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No abstract available
Effects of climate change‐induced events on forest ecosystem dynamics of composition, function and structure call for increased long‐term, interdisciplinary and integrated research on biodiversity indicators, in particular within strictly protected areas with extensive non‐intervention zones. The long‐established concept of forest supersites generally relies on long‐term funds from national agencies and goes beyond the logistic and financial capabilities of state‐ or region‐wide protected area administrations, universities and research institutes.
We introduce the concept of data pools as a smaller‐scale, user‐driven and reasonable alternative to co‐develop remote sensing and forest ecosystem science to validated products, biodiversity indicators and management plans. We demonstrate this concept with the Bohemian Forest Ecosystem Data Pool, which has been established as an interdisciplinary, international data pool within the strictly protected Bavarian Forest and Šumava National Parks and currently comprises 10 active partners. We demonstrate how the structure and impact of the data pool differs from comparable cases.
We assessed the international influence and visibility of the data pool with the help of a systematic literature search and a brief analysis of the results. Results primarily suggest an increase in the impact and visibility of published material during the life span of the data pool, with highest visibilities achieved by research conducted on leaf traits, vegetation phenology and 3D‐based forest inventory.
We conclude that the data pool results in an efficient contribution to the concept of global biodiversity observatory by evolving towards a training platform, functioning as a pool of data and algorithms, directly communicating with management for implementation and providing test fields for feasibility studies on earth observation missions.
Background
Germinal center-derived B cell lymphomas are tumors of the lymphoid tissues representing one of the most heterogeneous malignancies. Here we characterize the variety of transcriptomic phenotypes of this disease based on 873 biopsy specimens collected in the German Cancer Aid MMML (Molecular Mechanisms in Malignant Lymphoma) consortium. They include diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma (FL), Burkitt’s lymphoma, mixed FL/DLBCL lymphomas, primary mediastinal large B cell lymphoma, multiple myeloma, IRF4-rearranged large cell lymphoma, MYC-negative Burkitt-like lymphoma with chr. 11q aberration and mantle cell lymphoma.
Methods
We apply self-organizing map (SOM) machine learning to microarray-derived expression data to generate a holistic view on the transcriptome landscape of lymphomas, to describe the multidimensional nature of gene regulation and to pursue a modular view on co-expression. Expression data were complemented by pathological, genetic and clinical characteristics.
Results
We present a transcriptome map of B cell lymphomas that allows visual comparison between the SOM portraits of different lymphoma strata and individual cases. It decomposes into one dozen modules of co-expressed genes related to different functional categories, to genetic defects and to the pathogenesis of lymphomas. On a molecular level, this disease rather forms a continuum of expression states than clearly separated phenotypes. We introduced the concept of combinatorial pattern types (PATs) that stratifies the lymphomas into nine PAT groups and, on a coarser level, into five prominent cancer hallmark types with proliferation, inflammation and stroma signatures. Inflammation signatures in combination with healthy B cell and tonsil characteristics associate with better overall survival rates, while proliferation in combination with inflammation and plasma cell characteristics worsens it. A phenotypic similarity tree is presented that reveals possible progression paths along the transcriptional dimensions. Our analysis provided a novel look on the transition range between FL and DLBCL, on DLBCL with poor prognosis showing expression patterns resembling that of Burkitt’s lymphoma and particularly on ‘double-hit’ MYC and BCL2 transformed lymphomas.
Conclusions
The transcriptome map provides a tool that aggregates, refines and visualizes the data collected in the MMML study and interprets them in the light of previous knowledge to provide orientation and support in current and future studies on lymphomas and on other cancer entities.
Abstimmbare Halbleiterlaser und schmalbandige Laserarrays mit verteilter lateraler Rückkopplung
(2003)
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden zwei verschiedene Typen von Halbleiterlasern mit verteilter Rückkopplung (DFB-Laser) entwickelt. Die Laser basieren auf Rippenwellenleitern und verfügen zusätzlich über ein dazu senkrecht orientiertes Metallgitter. Der evaneszente Teil der im Rippenwellenleiter geführten Lichtwelle überlappt mit dem Gitter. Durch diese periodische Variation des effektiven Brechungsindex wird die verteilte Rückkopplung gewährleistet, was eine longitudinal monomodige Laseremission zur Folge hat. Beiden Lasertypen ist gemeinsam, dass der Herstellungsprozess auf einem vom Materialsystem unabhängigen Konzept basiert. Diese Tatsache ist von besonderem Interesse, da so entsprechende Laser für unterschiedlichste Wellenlängenbereiche gefertigt werden können, ohne hierfür neue Herstellungsverfahren zu entwickeln. Den ersten Schwerpunkt der Arbeit bilden Untersuchungen zu sog. abstimmbaren Lasern, deren Emissionswellenlänge innerhalb eines relativ großen Bereichs quasikontinuierlich einstellbar ist. Der Abstimmmechanismus kann mit dem Vernier-Prinzip erklärt werden. Der Laser besteht hierbei aus zwei gekoppelten Segmenten, die jeweils über eine Reihe von Moden (Modenkamm) verfügen. Der Abstand der Moden innerhalb eines Segments ist konstant, wohingegen die Modenabstände der beiden Segmente leicht unterschiedlich sind. Die Emissionswellenlänge des Lasers ist bestimmt durch den Überlapp zweier Moden aus den beiden Segmenten, wobei die Modenkämme so ausgelegt sind, dass gleichzeitig maximal ein Modenpaar überlappt. Eine kleine relative Verschiebung der beiden Modenkämme führt zu einer vergleichsweise großen Verschiebung der Emissionswellenlänge auf Grund des veränderten Überlapps. Die Modenkämme wurden durch spezielle DFB-Gitter, sog. binary superimposed gratings (BSG), realisiert, die, anders als bei konventionellen DFB-Lasern, für mehrere Bragg-Wellenlängen konstruktive Interferenz zulassen und erstmalig bei DFB-Lasern eingesetzt wurden. BSGs zeichnen sich durch sehr gute optische Eigenschaften bei gleichzeitig einfacher Herstellung aus. Zum Abstimmen der Wellenlänge wurde der Brechungsindex des Lasers gezielt durch den Injektionsstrom bzw. die Bauteiltemperatur verändert. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnten abstimmbare Laser auf unterschiedlichen Materialsystemen (InGaAs/GaAs, GaInNAs/GaAs, InGaAsP/InP) hergestellt werden. Der maximale diskrete Abstimmbereich beträgt 38 nm bzw. 8,9 THz und ist durch die Breite des Verstärkungsspektrums limitiert. Quasikontinuierlich konnte ein Abstimmbereich von 15 nm bzw. 3,9 THz erreicht werden. Die typische minimale Seitenmodenunterdrückung (SMSR) beträgt 30 bis 35 dB. Durch Hinzufügen eines dritten Segments ohne Gitter konnte die Ausgangsleistung unabhängig von der Wellenlänge konstant gehalten werden. Den zweiten Schwerpunkt der Arbeit bildet die Entwicklung von DFB-Laser-Arrays mit dem Ziel, longitudinal monomodige Laser mit hoher Ausgangsleistung zu erhalten. Die DFB-Laser-Arrays basieren auf dem oben beschriebenen Prinzip von DFB-Lasern mit lateralem Metallgitter und verfügen über mehrere Rippenwellenleiter, die im lateralen Abstand von wenigen Mikrometern angeordnet sind. Für große Abstände zwischen den einzelnen Lasern des Arrays (Elemente) emittieren diese, weitgehend unabhängig von einander, jeweils longitudinal monomodiges Licht (quasimonochromatische Emission). Die spektrale Breite beträgt hierbei typischerweise 50 bis 70 GHz. Für kleine Elementabstände koppeln die einzelnen Lichtwellen miteinander, was zu einer mit einem konventionellen DFB-Laser vergleichbaren Linienbreite führt. Während die ungekoppelten Arrays über ein gaußförmiges Fernfeld verfügen, ergibt sich für die gekoppelten Arrays ein Interferenzmuster, das stark von verschiedenen Laserparametern (wie z. B. dem Elementabstand) abhängt. Bei InGaAs/GaAs basierenden Arrays (Wellenlänge ca. 980 nm) ergibt sich für DFB-Laser-Arrays mit vier Elementen eine Ausgangsleistung von ca. 200 mW pro Facette, die durch die Wärmeabfuhr begrenzt wird. Trotz der starken thermischen Limitierung (die Laser waren nicht aufgebaut) konnte die 3,5-fache Ausgangsleistung eines Referenzlasers erzielt werden. Bei InGaSb/GaSb basierenden Arrays mit vier Elementen (Wellenlänge ca. 2,0 µm) konnte eine Ausgangsleistung von ca. 30 mW pro Facette erreicht werden, was dem 3,3-fachen eines Referenzlasers entspricht. Die Verwendung von DFB-Laser-Arrays führt folglich zu einer signifikanten Leistungssteigerung, die sich durch geeignete Maßnahmen (Facettenvergütung, Montage, Skalierung) noch weiter erhöhen ließe.
Adrenocortical tumors are rare in children. This systematic review summarizes the published evidence on pediatric adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) to provide a basis for a better understanding of the disease, investigate new molecular biomarkers and therapeutic targets, and define which patients may benefit from a more aggressive therapeutic approach. We included 137 studies with 3680 ACC patients (~65% female) in our analysis. We found no randomized controlled trials, so this review mainly reflects retrospective data. Due to a specific mutation in the TP53 gene in ~80% of Brazilian patients, that cohort was analyzed separately from series from other countries. Hormone analysis was described in 2569 of the 2874 patients (89%). Most patients were diagnosed with localized disease, whereas 23% had metastasis at primary diagnosis. Only 72% of the patients achieved complete resection. In 334 children (23%), recurrent disease was reported: 81% — local recurrence, 19% (n = 65) — distant metastases at relapse. Patients < 4 years old had a different distribution of tumor stages and hormone activity and better overall survival (p < 0.001). Although therapeutic approaches are typically multimodal, no consensus is available on effective standard treatments for advanced ACC. Thus, knowledge regarding pediatric ACC is still scarce and international prospective studies are needed to implement standardized clinical stratifications and risk-adapted therapeutic strategies.
The recently observed consistent loss of β-diversity across ecosystems indicates increasingly homogeneous communities in patches of landscapes, mainly caused by increasing land-use intensity. Biodiversity is related to numerous ecosystem functions and stability. Therefore, decreasing β-diversity is also expected to reduce multifunctionality. To assess the impact of homogenization and to develop guidelines to reverse its potentially negative effects, we combine expertise from forest science, ecology, remote sensing, chemical ecology and statistics in a collaborative and experimental β-diversity approach. Specifically, we will address the question whether the Enhancement of Structural Beta Complexity (ESBC) in forests by silviculture or natural disturbances will increase biodiversity and multifunctionality in formerly homogeneously structured production forests. Our approach will identify potential mechanisms behind observed homogenization-diversity-relationships and show how these translate into effects on multifunctionality. At eleven forest sites throughout Germany, we selected two districts as two types of small ‘forest landscapes’. In one of these two districts, we established ESBC treatments (nine differently treated 50x50 m patches with a focus on canopy cover and deadwood features). In the second, the control district, we will establish nine patches without ESBC. By a comprehensive sampling, we will monitor 18 taxonomic groups and measure 21 ecosystem functions, including key functions in temperate forests, on all patches. The statistical framework will allow a comprehensive biodiversity assessment by quantifying the different aspects of multitrophic biodiversity (taxonomical, functional and phylogenetic diversity) on different levels of biodiversity (α-, β-, γ-diversity). To combine overall diversity, we will apply the concept of multidiversity across the 18 taxa. We will use and develop new approaches for quantification and partitioning of multifunctionality at α- and β- scales. Overall, our study will herald a new research avenue, namely by experimentally describing the link between β-diversity and multifunctionality. Furthermore, we will help to develop guidelines for improved silvicultural concepts and concepts for management of natural disturbances in temperate forests reversing past homogenization effects.
The novel BackHome system offers individuals with disabilities a range of useful services available via brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), to help restore their independence. This is the time such technology is ready to be deployed in the real world, that is, at the target end users’ home. This has been achieved by the development of practical electrodes, easy to use software, and delivering telemonitoring and home support capabilities which have been conceived, implemented, and tested within a user-centred design approach. The final BackHome system is the result of a 3-year long process involving extensive user engagement to maximize effectiveness, reliability, robustness, and ease of use of a home based BCI system. The system is comprised of ergonomic and hassle-free BCI equipment; one-click software services for Smart Home control, cognitive stimulation, and web browsing; and remote telemonitoring and home support tools to enable independent home use for nonexpert caregivers and users. BackHome aims to successfully bring BCIs to the home of people with limited mobility to restore their independence and ultimately improve their quality of life.
Stimulating the immune system to attack cancer is a promising approach, even for the control of advanced cancers. Several cytokines that promote interferon-γ-dominated immune responses show antitumor activity, with interleukin 12 (IL-12) being of major importance. Here, we used an antibody-IL-12 fusion protein (NHS-IL12) that binds histones of necrotic cells to treat human sarcoma in humanized mice. Following sarcoma engraftment, NHS-IL12 therapy was combined with either engineered IL-7 (FcIL-7) or IL-2 (IL-2MAB602) for continuous cytokine bioavailability. NHS-IL12 strongly induced innate and adaptive antitumor immunity when combined with IL-7 or IL-2. NHS-IL12 therapy significantly improved survival of sarcoma-bearing mice and caused long-term remissions when combined with IL-2. NHS-IL12 induced pronounced cancer cell senescence, as documented by strong expression of senescence-associated p16\(^{INK4a}\) and nuclear translocation of p-HP1γ, and permanent arrest of cancer cell proliferation. In addition, this cancer immunotherapy initiated the induction of myogenic differentiation, further promoting the hypothesis that efficient antitumor immunity includes mechanisms different from cytotoxicity for efficient cancer control in vivo.
Small bacterial regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) have been implicated in the regulation of numerous metabolic pathways. In most of these studies, sRNA-dependent regulation of mRNAs or proteins of enzymes in metabolic pathways has been predicted to affect the metabolism of these bacteria. However, only in a very few cases has the role in metabolism been demonstrated. Here, we performed a combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis to define the regulon of the sibling sRNAs NgncR_162 and NgncR_163 (NgncR_162/163) and their impact on the metabolism of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. These sRNAs have been reported to control genes of the citric acid and methylcitric acid cycles by posttranscriptional negative regulation. By transcriptome analysis, we now expand the NgncR_162/163 regulon by several new members and provide evidence that the sibling sRNAs act as both negative and positive regulators of target gene expression. Newly identified NgncR_162/163 targets are mostly involved in transport processes, especially in the uptake of glycine, phenylalanine, and branched-chain amino acids. NgncR_162/163 also play key roles in the control of serine-glycine metabolism and, hence, probably affect biosyntheses of nucleotides, vitamins, and other amino acids via the supply of one-carbon (C\(_1\)) units. Indeed, these roles were confirmed by metabolomics and metabolic flux analysis, which revealed a bipartite metabolic network with glucose degradation for the supply of anabolic pathways and the usage of amino acids via the citric acid cycle for energy metabolism. Thus, by combined deep RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and metabolomics, we significantly extended the regulon of NgncR_162/163 and demonstrated the role of NgncR_162/163 in the regulation of central metabolic pathways of the gonococcus.