Augenklinik und Poliklinik
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Background
Optical coherence tomography angiography is a novel imaging technique that allows dyeless in vivo visualization of the retinal and choroidal vasculature. The purpose of this study was to describe optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography findings in patients with retinal arterial macroaneurysms (RAMs).
Methods
Three eyes of three patients with RAMs were retrospectively included. Fundus photography, OCT, fluorescein angiography (FA), and OCT angiography were performed. The entire imaging data was analyzed in detail.
Results
OCT angiography could detect the RAMs noninvasively without dye injection. By simultaneously observing the OCT scans, it was possible to determine the depth of the RAMs in the retina, to detect the exact localization in relation to the main vessel, and to determine the level of blood flow in the RAMs.
Conclusions
OCT angiography can clearly visualize RAMs without use of a dye. It also allows layer-specific observation of blood flow in each layer of the RAM. OCT angiography provides additional dynamic information on RAMs, which is not obtained with FA and facilitates a better understanding of its morphology and activity. This information in combination with ICG and fluorescein angiography can help to optimize direct laser treatment.
In the last decades significant regulatory attempts were made to replace, refine and reduce animal testing to assess the risk of consumer products for the human eye. As the original in vivo Draize eye test is criticized for limited predictivity, costs and ethical issues, several animal-free test methods have been developed to categorize substances according to the global harmonized system (GHS) for eye irritation. This review summarizes the progress of alternative test methods for the assessment of eye irritation. Based on the corneal anatomy and current knowledge of the mechanisms causing eye irritation, different ex vivo and in vitro methods will be presented and discussed with regard to possible limitations and status of regulatory acceptance. In addition to established in vitro models, this review will also highlight emerging, full thickness cornea models that might be suited to predict all GHS categories.
Course of disease in multifocal choroiditis lacking sufficient immunosuppression: a case report
(2016)
Background:
Multifocal choroiditis with panuveitis is a rare disease. The educational merit of this case presentation results from the good documentation and the impressive ocular fundus pictures.
Case presentation:
We illustrate the 3-year course of disease in a 22-year-old myopic white woman with multifocal choroiditis with panuveitis and secondary choroidal neovascularization. The activity of the disease was evaluated clinically by optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography. Choroidal neovascularization was treated by intravitreal bevacizumab (2.5 mg/0.1 ml). Our patient lacked systemic therapy for the first 11 months because of noncompliance.
Conclusions:
The case is remarkable as the delayed onset of peripheral lesions and the additional existence of high myopia made diagnosis difficult. In addition, it demonstrates that full outbreak of disease with multiple central and peripheral fundus lesions and secondary choroidal neovascularization can develop without systemic treatment.
Purpose:
Discovery of candidate spectra for abundant fluorophore families in human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) by ex vivo hyperspectral imaging.
Methods:
Hyperspectral autofluorescence emission images were captured between 420 and 720 nm (10-nm intervals), at two excitation bands (436–460, 480–510 nm), from three locations (fovea, perifovea, near-periphery) in 20 normal RPE/Bruch's membrane (BrM) flatmounts. Mathematical factorization extracted a BrM spectrum (S0) and abundant lipofuscin/melanolipofuscin (LF/ML) spectra of RPE origin (S1, S2, S3) from each tissue.
Results:
Smooth spectra S1 to S3, with perinuclear localization consistent with LF/ML at all three retinal locations and both excitations in 14 eyes (84 datasets), were included in the analysis. The mean peak emissions of S0, S1, and S2 at λ\(_{ex}\) 436 nm were, respectively, 495 ± 14, 535 ± 17, and 576 ± 20 nm. S3 was generally trimodal, with peaks at either 580, 620, or 650 nm (peak mode, 650 nm). At λ\(_{ex}\) 480 nm, S0, S1, and S2 were red-shifted to 526 ± 9, 553 ± 10, and 588 ± 23 nm, and S3 was again trimodal (peak mode, 620 nm). S1 often split into two spectra, S1A and S1B. S3 strongly colocalized with melanin. There were no significant differences across age, sex, or retinal location.
Conclusions:
There appear to be at least three families of abundant RPE fluorophores that are ubiquitous across age, retinal location, and sex in this sample of healthy eyes. Further molecular characterization by imaging mass spectrometry and localization via super-resolution microscopy should elucidate normal and abnormal RPE physiology involving fluorophores.
Translational Relevance:
Our results help establish hyperspectral autofluorescence imaging of the human retinal pigment epithelium as a useful tool for investigating retinal health and disease.
Hintergrund
In einer retrospektiven Studie in der Augenklinik Würzburg wurde die Ranibizumabtherapie bei Patienten mit altersabhängiger Makuladegeneration (AMD) im klinischen Alltag ausgewertet.
Methoden
Patientenakten von Patienten mit AMD, die im Jahr 2007 mit der Ranibizumabtherapie begannen, wurden untersucht. Daten wurden bis zum Ende der Behandlung und/oder Nachbeobachtung bis 2009 gesammelt. Der primäre Endpunkt war das Verhältnis der Patienten, die weniger als 15 Buchstaben (bzw. 0,3 logMAR Einheiten) an Visus verloren zwischen Beginn und nach 12 Monaten.
Ergebnisse
375 Patienten wurden einbezogen, nur 298 Patienten beendeten die Untersuchung nach einem Jahr. Nach 12 Monaten verloren 72% der Patienten weniger als 15 Buchstaben. Die Sehschärfe verbesserte sich bis 12 Wochen nach der ersten Injektion und verschlechterte sich danach wieder. Patienten mit mehr als 3 Injektionen profitierten mehr als Patienten mit weniger Injektionen. Durchschnittlich wurden 4,25 Injektionen innerhalb eines Jahres gegeben. Der durchschnittliche Rückgang der Netzhautdicke betrug 50 µm.
Schlussfolgerung
Intravitreale Injektionen von Ranibizumab in der Augenklinik Würzburg führten zu einer Visusverbesserung. Der Visusgewinn konnte nach 3 Monaten nicht gehalten werden. Bessere Reinjektionskriterien, mehr OCT Untersuchungen und besseres Nachsorgemanagement sollten entwickelt werden.
Purpose:
The biologic relevance of human connective tissue growth factor (hCTGF) for primary human tenon fibroblasts (HTFs) was investigated by RNA expression profiling using affymetrix (TM) oligonucleotide array technology to identify genes that are regulated by hCTGF.
Methods:
Recombinant hCTGF was expressed in HEK293T cells and purified by affinity and gel chromatography. Specificity and biologic activity of hCTGF was confirmed by biosensor interaction analysis and proliferation assays. For RNA expression profiling HTFs were stimulated with hCTGF for 48h and analyzed using affymetrix (TM) oligonucleotide array technology. Results were validated by real time RT-PCR.
Results:
hCTGF induces various groups of genes responsible for a wound healing and inflammatory response in HTFs. A new subset of CTGF inducible inflammatory genes was discovered (e.g., chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand 1 [CXCL1], chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand 6 [CXCL6], interleukin 6 [IL6], and interleukin 8 [IL8]). We also identified genes that can transmit the known biologic functions initiated by CTGF such as proliferation and extracellular matrix remodelling. Of special interest is a group of genes, e.g., osteoglycin (OGN) and osteomodulin (OMD), which are known to play a key role in osteoblast biology.
Conclusions:
This study specifies the important role of hCTGF for primary tenon fibroblast function. The RNA expression profile yields new insights into the relevance of hCTGF in influencing biologic processes like wound healing, inflammation, proliferation, and extracellular matrix remodelling in vitro via transcriptional regulation of specific genes. The results suggest that CTGF potentially acts as a modulating factor in inflammatory and wound healing response in fibroblasts of the human eye.
Background:
To report the results of the repair of conjunctival erosions resulting from glaucoma drainage device surgery using collagen-glycosaminoglycane matrices (CGM).
Methods:
Case series of 8 patients who underwent revision surgery due to conjunctival defects with exposed tubes through necrosis of the overlying scleral flap and conjunctiva after Baerveldt drainage device surgery. The defects were repaired by lateral displacement of the tube towards the sclera, with a slice of a CGM as a patch, covered by adjacent conjunctiva.
Result:
Successful, lasting closure (follow-up of 12 to 42 months) of the conjunctival defects was achieved without any side-effects or complications in all eight cases.
Conclusions:
Erosion of the drainage tube, creating buttonholes in the conjunctiva after implantation of glaucoma drainage devices, is a potentially serious problem. It can be managed successfully using a biodegradable CGM as a patch.
Purpose: To evaluate quality of life (QoL) with a new questionnaire after canaloplasty (CP) and trabeculectomy (TE).
Patients and methods: We assessed outcomes of surgery, rate of revision surgeries, patients’ mood, and influence of postoperative care on QoL, surgery interference with daily activities, and postsurgical complaints. Patients completed the QoL questionnaire 24 months after surgery.
Results: Patients who underwent CP (n=175) were compared to TE patients (n=152). In the CP group, 57% of patients expressed high satisfaction, while 41% of patients in the TE group said they were highly satisfied. The satisfaction difference was statistically significant (P=0.034). Significantly fewer second surgeries were needed after CP (8% CP versus 35% TE, P<0.001). Patients were more positive in the CP group (54% CP versus 37% TE, P<0.009). Stress related to postoperative care was lower in the CP group compared to the TE group (14% versus 46%). Difficulties with activities of daily living, such as reading, were much lower or even nonexistent after CP, and complaints like eye burning or stinging were significantly lower in the CP group.
Conclusions: Compared with TE, CP is associated with less QoL impairment and higher patient satisfaction after surgery. However, long-term data on intraocular pressure reduction after surgery are needed to confirm long-term patient satisfaction with this surgery.
Purpose: To compare the outcomes of canaloplasty and trabeculectomy in open-angle glaucoma.
Methods: This prospective, randomized clinical trial included 62 patients who randomly received trabeculectomy (n = 32) or canaloplasty (n = 30) and were followed up prospectively for 2 years. Primary endpoint was complete (without medication) and qualified success (with or without medication) defined as an intraocular pressure (IOP) of ≤18 mmHg (definition 1) or IOP ≤21 mmHg and ≥20% IOP reduction (definition 2), IOP ≥5 mmHg, no vision loss and no further glaucoma surgery. Secondary endpoints were the absolute IOP reduction, visual acuity, medication, complications and second surgeries.
Results: Surgical treatment significantly reduced IOP in both groups (p < 0.001). Complete success was achieved in 74.2% and 39.1% (definition 1, p = 0.01), and 67.7% and 39.1% (definition 2, p = 0.04) after 2 years in the trabeculectomy and canaloplasty group, respectively. Mean absolute IOP reduction was 10.8 ± 6.9 mmHg in the trabeculectomy and 9.3 ± 5.7 mmHg in the canaloplasty group after 2 years (p = 0.47). Mean IOP was 11.5 ± 3.4 mmHg in the trabeculectomy and 14.4 ± 4.2 mmHg in the canaloplasty group after 2 years. Following trabeculectomy, complications were more frequent including hypotony (37.5%), choroidal detachment (12.5%) and elevated IOP (25.0%).
Conclusions: Trabeculectomy is associated with a stronger IOP reduction and less need for medication at the cost of a higher rate of complications. If target pressure is attainable by moderate IOP reduction, canaloplasty may be considered for its relative ease of postoperative care and lack of complications.
Ziel: In dieser Studie soll das Langzeitergebnis des intraokularen Druckes nach Trabekulektomie bei Glaukompatienten mit intensivierter postoperativer Nachsorge bewertet werden.
Material und Methodik: Es wurden die Daten von 168 Patienten (177 Trabekulektomien) ausgewertet, die zum ersten Mal wegen einer Glaukomerkrankung mittels Trabekulektomie (ohne intraoperative Medikamente) an einem oder an beiden Augen operiert wurden. 70 Patienten (73 Trabekulektomien) gehören zur IPC-Gruppe (intensified postoperative care) und 98 Patienten (104 Trabekulektomien) gehören zur no-IPC-Gruppe. Die Ergebnisse beider Untersuchungsgruppen wurden über die Jahre 2000 und 2014 hinweg ausgewertet und miteinander verglichen. Als Erfolg gelten die prozentuale Drucksenkung des IOD von mehr als oder gleich 20% ausgehend vom präoperativen Basiswert und ein IOD von weniger als oder gleich 21mmHg über den gesamten Nachbeobachtungszeitraum mit Beeinflussung durch Medikamente (qualified success) oder ohne Beeinflussung durch Medikamente (complete success).
Ergebnisse: Der relative Operationserfolg lag in beiden Beobachtungszeiträume bei jeweils über 90%. Der absolute Operationserfolg war im Jahr 2000 mit n=46 in der IPC-Gruppe häufiger als in der no-IPC-Gruppe (n=40). Die no-IPC-Gruppe brauchte insgesamt fast doppelt so viele Medikamente (n=63; 35,6%) wie die IPC- Gruppe (n=26; 14,7%). Die Anzahl der verwendeten Medikamente verdoppelte sich fast vom Jahr 2000 (n=89) bis zum Jahr 2014 (n=162). Über den zweiten Beobachtungszeitraum wurden alle Fälle der beiden Untersuchungsgruppen mit Medikamenten behandelt.
Schlussfolgerung: Ein absoluter Operationserfolg konnte nur in den ersten fünf Jahren postoperativ gewährleistet werden, dafür aber in knapp 50% der Fälle. Obwohl durch eine intensivierte Nachsorge der Operationserfolg ohne zusätzliche drucksenkende Medikamente nahezu verdoppelt werden kann, ist es momentan noch nicht möglich durch eine intensivierte Nachsorge langfristig auf eine postoperative Glaukommedikation zu verzichten.