Kinderklinik und Poliklinik
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Background
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the third most common hematologic malignancy with increasing importance due to improving treatment strategies and long-term outcomes in an aging population. This study aims to analyse influencing factors on health-related quality of life (HRQoL), such as treatment strategies, participation in a clinical trial and patient characteristics like anxiety, depression, gender, and age. A better understanding of the individual factors in context with HRQoL could provide a helpful instrument for clinical decisions.
Methods
In this prospective observational study, the HRQoL of MM patients with different therapies (first-line and relapse) was quantified by standardized questionnaires (EORTC QLQ-C30 and -MY20) in the context of sociodemographic data, individual anxiety and depressiveness (PHQ-4), and a selected number of clinical parameters and symptoms at defined time-points before, during, and after therapy.
Results
In total, 70 patients were included in the study. The median age of the study cohort was 62 years. 44% were female and 56% were male patients. More than half of the patients were fully active with an ECOG 0. Global health status was significantly higher in patients with first-line treatment and even increased after start of therapy, while the pain level decreased. In contrast, patients with relapsed MM reported a decreasing global health status and increasing pain. Additionally, there was a higher global health status in less anxious/depressive patients. HRQoL decreased significantly after start of chemotherapy in the parameters body image, side effects of treatment, and cognitive functioning. Tandem stem-cell transplantation was not found to be a risk factor for higher impairment of HRQoL. Participation in a clinical study led to an improvement of most aspects of HRQoL. Among others, increased anxiety and depression, female gender, older age, impaired performance status, and recurrent disease can be early indicators for a reduced HRQoL.
Conclusion
This study showed the importance of regular longitudinal assessments of patient reported outcomes (PROs) in routine clinical care. For the first time, to our knowledge, we were able to demonstrate a potential impact between participation in clinical trials and HRQoL. However, due to frequently restrictive inclusion criteria for clinical trials, these MM patients might not be directly comparable with patients treated within standard therapy concepts. Further studies are needed to clarify the relevance of this preliminary data in order to develop an individualized, patient-centred, therapy concept.
Die FSME-Impfung hat zu einer Reduktion der Krankheitsfälle in Endemiegebieten geführt. Wenn spezielle Situationen berücksichtigt werden müssen, fehlen systematische Untersuchungen. Diese Übersichtsarbeit soll die Datenlage zu Immunogenität und Sicherheit der FSME-Impfung bei Patienten mit verändertem Immunsystem zusammenfassen.
Es wurde nach PRISMA-Leitfaden vorgegangen. Literaturrecherche in 06/2017 (Aktualisierung 09/2019) in der Datenbank Medline/ PubMed. Die Ergebnisse wurden zu den speziellen Populationen und den o.g. Endpunkten zusammengefasst: ältere Menschen, thymektomierte Kinder, Schwangere, Transplantierte, Autoimmunerkrankte, Patienten mit angeborenen und erworbenen Immundefekten. Zu älteren Menschen wurden 36 Studien eingeschlossen. Diese konnten quantitativ und qualitativ zusammengefasst werden. Zu den anderen Populationen fanden sich nur wenige Studien, welche überwiegend keine allgemeingültigen Schlussfolgerungen zuließen. Schwangere: Keine Studien.
Verzerrungspotential des Reviews besteht auf Ebene der Studien, der Zielkriterien und der Übersichtsarbeit. Dieser Review wurde nicht angemeldet. Es gab keine finanzielle Unterstützung.
Background
Influenza virus infections in immunologically naïve children (primary infection) may be more severe than in children with re-infections who are already immunologically primed. We compared frequency and severity of influenza virus primary and re-infections in pre-school children requiring outpatient treatment.
Methods
Influenza-unvaccinated children 1–5 years of age presenting at pediatric practices with febrile acute respiratory infection < 48 h after symptom onset were enrolled in a prospective, cross-sectional, multicenter surveillance study (2013–2015). Influenza types/subtypes were PCR-confirmed from oropharyngeal swabs. Influenza type/subtype-specific IgG antibodies serving as surrogate markers for immunological priming were determined using ELISA/hemagglutination inhibition assays. The acute influenza disease was defined as primary infection/re-infection by the absence/presence of influenza type-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and, in a second approach, by the absence/presence of subtype-specific IgG. Socio-demographic and clinical data were also recorded.
Results
Of 217 influenza infections, 178 were due to influenza A (87 [49%] primary infections, 91 [51%] re-infections) and 39 were due to influenza B (38 [97%] primary infections, one [3%] re-infection). Children with “influenza A primary infections” showed fever with respiratory symptoms for a shorter period than children with “influenza A re-infections” (median 3 vs. 4 days; age-adjusted p = 0.03); other disease characteristics were similar. If primary infections and re-infections were defined based on influenza A subtypes, 122 (87%) primary infections (78 “A(H3N2) primary infections”, 44 “A(H1N1)pdm09 primary infections”) and 18 (13%) re-infections could be classified (14 “A(H3N2) re-infections” and 4 “A(H1N1)pdm09 re-infections”). Per subtype, primary infections and re-infections were of similar disease severity. Children with re-infections defined on the subtype level usually had non-protective IgG titers against the subtype of their acute infection (16 of 18; 89%). Some patients infected by one of the influenza A subtypes showed protective IgG titers (≥ 1:40) against the other influenza A subtype (32/140; 23%).
Conclusions
Pre-school children with acute influenza A primary infections and re-infections presented with similar frequency in pediatric practices. Contrary to expectation, severity of acute “influenza A primary infections” and “influenza A re-infections” were similar. Most “influenza A re-infections” defined on the type level turned out to be primary infections when defined based on the subtype. On the subtype level, re-infections were rare and of similar disease severity as primary infections of the same subtype. Subtype level re-infections were usually associated with low IgG levels for the specific subtype of the acute infection, suggesting only short-time humoral immunity induced by previous infection by this subtype. Overall, the results indicated recurring influenza virus infections in this age group and no or only limited heterosubtypic antibody-mediated cross-protection.
Seltene Erkrankungen (SE) werden durch die im deutschen Gesundheitssystem verwendete Diagnosenklassifikation ICD-10-GM (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health problems, 10th Revision, German Modification) nur zu einem kleinen Teil eindeutig erfasst. Daher sind Aussagen zur Häufigkeit von SE sowie zum speziellen Versorgungs- und Finanzierungsbedarf nicht möglich, was zu einer lückenhaften Datenlage als Entscheidungsgrundlage für Krankenkassen, Leistungserbringer und Gesundheitspolitik führt. Das Fehlen exakter Informationen behindert auch die wissenschaftliche Arbeit. Daher wird deutschlandweit ab 2023 die Verwendung der Alpha-ID-SE-Datei und der ORPHAcodes für die spezifische Erfassung von SE bei stationären Fällen verpflichtend.
Die Alpha-ID-SE-Datei verknüpft die ICD-10-GM-Kodes mit den international anerkannten ORPHAcodes für die Diagnose von SE. Kommerzielle Anbieter stellen zunehmend die benötigten IT-Tools zur Kodierung von SE zur Verfügung. An mehreren Universitätskliniken mit Zentren für SE wurden Lösungen etabliert, die eine vollständige Kodierung gewährleisten sollen. Hierzu gehören finanzielle Anreize für die kodierenden Bereiche, konkrete Nachfragen nach dem Vorliegen einer SE beim Kodiervorgang und eine semiautomatische Kodierung bei Patient*innen, die schon einmal mit einer SE an der Einrichtung betreut worden waren. Eine Kombination der verschiedenen Ansätze verspricht die höchste Wahrscheinlichkeit einer vollständigen Kodierung.
Für ein umfängliches Bild der SE im Gesundheitssystem und um dem speziellen Versorgungs- und Finanzierungsbedarf besser Rechnung tragen zu können, wäre auch im ambulanten Bereich eine möglichst spezifische und eindeutige Kodierung wünschenswert. Für komplexe SE und bisher undiagnostizierte Patient*innen wird zusätzlich eine strukturierte Erfassung des Phänotyps benötigt.
Bei juveniler idiopathischer Arthritis konnte eine prämature Immunoseneszenz nachgewiesen werden. Ein Erklärungsmodell ist, dass die prämature Immunoseneszenz den primären Defekt darstellt, der das Immunsystem zum Versagen der Selbsttoleranz führt. Eine andere Deutungsmöglichkeit stellt die prämature Immunoseneszenz als Folge von chronischer Stimulation und Aktivierung des Immunsystems durch die Autoimmunerkrankung selbst dar.
In dieser Arbeit wurden die Immunoseneszenz-Parameter (naive T-Zellen, RTE, IL-7-Level, TRECs, relative Telomerlänge, Ki-67-Expression) von JIA-Patienten - unterteilt in eine DMARD-Gruppe und eine TNFα-Inhibitor-Gruppe - mit denen von gesunden Vergleichsprobanden verglichen.
Eine fortgeschrittenere Immunoseneszenz bei den Gesunden könnte möglicherweise durch vermehrte chronische Virusinfekte erklärt werden, die jedoch in dieser Arbeit nicht erfasst wurden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte eine potenzielle Rekonstitutionsfähigkeit mit Verbesserung der Immunoseneszenz-Parameter bei DMARD-Therapie demonstriert werden. So trat ein höherer Anteil an naiven T-Zellen und an RTE auf, was vermuten lässt, dass der fortschreitende Verlust der Thymusfunktion bei Patienten mit Autoimmunerkrankung reversibel sein könnte.
Bei Vergleich der TNFi-Patienten mit der DMARD-Gruppe konnte eine weiter fortgeschrittene Immunoseneszenz festgestellt werden. Dies könnte durch die Ansammlung von schwereren, DMARD-refraktären Patienten, aber auch durch die unterschiedliche, aber nicht-signifikante Altersverteilung bedingt sein. Bei längerer Einnahmedauer des TNFα-Inhibitors zeigte sich ein tendenziell stärkeres Auftreten von naiven T-Zellen und RTE, kombiniert mit geringeren Anteilen differenzierterer Subpopulationen. So scheinen TNFα-Inhibitoren die Fähigkeit zu besitzen, die prämature Immunoseneszenz positiv zu beeinflussen oder zumindest eine Verlangsamung des prämaturen Alterungsvorgangs zu bewirken.
In large vessel occlusion stroke, recanalization to restore cerebral perfusion is essential but not necessarily sufficient for a favorable outcome. Paradoxically, in some patients, reperfusion carries the risk of increased tissue damage and cerebral hemorrhage. Experimental and clinical data suggest that endothelial cells, representing the interface for detrimental platelet and leukocyte responses, likely play a crucial role in the phenomenon referred to as ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-injury, but the mechanisms are unknown. We aimed to determine the role of endoglin in cerebral I/R-injury; endoglin is a membrane-bound protein abundantly expressed by endothelial cells that has previously been shown to be involved in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis. We investigated the expression of membranous endoglin (using Western blotting and RT-PCR) and the generation of soluble endoglin (using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of cell culture supernatants) after hypoxia and subsequent reoxygenation in human non-immortalized brain endothelial cells. To validate these in vitro data, we additionally examined endoglin expression in an intraluminal monofilament model of permanent and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Subsequently, the effects of recombinant human soluble endoglin were assessed by label-free impedance-based measurement of endothelial monolayer integrity (using the xCELLigence DP system) and immunocytochemistry. Endoglin expression is highly inducible by hypoxia in human brain endothelial monolayers in vitro, and subsequent reoxygenation induced its shedding. These findings were corroborated in mice during MCAO; an upregulation of endoglin was displayed in the infarcted hemispheres under occlusion, whereas endoglin expression was significantly diminished after transient MCAO, which is indicative of shedding. Of note is the finding that soluble endoglin induced an inflammatory phenotype in endothelial monolayers. The treatment of HBMEC with endoglin resulted in a decrease in transendothelial resistance and the downregulation of VE-cadherin. Our data establish a novel mechanism in which hypoxia triggers the initial endothelial upregulation of endoglin and subsequent reoxygenation triggers its release as a vasoactive mediator that, when rinsed into adjacent vascular beds after recanalization, can contribute to cerebral reperfusion injury.
Background and purpose
Pediatric adrenocortical carcinoma (pACC) is a rare disease with poor prognosis. Publications on radiotherapy (RT) are scarce. This review summarizes the current data on RT for pACC and possibly provides first evidence to justify its use in this setting.
Materials and methods
We searched the PubMed and Embase database for manuscripts regarding RT for pACC.
Results
We included 17 manuscripts reporting on 76 patients treated with RT, after screening 2961 references and 269 full articles. In addition, we added data of 4 unreported pACC patients treated by co-authors. All reports based on retrospective data. Median age at first diagnosis was 11.1 years (70% female); 78% of patients presented with hormonal activity. RT was mostly performed for curative intent (78%). 88% of RT were administered during primary therapy. The site of RT was predominantly the local tumor bed (76%). Doses of RT ranged from 15 to 62 Gy (median 50 Gy). Information on target volumes or fractionation were lacking. Median follow-up was 6,9 years and 64% of the patients died of disease, with 33% alive without disease. In 16 of 48 patients with available follow-up data after adjuvant RT (33%) no recurrence was reported and in 3 of 9 patients palliative RT seemed to induce some benefit for the patient.
Conclusions
Our first systematic review on RT for pACC provides too few data for any general recommendation, but adjuvant RT in patients with high risk might be considered. International collaborative studies are urgently needed to establish better evidence on the role of RT in this rare malignancy.
Lethal congenital contracture syndrome 11 (LCCS11) is a form of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) which is associated with mutations in the gliomedin gene (GLDN) and has been known to be severely life-shortening, mainly due to respiratory insufficiency. Patients with this condition have been predominantly treated by pediatricians as they usually do not survive beyond childhood. In this case report, we present a young adult who developed severe progressive respiratory insufficiency as a teenager due to diaphragmatic hypomotility and was diagnosed with LCCS11 following the discovery of compound heterozygous pathogenic variants in GLDN. This case demonstrates the importance of screening for neuromuscular diseases in well-child visits and follow-ups of patients at risk for gross and fine motor function developmental delay. It also underscores the significance of including LCCS11 and other axonopathies in the differential diagnosis of juvenile onset of respiratory insufficiency, highlights that patients with this condition may present to adult practitioners and questions whether the nomenclature of this condition with various phenotypes should be reconsidered due to the stigmatizing term ‘lethal’.
(1) Background: Data on coronavirus 2 infection during pregnancy vary. We aimed to describe maternal characteristics and clinical presentation of SARS-CoV-2 positive women requiring intensive care treatment for COVID-19 during pregnancy and postpartum period based on data of a comprehensive German surveillance system in obstetric patients. (2) Methods: Data from COVID-19 Related Obstetric and Neonatal Outcome Study (CRONOS), a prospective multicenter registry for SARS-CoV-2 positive pregnant women, was analyzed with respect to ICU treatment. All women requiring intensive care treatment for COVID-19 were included and compared regarding maternal characteristics, course of disease, as well as maternal and neonatal outcomes. (3) Results: Of 2650 cases in CRONOS, 101 women (4%) had a documented ICU stay. Median maternal age was 33 (IQR, 30–36) years. COVID-19 was diagnosed at a median gestational age of 33 (IQR, 28–35) weeks. As the most invasive form of COVID-19 treatment interventions, patients received either continuous monitoring of vital signs without further treatment requirement (n = 6), insufflation of oxygen (n = 30), non-invasive ventilation (n = 22), invasive ventilation (n = 28), or escalation to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (n = 15). No significant clinical differences were identified between patients receiving different forms of ventilatory support for COVID-19. Prevalence of preterm delivery was significantly higher in women receiving invasive respiratory treatments. Four women died of COVID-19 and six fetuses were stillborn. (4) Conclusions: Our cohort shows that progression of COVID-19 is rare in pregnant and postpartum women treated in the ICU. Preterm birth rate is high and COVID-19 requiring respiratory support increases the risk of poor maternal and neonatal outcome.
Hintergrund: Die Juvenile Idiopathische Arthritis (JIA) ist eine heterogene Erkrankung mit unbekannter Ätiologie der Arthritis bei Patientinnen und Patienten unter 16 Jahren für mehr als sechs Wochen. Das Humane Zytomegalievirus (HCMV) ist ein lymphotropes Betaherpesvirus, das im menschlichen Körper persistiert und eine anhaltende Stimulation des Effektor-T-Zell-Systems bewirkt. Sowohl für JIA als auch für HCMV zeigt sich eine vorzeitige Immunoseneszenz.
Ziel: Untersuchung des potenziellen Einflusses von HCMV auf das vorzeitig gealterte Immunsystem von JIA-Patientinnen und Patienten.
Methoden: T-Zell-Phänotyp, intrazelluläre Zytokinproduktion und die Expression von Chemokinrezeptoren wurden mittels Durchflusszytometrie (FACS) gemessen. Der HCMV-Serostatus wurde mittels Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) gemessen. Phänotyp und Zytokinproduktion von Lymphozyten von JIA-Patientinnen und Patienten und Gesundkontrollen wurden hinsichtlich ihres HCMV-Serostatus verglichen.
Ergebnisse: Sowohl JIA-Patientinnen und Patienten als auch Gesundkontrollen zeigten einen Zusammenhang zwischen HCMV-Seropositivität und Immunseneszenz, nämlich geringere Anteile naiver T-Zellen und relativ höhere Anteile an differenzierten T-Zellen. Bei den JIA-Patientinnen und Patienten war die HCMV-Seropositivität mit einer höheren intrazellulären IFNγ-Produktion verbunden. T-Zellen bei JIA-Patientinnen und Patienten zeigten eine höhere CCR5-Expression in Verbindung mit HCMV-Seropositivität. Diese Assoziation wurde bei Gesundkontrollen nicht beobachtet.
Schlussfolgerung: Der T-Zell-Phänotyp war bei JIA-Patientinnen und Patienten und Gesundkontrollen ähnlich mit HCMV assoziiert. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigten JIA-Patientinnen und Patienten Hinweise auf eine TH1-Dominanz in Verbindung mit HCMV-Seropositivität. Bei CCR5 ist dieser Effekt bei JIA-Patientinnen und Patienten signifikant stärker als bei Gesundkontrollen. Die vorliegende Studie legt nahe, dass HCMV-assoziierte Veränderungen der T-Zell-Differenzierung bei JIA-Patientinnen und Patienten bestätigt werden können.