Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin
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Whole-Body [\(^{18}\)F]FDG PET/CT Can Alter Diagnosis in Patients with Suspected Rheumatic Disease
(2021)
The 2-deoxy-d-[\(^{18}\)F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is widely utilized to assess the vascular and articular inflammatory burden of patients with a suspected diagnosis of rheumatic disease. We aimed to elucidate the impact of [\(^{18}\)F]FDG PET/CT on change in initially suspected diagnosis in patients at the time of the scan. Thirty-four patients, who had undergone [\(^{18}\)F]FDG PET/CT, were enrolled and the initially suspected diagnosis prior to [18F]FDG PET/CT was compared to the final diagnosis. In addition, a semi-quantitative analysis including vessel wall-to-liver (VLR) and joint-to-liver (JLR) ratios was also conducted. Prior to [\(^{18}\)F]FDG PET/CT, 22/34 (64.7%) of patients did not have an established diagnosis, whereas in 7/34 (20.6%), polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) was suspected, and in 5/34 (14.7%), giant cell arteritis (GCA) was suspected by the referring rheumatologists. After [\(^{18}\)F]FDG PET/CT, the diagnosis was GCA in 19/34 (55.9%), combined GCA and PMR (GCA + PMR) in 9/34 (26.5%) and PMR in the remaining 6/34 (17.6%). As such, [\(^{18}\)F]FDG PET/CT altered suspected diagnosis in 28/34 (82.4%), including in all unclear cases. VLR of patients whose final diagnosis was GCA tended to be significantly higher when compared to VLR in PMR (GCA, 1.01 ± 0.08 (95%CI, 0.95–1.1) vs. PMR, 0.92 ± 0.1 (95%CI, 0.85–0.99), p = 0.07), but not when compared to PMR + GCA (1.04 ± 0.14 (95%CI, 0.95–1.13), p = 1). JLR of individuals finally diagnosed with PMR (0.94 ± 0.16, (95%CI, 0.83–1.06)), however, was significantly increased relative to JLR in GCA (0.58 ± 0.04 (95%CI, 0.55–0.61)) and GCA + PMR (0.64 ± 0.09 (95%CI, 0.57–0.71); p < 0.0001, respectively). In individuals with a suspected diagnosis of rheumatic disease, an inflammatory-directed [\(^{18}\)F]FDG PET/CT can alter diagnosis in the majority of the cases, particularly in subjects who were referred because of diagnostic uncertainty. Semi-quantitative assessment may be helpful in establishing a final diagnosis of PMR, supporting the notion that a quantitative whole-body read-out may be useful in unclear cases.
Loss of Somatostatin Receptor 2 (SSTR2) expression and rising CXC Chemokine Receptor Type 4 (CXCR4) expression are associated with dedifferentiation in neuroendocrine tumors (NET). In NET, CXCR4 expression is associated with enhanced metastatic and invasive potential and worse prognosis but might be a theragnostic target. Likewise, activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling may promote a more aggressive phenotype in NET. We hypothesized an interaction of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway with CXCR4 expression and function in NET. The NET cell lines BON-1, QGP-1, and MS-18 were exposed to Wnt inhibitors (5-aza-CdR, quercetin, and niclosamide) or the Wnt activator LiCl. The expressions of Wnt pathway genes and of CXCR4 were studied by qRT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. The effects of Wnt modulators on uptake of the CXCR4 ligand [\(^{68}\)Ga] Pentixafor were measured. The Wnt activator LiCl induced upregulation of CXCR4 and Wnt target gene expression. Treatment with the Wnt inhibitors had opposite effects. LiCl significantly increased [\(^{68}\)Ga] Pentixafor uptake, while treatment with Wnt inhibitors decreased radiopeptide uptake. Wnt pathway modulation influences CXCR4 expression and function in NET cell lines. Wnt modulation might be a tool to enhance the efficacy of CXCR4-directed therapies in NET or to inhibit CXCR4-dependent proliferative signaling. The underlying mechanisms for the interaction of the Wnt pathway with CXCR4 expression and function have yet to be clarified.
In der Nuklearmedizin werden radioaktive Substanzen eingesetzt, um zu therapeutischen Zwecken gezielt bösartiges Gewebe zu zerstören oder in diagnostischen Anwendungen Stoffwechselvorgänge bildlich darzustellen. Die ionisierende Strahlung der eingesetzten Radionuklide kann jedoch auch DNA-Schäden in gesunden Zellen verursachen. DNA-Doppelstrangbrüche gehören dabei zu den kritischsten Läsionen, da sie schwer zu reparieren sind und eine fehlerhafte Reparatur zu Mutationen oder zum Zelltod führen kann. Während Radionuklidtherapien ist daher in Risikoorganen darauf zu achten, dass die deponierte Energie pro Masse, die Energiedosis, bestimmte Werte nicht überschreitet. Zu diesen Risikoorganen gehört auch das blutbildende System. Da eine Abschätzung der Energiedosis im Knochenmark häufig über die Bestimmung der Energiedosis im Blut als Surrogat erfolgt, ist deren Kenntnis von besonderem Interesse.
In dieser Arbeit wurden daher Berechnungen der Energiedosis im Blut nach interner Bestrahlung durchgeführt und die Ergebnisse mit der Anzahl an strahlungsinduzierten DNA-Doppelstrangbrüchen in PBMCs korreliert. Zur Quantifizierung der DNA-Schäden wurden die Biomarker \(\gamma\)-H2AX und 53BP1 verwendet, die nach Entstehung eines Doppelstrangbruchs um diesen akkumulieren und sich durch Immunfluoreszenzfärbung als mikroskopische Foci sichtbar machen und quantifizieren lassen. Dadurch ermöglicht der \(\gamma\)-H2AX+53BP1-Assay einen quantitativen Nachweis strahlungsinduzierter Doppelstrangbrüche. Somit konnten im Rahmen dieser Arbeit neue Kenntnisse über die Dosisabhängigkeit von DNA-Schäden in PBMCs während interner Bestrahlung mit unterschiedlichen Radionukliden sowohl ex vivo als auch in vivo gewonnen werden.
Ex-vivo-Untersuchungen haben den Vorteil, dass sie unter gleichbleibenden, gut definierten Bedingungen durchgeführt werden können und somit eine Analyse der Induktion von Doppelstrangbrüchen bei festgelegten Energiedosen und einer konstanten Bestrahlungsdauer erlauben. In dieser Arbeit wurden Blutproben von gesunden Versuchspersonen durch Zugabe von Radionukliden in bestimmten Aktivitätskonzentrationen eine Stunde lang intern bestrahlt. Für die Bestrahlung wurden die \(\alpha\)-Emitter \(^{223}\)Ra und \(^{224}\)Ra, die \(\beta\)\(^{-}\)-Emitter \(^{177}\)Lu und \(^{90}\)Y, der \(\beta\)\(^{+}\)-Emitter \(^{68}\)Ga und der \(\gamma\)-Emitter \(^{99m}\)Tc verwendet. Der untersuchte Energiedosisbereich lag zwischen 5 mGy und 136 mGy.
Nach der Bestrahlung von Blutproben mit \(\beta\)- beziehungsweise \(\gamma\)-Emittern wurde beobachtet, dass die Anzahl der strahlungsinduzierten \(\gamma\)-H2AX+53BP1-Foci (RIF) in den PBMCs linear mit der Energiedosis im Blut ansteigt. Zudem zeigte sich, dass die Induktion der RIF unabhängig vom verwendeten Radionuklid und unabhängig von der Versuchsperson ist.
Nach der Bestrahlung von Blutproben mit \(\alpha\)-Emittern waren zusätzlich zu den nach Expositionen mit \(\beta\)- beziehungsweise \(\gamma\)-Emittern beobachteten kleinen, runden Foci auch \(\gamma\)-H2AX+53BP1 enthaltende Spuren \(\alpha\)-Spuren) in den Zellkernen erkennbar, welche die Trajektorien der emittierten \(\alpha\)-Teilchen darstellten. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Anzahl dieser \(\alpha\)-Spuren linear mit der Energiedosis im Blut zunimmt und damit ein geeigneter Parameter für die Biodosimetrie nach Expositionen mit \(\alpha\)-emittierenden Radionukliden ist.
Auch in vivo wurde die Dosisabhängigkeit der DNA-Doppelstrangbrüche während der internen Bestrahlung durch Radionuklide mit unterschiedlichen Emissionseigenschaften untersucht. Aufgrund der neuen, vielversprechenden Entwicklungen von Radiopharmaka zur Therapie und Diagnostik des Prostatakarzinoms in den letzten Jahren wurden dafür Blutproben von Prostatakarzinom-Patienten während Therapie mit [\(^{177}\)Lu]Lu-PSMA I&T, während PET/CT-Diagnostik mit [\(^{68}\)Ga]Ga-PSMA I&T und während Therapie mit [\(^{223}\)Ra]RaCl\(_2\) untersucht.
Während Therapie mit [\(^{177}\)Lu]Lu-PSMA I&T zeigte sich, dass die Anzahl der RIF in den ersten Stunden nach Therapiebeginn durch eine lineare Anpassungskurve angenähert werden kann, die mit der Energiedosis im Blut ansteigt, gefolgt von einem Rückgang der RIF zu späteren Zeitpunkten, der durch die DNA-Reparatur erklärt werden kann. Die gesamte Energiedosis im Blut lag im Mittel bei (109 \(\pm\) 28) mGy. Der linear dosisabhängige Anstieg der RIF zu Therapiebeginn gleicht der dosisabhängigen Induktion der RIF ex vivo nach Bestrahlung mit \(\beta\)- und \(\gamma\)-emittierenden Radionukliden und kann gut mit der entsprechenden Ex-vivo-Kalibrierkurve beschrieben werden. Zu späteren Zeitpunkten (48 h und 96 h nach Verabreichung) konnte in dieser Arbeit eine lineare Korrelation zwischen der Anzahl der noch verbleibenden RIF und der Dosisleistung nachgewiesen werden. Eine signifikante Korrelation der Anzahl der RIF 96 h nach Verabreichung mit dem PSA-Wert deutet zudem darauf hin, dass ein Zusammenhang mit klinischen Parametern besteht.
Ein signifikanter Anstieg der \(\gamma\)-H2AX+53BP1-Foci konnte auch nach Verabreichung von [\(^{68}\)Ga]Ga-PSMA I&T für diagnostische PET/CT-Untersuchungen beobachtet werden, obwohl die Energiedosen im Blut bis zum PET/CT-Scan nur < 3 mGy betrugen. Im Vergleich zur Ex-vivo-Kalibrierkurve war die Steigung der linearen Anpassungskurve in vivo im Bereich < 3 mGy in dieser Studie etwa um ein Zehnfaches höher, was auf eine mögliche Hypersensitivität im Niedrigdosisbereich hindeuten könnte. Der Beitrag der CT zur Energiedosis im Blut konnte durch Ex-vivo-Experimente auf etwa 12 mGy abgeschätzt werden.
Auch während Therapie mit [\(^{223}\)Ra]RaCl\(_2\) lagen die berechneten Energiedosen im Blut im Niedrigdosisbereich < 17 mGy. Trotzdem konnten in dieser Studie erstmalig \(\alpha\)-Spuren in vivo nach der Verabreichung eines \(\alpha\)-emittierenden Radionuklids quantifiziert werden, deren Anzahl 3 h und 4 h nach Verabreichung des Radiopharmakons signifikant erhöht war. Auch zu späten Zeitpunkten, bis vier Wochen nach Therapiebeginn, waren noch \(\alpha\)-Spuren nachweisbar, was auf eine unvollständige Reparatur der komplexen, durch die \(\alpha\)-Teilchen induzierten DNA-Schäden hinweisen könnte. Leider erlaubte die geringe Anzahl an Patienten und Datenpunkten keine zuverlässigen Korrelationen mit der Energiedosis oder mit klinischen Parametern.
Nachdem in dieser Arbeit gezeigt werden konnte, dass DNA-Schäden nach interner Bestrahlung mit \(\alpha\)-, \(\beta\)- und \(\gamma\)-emittierenden Radionukliden mit Hilfe des \(\gamma\)-H2AX+53BP1-Assays zuverlässig nachgewiesen und anhand der Schadensgeometrie unterschieden werden können, wäre es in Zukunft interessant, DNA-Schäden auch nach Bestrahlung mit Radionuklidgemischen zu untersuchen. Dies könnte sowohl im Hinblick auf den Nachweis von Inkorporationen bei Strahlenunfällen hilfreich sein als auch zu einem besseren Verständnis der Effekte bei Behandlungen mit Radionuklidgemischen beitragen, welche vielversprechende Möglichkeiten für nuklearmedizinische Therapien bieten.
Zudem zeigen die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit, dass insbesondere im für die Diagnostik relevanten Bereich sehr niedriger Energiedosen < 10 mGy weiterer Forschungsbedarf besteht. Durch die Untersuchung der dosisabhängigen Reparatur der durch interne Bestrahlung induzierten DNA-Schäden könnte beispielsweise analysiert werden, ob die Reparaturfähigkeit im Niedrigdosisbereich eingeschränkt ist. Außerdem wäre es gerade im Bereich niedriger Dosen von Interesse, zu untersuchen, inwiefern Beobachtungen ex vivo das Verhalten in vivo geeignet repräsentieren. Um die erhöhten statistischen Unsicherheiten im Niedrigdosisbereich zu reduzieren, könnten zukünftig Verbesserungen auf dem Gebiet der automatisierten Auswertung der \(\gamma\)-H2AX+53BP1 enthaltenden Foci und Spuren hilfreich sein.
Weitere Ziele zukünftiger Forschungsvorhaben könnten gezielte Untersuchungen zu Korrelationen zwischen der dosisabhängigen Induktion und Reparatur von DNA-Schäden und klinischen Parametern sowie die Analyse von DNA-Schäden während mehrerer Therapiezyklen darstellen. In Zusammenhang mit der Analyse klinischer Parameter wäre es denkbar, dass biodosimetrische Auswertungen zukünftig auch zur personalisierten Therapieplanung oder auch zur Vorhersage des Therapieerfolgs dienen und somit langfristig zu einer Optimierung nuklearmedizinischer Therapien beitragen könnten.
Purpose
One therapy option for prostate cancer patients with bone metastases is the use of [\(^{223}\)Ra]RaCl\(_{2}\). The α-emitter \(^{223}\)Ra creates DNA damage tracks along α-particle trajectories (α-tracks) in exposed cells that can be revealed by immunofluorescent staining of γ-H2AX+53BP1 DNA double-strand break markers. We investigated the time- and absorbed dose-dependency of the number of α-tracks in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients undergoing their first therapy with [\(^{223}\)Ra]RaCl\(_{2}\).
Methods
Multiple blood samples from nine prostate cancer patients were collected before and after administration of [\(^{223}\)Ra]RaCl\(_{2}\), up to 4 weeks after treatment. γ-H2AX- and 53BP1-positive α-tracks were microscopically quantified in isolated and immuno-stained PBMCs.
Results
The absorbed doses to the blood were less than 6 mGy up to 4 h after administration and maximally 16 mGy in total. Up to 4 h after administration, the α-track frequency was significantly increased relative to baseline and correlated with the absorbed dose to the blood in the dose range < 3 mGy. In most of the late samples (24 h - 4 weeks after administration), the α-track frequency remained elevated.
Conclusion
The γ-H2AX+53BP1 assay is a potent method for detection of α-particle-induced DNA damages during treatment with or after accidental incorporation of radionuclides even at low absorbed doses. It may serve as a biomarker discriminating α- from β-emitters based on damage geometry.