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First calculations of the structures of metal-free and complexed biaryl lactones and their confrrmation by X-ray crystaIlography, the search for the transition states of their heIimerization processes, and the spectroscopic determination of the heIimerization barriers of related cyclic ethers by DNMR are reported.
Many mutagens and carcinogens act via covalent interaction of metabolic intermediates with DNA in the target cell. This report groups those structural elements which are often found to form the basis for a metabolism to such chemically reactive metabolites. ~mpounds which are chemically reactive per se and which do not require metabolic activation form group 1. Group 2 compri~es of olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons where the oxidation via an epoxide can be responsible for the generation of reactive species. Aromatic amines, hydrazines, and nitrosamirres form group 3 requiring an oxidation of a nitrogen atom or of a carbon atom in alpha position to a nitrosated amine. Group 4 compounds are halogenated hydrocarbons which can either give rise to radicals or can form an ·olefin (group 2) upon dehydrohalogenation. Group 5 compounds depend upon some preceding enzymatic activity either not available in the target cell or acting on positions in the molecule which are not directly involved in the subsequent formation of electrophilic atoms. Examples for each group are taken from the "List of Chemieals and Irrdustrial Processes Associated with Cancer in Humans" as compiled by the International Agency for the Research on Cancer, and it is shown that 91% of the organic carcinogens would have been detected on the basis of structural elements characteristic for group 1-5. As opposed to this very high sensitivity, the specificity ( the true negative fraction) of using this approach as a short-term test for carcinogenicity is shown to be bad because detoxification pathways have so far not been taken into account. These competing processes are so complex, however, that either only very extensive knowledge about pharmacokinetics, stability, and reactivity will be required or that in vivo systems have to be used to predict, on a quantitative basis, the darnage expected on the DNA. DNA-binding experiments in vivo are presented with benzene and toluene to demonstrate one possible way for an experimental assessment and it is shown that the detoxification reaction at the methyl group available only in toluene gives rise to a reduction by at least a factor of forty for the binding to rat liver DNA. This quantitative approach available with DNA-binding tests in vivo, also allows evaluation as to whether reactive metabolites and their DNA binding are always the most important single activities contributing to the overall carcinogenicity of a chemical. With the example of the livertumor inducing hexachlorocyclohexane isomers it is shown that situations will be found where reactive metabolites are formed and DNA binding in vivo is measurable but where this activity cannot be the decisive mode of carcinogenic action. It is concluded that the lack of structural elements known to become potentially reactive does not guarantee the lack of a carcinogenic potential.
No abstract available
Nonverbal communicative behaviours are associated with affective states in a way specific to the individual. This result emerged from longitudinal studies on depressed patients. From the analysis of various nonverbal behaviours it can be concluded that the depressed state is indicated by nonverbal elements in a logical "or-" rather than "and-connection" or in a hierarchical way. It is maintained that the relationship of psychological relevant states (mood) and nonverbal behaviour needs to be studied by intra-individual comparisons to reveal the specifically close relationships effective in everyday communication. With regard to the pragmatic aspect of communication, elements in the nonverbal signalling system seem to possess different levels of generality. However, from decoding studies it can be shown that even very subtle behavioural differences can be detected by an observer. Thus specific signals can become effective in interaction given a familiarity with the idiosyncratic usage.
Summary (Social Situations as Experimental Conditions in Psychopharmacology): To reduce a great variability of drug effects in healthy subjects, stress conditions are used often in pharmacopsychology. However, empirical results show that the desired stress effects are failing. This paper suggests to realize social stress Situations as interactions between subjects, expecting higher challenging effects than experimentator-subject-interactions, usually used in experimental designs. Two experimental studies are reported: the call-upsituation and the group-therapy situation. The experimental effects were measured by changes of pulse-frequencies. The results indicate that in the two situations high and low dosages of tranquilizing drugs lead to comparable (and so predictable) effects only, if a Situation is high challenging for the experimental subjects. The call-up situation, which proves performance, challenges male subjects highly. The emotional or social competence demanding group-therapy situation is a high challenging situation for warnen. It is concluded that no situation is stressing a person generally. Depending from personality characteristics, differential stressor effects appear. Consequences for experiments in pharmacopsychology are discussed.
This project had two goals: (1) to examine the impact of strategy training on memory performance in German and American children, and (2) to search for environmental correlates of individual differences in cognitive processes. Following pretesting, 437 children were divided into training and control groups, with the former receiving training in clustering strategies. Trained children showed sizable strategy maintenance and transfer effects two weeks and six months later. Parents and teachers completed questionnaires about the teaching of strategies and their attributional beliefs about children's academic successes and failures. The differences in strategie behavior and attributions of German and American children were due, in part, to differences in strategy-enriched environments.
In this paper, convex approximation methods, suclt as CONLIN, the method of moving asymptotes (MMA) and a stabilized version of MMA (Sequential Convex Programming), are discussed with respect to their convergence behaviour. In an extensive numerical study they are :finally compared with other well-known optimization methods at 72 examples of sizing problems.
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T-pattern analysis supports studies of various aspects of human or animal behavior as well as interaction between human subjects and animal or artificial agents. The following proceedings give an overiew on the application of T-pattern analysis in different research fields like media, gaming, human behaviour, social and organisational interaction as well as sports and health.
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An rechtsbezogenen empirischen Arbeiten zur Schadenswiedergutmachung kann die echte Wechselseitigkeit im Verhältnis von Recht und Psychologie im Einklang mit Hommers (1981) weiter belegt werden. Da die Psychologie somit nicht nur Hilfsfunktion für die Rechtspflege, sondern die rechtlichen Gedankengänge auch umgekehrt in gewissen Bereichen Hilfsfunktion für die psychologische Theorienbildung besitzen, wird eine hinreichende Gegenstandsdefinition der Rechtspsychologie erreicht, in der eine eigenständige Rechtspsychologie i.e.S. gegenpartnerisch neben der Vereinigung der hi7fswissenschaftlichen Kriminal- und Forensischen Psychologie existiert.
Traditionally psychological research had assisted (de lege lata and de lege ferenda) jurisdiction, legislation, and law enforcement. However, the fol1owing three examp1es support the thesis that certain areas of psycho1ogica1 research gain new concepts and hypotheses by considering re1ated juristic thought. First, a developmenta1 study on the judgment about neg1igent damages suggested a three-step deve10pment of the evaluation of neg1igence. That threestep development wou1d contradict Heider's sequence of responsibi1ity levels. Second, a cognitive algebra approach to asses the chi1d's understanding of the duty to compensate the victim for his 1055 caused by a culpab1e actor suggested a two-step deve10pment of understanding that duty. The chi1d of the first deve10pment a1 step wou1d regard giving on1y half compensation of the 10ss as doing his duty to repair damages. Third, the concept of cul pa and the "Strafzumes sungs 1 ehre" in the German juri 5 ti c thought are d i scussed as key concepts for innovating psycho1ogica1 research on a moral algebra. Insofar juristic thought proved to assist psycho1ogica1 theory bui1ding what would make the relation of juristic thought and psycho1ogy a relation of interdependence.
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