(_4\)/PAGE) by differential ammonium sulfate precipitation, dissociation in 8 M guanidine hydrochloride, and high-resolution anion-exchange chromatography in 8 M urea. The purified adhesin formed an aggregate of M\(_r\)\(\approx\)10\(^6\) that was made up of one type of 12-kDa polypeptide (fimbrillin is 16.5 kDa). It had pI value of 4.7 (fimbriae has a pI value of 6). Adhesin and fimbrillin had different amino add compositions. The purified adhesins agglutinated human and bovine erythrocytes with the same speclfkity as the whole bacteria; purified fimbriae were not adhesive. Monoclonal anti-adhesin and anti-fimbriae antibodies were obtained. Monoclonal antiadhesin, but none of the anti-fimbriae, antibodies inhibited the agglutination of erythrocytes. The anti-adhesive antibodies were used in immuno-gold electron microscopy to localize adhesin exclusively on the fimbriae, with a possible preference to their tips.
Results of molecular and pathogenic studies of three different bacterial hemolysins (cytolysins) are presented. These exoproteins derive from the two gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophila and from the gram-positive pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. The hemolysin of E. coli is determined by an 8-kilobase (kb) region that includes four clustered genes (hlyC, hlyA, hlyB, and hlyD). This hemolysin determinant is part either of large transmissible plasmids or of the chromosome. The genes located chromosomally are found predominantly in E. coli strains that can cause pyelonephritis and/or other extraintestinal infections. A detailed analysis of the chromosomal hly determinants of one nephropathogenic E. coli strain revealed the existence of specific, large chromosomal insertions 75 kb and lOO kb in size that carry the hly genes but that also influence the expression of other virulence properties, i.e., adhesion and serum resistance. The direct involvement of E. coli hemolysin in virulence could be demonstrated in several model systems. The genetic determinants for hemolysin (cytolysin) formation in , A. hydrophila (aerolysin) and L. monocytogenes (listeriolysin) are less complex. Both cytolysins seem to be encoded by single genes, although two loci (aerB and aerC) that affect the expression and activity of aerolysin have been identified distal and proximal to the structural gene for aerolysin (aerA). Cytolysin-negative mutants of both bacteria were obtained by site-specific deletion and/or transposon mutagenesis. These mutants show a drastic reduction in the virulence of the respective bacteria.
A new mouse model for systemic infection with Escherichia coli is presented. Whereas in other models 107_108 bacteria have to be injected into an animal to induce toxic effects resulting in death within 24 hours, now, only 103_104 bacteria of an appropriate strain are required to produce a genuine infection characterized by an increase in the bacterial load over several days. The quantitative determination of bacterial counts per liver allows a more sensitive measurement than recording death rates. Furthermore, few animals are required for a definite result in contrast to the LDso determination of other models. The salient point regarding this new model is that conditioning of animals has to be achieved by incorporating the inoculum into agar which is injected subcutaneously. The resulting infection is completely dependent on the E. colicondistrain used. Whereas a hemolytic, uropathogenic strain is so virulent that an overwhelming infection develops within 48 hours after the injection of 103 bacterial cells, a non-hemolytic variant of this strain is completely avirulent, being unable to multiply in spite of the potentiating agar. The hemolytic E. coli strain ATCC 25922 is intermediate in virulence. The bacterial counts per liver increase steadily until death occurs five to seven days after the injection of 104 bacteria. This bacterial infection can be therapeutically influenced by daily treatment with various drugs. Ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and co-trimoxazole are able to cure the infection, whereas amoxicillin given orally is only moderately active against this ATCC strain, which is relatively resistant to amoxicillin.
Like all other Salmonella typhimurium strains examined, the smooth variants SF1397 (L T2) and 1366 and also their semi-rough and rough derivatives are non-haemolytic. Nevertheless, two haemolysin (Hly) plasmids of E. coli belonging to the inc groups incFllI,lv (pSU316) and incIz (pHly152) were able to be introduced into these strains by conjugation and stably maintained. A considerable percentage of the Hly+ transconjugants obtained had lost parts of their O-side chains, a result of selection for the better recipient capability of « semi-rough» variants rather than the direct influence of the Hly+ plasmids themselves. In contrast to the incF1lI1V plasmid pSU316, which exhibited higher conjugation rates with rough recipients, the incIz plasmid pHly152 was accepted best by smooth strains. Transformation with cloned E. coli haemolysin (hly) determinant was inefficient ( <10-8) for smooth strains, but 102-103 times higher for rough recipients, and was increased by the use of Salmonella-modified DNA. The transform ants and transconjugants were relatively stable and showed the same haemolytic activity as the E. coli donor strains. The virulence of the Hly+ smooth, semi-rough and rough S. typhimurium strains was tested in two mouse models, and neither the mortality rate nor the ability to multiply within the mouse spleen was influenced by the hly determinants.
The approach of using the combination of Ultraviolet (UPS) and Inverse Photoemission (IPS) to determine the transport levels in thin films of organic semiconductors is the scope of this work. For this matter all influences on the peak position and width in Photoelectron Spectroscopy are discussed with a special focus on organic semiconductors. Many of these influences are shown with experimental results of the investigation of diindenoperylene on Ag(111). These findings are applied to inorganic semiconductors silicon in order to establish the use of UPS and IPS on a well-understood system. Finally, the method is used to determine the transport level of several organic semiconductors (PTCDA, Alq3, CuPc, DIP, PBI-H4) and the corresponding exciton binding energies are calculated by comparison to optical absorption data.
Gewaltakte - Disziplinarapparate : Geschlecht und Gewalt in mittel- und frühneuhochdeutschen Mären
(2008)
Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 6 1.1 Einführung in den Forschungsgegenstand und das Forschungsinteresse der Untersuchung 6 1.2 Theoretische Prämissen 15 1.2.1 Überlegungen zur Problematik des Konstruktbegriffes 16 1.2.2 Zur Konstituierung der Konstrukte ‚Geschlecht’ und ‚Gewalt’ 23 1.2.2.1 Semantik der neuhochdeutschen Begriffe ‚Gewalt’ und ‚Geschlecht’ 23 1.2.2.1.1 ‚Gewalt’ 24 1.2.2.1.2 ‚Geschlecht’ 27 1.2.2.2 Judith Butlers Modell der citationality des ‚Geschlechts’ 30 1.3 Mittelalterliche Geschlechtsnormen in außerliterarischen Kontexten 37 1.4 Textauswahl und Untersuchungsverlauf 41 2 Prototheorie des Märes: Geschlecht und Gewalt in den Ehestandsmären des Strickers 43 2.1 Der Gevatterin Rat 47 2.2 Der begrabene Ehemann 58 2.3 Die eingemauerte Frau 70 2.4 Ehescheidungsgespräch 86 3 Strickers Erben? Geschlecht und Gewalt in ausgewählten Mären des 14. und 15. Jahrhunderts 91 3.1 Gewaltakte 92 3.1.1 Nur über ihre Leiche: Die undankbare Wiedererweckte 92 3.1.2 Erstarrte Männlichkeit im Bildschnitzer von Würzburg II 99 3.1.3 Making Sex: Gold und Zers I 107 3.1.4 Hans Rosenplüts abwaschbare Tinte 114 3.2 Disziplinarapparate 120 3.2.1 Sibotes Frauenzucht. Was Disziplinarapparate leisten können ... 122 3.2.2 ... und wie sie außer Kraft gesetzt werden – Philippas abenteurig, kurzweilig red im Enttäuschten Liebhaber des Johannes Werner von Zimmern 134 3.2.3 Vorsicht, bissig! Virgils Zauberbild als weiblicher Disziplinarapparat 144 3.2.4 Entblößen, Einwickeln, Bemänteln – Disziplinarapparate in den Mären Heinrich Kaufringers 148 3.2.4.1 Bürgermeister und Königssohn: Entblößen und Einschließen 148 3.2.4.2 Chorherr und Schusterin: Zudecken und Bemänteln 154 3.2.4.3 Der Schlafpelz: Die Kunst des Einwickelns 160 3.2.4.4 Die zurückgelassene Hose – Wie Heinrich Kaufringer Hosen Beine macht 163 4 Zusammenfassung 167 Literaturverzeichnis 183 1 Abkürzungen 183 2 Primärliteratur 183 2.1 Literatur des Mittelalters 183 2.1.1 Sammelausgaben 183 2.1.2 Einzeltextverzeichnis 184 2.2 Literatur der Neuzeit 185 3 Nachschlagewerke und Wörterbücher 186 4 Forschungsliteratur 186
The 06 serogroup Escherichia coli strain 536 carries two hemolysin (hly) determinants integrated into the chromosome. The two hly determinants are not completely identical, either functionally or structurally, as demonstrated by spontaneous deletion mutants carrying only one of them and by cloning each of the two determinants separately into cosmid vectors. Each hly determinant is independently deleted at a frequency of 10-4 , leading to variants which exhibit similar levels of internal hemolysin but different amounts of secreted hemolysin. The two hly determinants were also identified in the 04 E. coli strain 519. The three E. coli strains 251, 764, and 768, which belong to the serogroup 018, and the 04 strain 367 harbor a single chromosomal hly determinant, as demonstrated by hybridization with hly-gene-specific probes. However, a hybridization probe derived from a sequence adjacent to the hlyC-proximal end of the plasmid pHlyl52-encoded hly determinant hybridizes with several additional chromosomal bands in hemolytic 018 and 06 E. coli strains and even in E. coli K-12. The size ofthe probe causing the multiple hybridization suggests a 1,500- to 1,800-base pair sequence directly flanking hlyC. Spontaneous hemolysin-negative mutants were isolated from strains 764 and 768, which had lost the entire hly determinant but retained all copies of the hlyC-associated sequence. This sequence is not identical to a previously identified (J. Hacker, S. Knapp, and W. Goebel, J. Bacteriol. 154:1145-1154, 1983) somewhat smaller (about 850 base pairs) sequence flanking the other (hlyBb-proximal) end of the plasmid pHlyl52-encoded hly determinant which, as shown here, exists also in multiple copies in these hemolytic E. coli strains and in at least two copies in E. coli K-12. In contrast to the plasmid-encoded hly determinant which is directly flanked at both ends by these two diJJerent sequences, the chromosomal hly determinants are not immediately flanked by such sequences.