Institut für Humangenetik
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- Fanconi-Anämie (13)
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- Institut für Humangenetik (237)
- Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften (49)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herzinsuffizienz (DZHI) (6)
- Kinderklinik und Poliklinik (6)
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- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I (5)
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Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen
- Comprehensive Hearing Center, Department of ORL, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Würzburg, Germany (1)
- DNA Analytics Core Facility, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (1)
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (1)
- Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (1)
Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of visual impairment in the elderly and the major cause of blindness in the developed world. To date, the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease are not well understood although in recent years a primary involvement of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) has become evident. The aim of the present study is to systematically analyse genes which are differentially expressed in the RPE, and to assess their possible association with mechanisms and pathways likely to be related to retinal disease, in particular AMD. Towards this goal, 2379 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were established from an inhouse generated RPE cDNA library. This library was constructed by using the suppression subtraction hybridization (SSH) technique which normalises redundant sequences and ensures enrichment of rare transcripts. In a first phase, 1002 ESTs were sequenced and subjected to comprehensive alignment with public nucleotide and protein databases. A search of the 1002 ESTs against the human genome draft sequence yielded 168 known genes, 51 predicted genes, 15 unknown transcripts and 41 clones with no significant similarity. Reverse Northern blot hybridization was performed for 318 EST clusters to identify abundantly expressed genes in the RPE and to prioritize subsequent analyses. Representative clones were spotted onto a nylon membrane and hybridized with cDNA probes of driver (heart and liver) and tester (RPE) used in the cDNA library construction. Subsequently, 107 EST clusters were subjected to Northern blot hybridizations. These analyses identified 7 RPE-specific, 3 retina-specific, 7 RPE/retina-specific, and 7 tissue restricted transcripts, while 29 EST clusters were ubiquitously expressed, and evaluation was not possible for another 54 EST clusters. Of the 24 transcripts with specific or restricted expression, 16 clones were selected for further characterization. The predicted gene MGC2477 and 2 novel isoforms of the human transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 3 (TRPM3) were cloned and further described in detail. In addition, polymorphic variations for these 2 genes as well as for the human MT-Protocadherin gene were determined. For MGC2477, 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified, with 13 having a frequency of the minor allele greater than 20%. 10 of the 15 SNPs have not been reported in so far in public SNP repertoires. Partial assessment of the TRPM3 gene yielded 35 SNPs. Of these, 30 (85.7%) were highly frequent (0.17-0.5%), and 14 (40%) were novel. The MT-Protocadherin gene revealed 35 SNPs, including 28 (80%) with high frequency of the minor allele. 23 (65.7%) were novel SNPs. These SNPs will be used to construct the most common haplotypes. These will be used in case/control association studies in 400 AMD patients and 200 ethnically and aged matched controls to assess a possible contribution of these genes in the etiology of AMD.
Background: There is much evidence that T cells are strongly involved in the pathogenesis of localized and systemic forms of scleroderma (SSc). A dysbalance between FoxP3+ regulatory CD4+ T cells (Tregs) and inflammatory T-helper (Th) 17 cells has been suggested. Methods: The study aimed (1) to investigate the phenotypical and functional characteristics of Th17 and Tregs in SSc patients depending on disease manifestation (limited vs. diffuse cutaneous SSc, dcSSc) and activity, and (2) the transcriptional level and methylation status of Th17- and Treg-specific transcription factors. Results: There was a concurrent accumulation of circulating peripheral IL-17-producing CCR6+ Th cells and FoxP3+ Tregs in patients with dcSSc. At the transcriptional level, Th17- and Treg-associated transcription factors were elevated in SSc. A strong association with high circulating Th17 and Tregs was seen with early, active, and severe disease presentation. However, a diminished suppressive function on autologous lymphocytes was found in SSc-derived Tregs. Significant relative hypermethylation was seen at the gene level for RORC1 and RORC2 in SSc, particularly in patients with high inflammatory activity. Conclusions: Besides the high transcriptional activity of T cells, attributed to Treg or Th17 phenotype, in active SSc disease, Tregs may be insufficient to produce high amounts of IL-10 or to control proliferative activity of effector T cells in SSc. Our results suggest a high plasticity of Tregs strongly associated with the Th17 phenotype. Future directions may focus on enhancing Treg functions and stabilization of the Treg phenotype.
Introduction: Several common alleles have been shown to be associated with breast and/or ovarian cancer risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Recent genome-wide association studies of breast cancer have identified eight additional breast cancer susceptibility loci: rs1011970 (9p21, CDKN2A/B), rs10995190 (ZNF365), rs704010 (ZMIZ1), rs2380205 (10p15), rs614367 (11q13), rs1292011 (12q24), rs10771399 (12p11 near PTHLH) and rs865686 (9q31.2).
Methods: To evaluate whether these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with breast cancer risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers, we genotyped these SNPs in 12,599 BRCA1 and 7,132 BRCA2 mutation carriers and analysed the associations with breast cancer risk within a retrospective likelihood framework.
Results: Only SNP rs10771399 near PTHLH was associated with breast cancer risk for BRCA1 mutation carriers (per-allele hazard ratio (HR) = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.81 to 0.94, P-trend = 3 x 10\(^{-4}\)). The association was restricted to mutations proven or predicted to lead to absence of protein expression (HR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.74 to 0.90, P-trend = 3.1 x 10\(^{-5}\), P-difference = 0.03). Four SNPs were associated with the risk of breast cancer for BRCA2 mutation carriers: rs10995190, P-trend = 0.015; rs1011970, P-trend = 0.048; rs865686, 2df P = 0.007; rs1292011 2df P = 0.03. rs10771399 (PTHLH) was predominantly associated with estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer for BRCA1 mutation carriers (HR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.74 to 0.90, P-trend = 4 x 10\(^{-5}\)) and there was marginal evidence of association with ER- negative breast cancer for BRCA2 mutation carriers (HR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.62 to 1.00, P-trend = 0.049).
Conclusions: The present findings, in combination with previously identified modifiers of risk, will ultimately lead to more accurate risk prediction and an improved understanding of the disease etiology in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers.
Electric shock is a common stimulus for nociception-research and the most widely used reinforcement in aversive associative learning experiments. Yet, nothing is known about the mechanisms it recruits at the periphery. To help fill this gap, we undertook a genome-wide association analysis using 38 inbred Drosophila melanogaster strains, which avoided shock to varying extents. We identified 514 genes whose expression levels and/or sequences covaried with shock avoidance scores. We independently scrutinized 14 of these genes using mutants, validating the effect of 7 of them on shock avoidance. This emphasizes the value of our candidate gene list as a guide for follow-up research. In addition, by integrating our association results with external protein-protein interaction data we obtained a shock avoidance- associated network of 38 genes. Both this network and the original candidate list contained a substantial number of genes that affect mechanosensory bristles, which are hairlike organs distributed across the fly's body. These results may point to a potential role for mechanosensory bristles in shock sensation. Thus, we not only provide a first list of candidate genes for shock avoidance, but also point to an interesting new hypothesis on nociceptive mechanisms.
Usher syndrome, the most prevalent cause of combined hereditary vision and hearing impairment, is clinically and genetically heterogeneous. Moreover, several conditions with phenotypes overlapping Usher syndrome have been described. This makes the molecular diagnosis of hereditary deaf-blindness challenging. Here, we performed exome sequencing and analysis on 7 Mexican and 52 Iranian probands with combined retinal degeneration and hearing impairment (without intellectual disability). Clinical assessment involved ophthalmological examination and hearing loss questionnaire. Usher syndrome, most frequently due to biallelic variants in MYO7A (USH1B in 16 probands), USH2A (17 probands), and ADGRV1 (USH2C in 7 probands), was diagnosed in 44 of 59 (75%) unrelated probands. Almost half of the identified variants were novel. Nine of 59 (15%) probands displayed other genetic entities with dual sensory impairment, including Alström syndrome (3 patients), cone-rod dystrophy and hearing loss 1 (2 probands), and Heimler syndrome (1 patient). Unexpected findings included one proband each with Scheie syndrome, coenzyme Q10 deficiency, and pseudoxanthoma elasticum. In four probands, including three Usher cases, dual sensory impairment was either modified/aggravated or caused by variants in distinct genes associated with retinal degeneration and/or hearing loss. The overall diagnostic yield of whole exome analysis in our deaf-blind cohort was 92%. Two (3%) probands were partially solved and only 3 (5%) remained without any molecular diagnosis. In many cases, the molecular diagnosis is important to guide genetic counseling, to support prognostic outcomes and decisions with currently available and evolving treatment modalities.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Krankenblätter 366 kleiner Frühgeborener (Schwangerschaftswochen (SSW) 23/0 bis 32/0), die im Zeitraum von 1995 bis 2001 in der Frauenklinik des Klinikums Süd Nürnberg aus Einlingsschwangerschaften geboren wurden, retrospektiv ausgewertet. 136 Schwangere wurden nach einem vorzeitigen Blasensprung entbunden. 16 Kinder sind innerhalb der Neonatalperiode gestorben. Erfasst wurden zum einen wichtige prä- und peripartale Faktoren, u.a. mütterliches Alter und Risiko,Schwangerschaftsalter, Indikation zur Schwangerschaftsbeendigung und Entbindungsmodus, und zum anderen fetale Outcome-Parameter wie Gewicht, Apgar Score, Nabelarterien-pH-Wert, Base Excess und Intubation. Darüber hinaus wurden für jedes Kind die Morbiditätsdiagnosen und bei gestorbenen Kindern die Todesursachen aufgenommen. In 37 % der Fälle lag der Frühgeburt ein vorzeitiger Blasensprung zugrunde, in 31 % eine vorzeitige Wehentätigkeit. Die übrigen 32 % wurden durch maternofetale Pathologie hervorgerufen. Das Gewicht der Frühgeborenen lag zu 75 % unter 1500 g. In einer schweren Azidose befanden sich 6 % der Kinder. Eine starke Abhängigkeit der Outcome-Parameter von Poleinstellung und Entbindungsmodus war nicht zu beobachten. Frühgeborene nach fetaler Entbindungsindikation wiesen ein schlechteres Outcome auf als nach maternaler Indikation. Von den beobachteten Krankheiten kam das Atemnotsyndrom am häufigsten vor (in 63 % der Fälle), bei 20 % der Kinder III.-IV. Grades. Hochgradige Retinopathie (Grade III-IV) wurde in 5,4 %, retrolentale Fibroplasie in 0,6 % der Fälle diagnostiziert. Ein Drittel der Kinder erkrankten an einer Sepsis. Bei 18 % entwickelte sich im Verlauf eine bronchopulmonale Dysplasie. Schwere Hirnblutungen (III.-IV. Grades) erlitten 4,5 % der Frühgeborenen, periventrikuläre Leukomalazie 3,6 % und nekrotisierende Enterokolitis 1,5 %. Die genannten Krankheiten traten mit zunehmendem Schwangerschaftsalter weniger häufig auf. Die Prognose verbesserte sich besonders stark in den SSW 28-30. 6 von 16 Todesfällen (38 %) entfielen auf die ersten 24 Lebensstunden. Die Todesursachen waren Unreife/Mangelgeburt (31 %), Sepsis (31 %), Fehlbildungen und intrauterine Asphyxie (jeweils 13 %). Die neonatale Mortalitätsrate nahm mit zunehmendem Geburtsgewicht deutlich ab: Von 33 % für Frühgeborene unter 500 g, auf 3 % ab 1000 g. Die mittlere Latenzperiode nach einem vorzeitigen Blasensprung betrug 9,1 Tage (in 90 % der Fälle bis zu 3 Wochen, Maximum: 10 Wochen). Kinder beider betrachteter Gruppen von 23-28 und 29-32 SSW profitierten vom angewendeten konservativen Management: Bezüglich der Lungenreife war eine klare Verbesserung zu beobachten, falls die RDS-Prophylaxe 48 Stunden vor der Geburt abgeschlossen war. Sepsis kam zwar in der Gruppe mit niedrigerem Gestationsalter häufiger vor, war jedoch nicht direkt abhängig von der Latenzperiode. Im Vergleich mit anderen aktuellen Studien lagen die in dieser Arbeit festgestellten Morbiditätsraten etwa gleichauf. Die Kinder des eigenen Kollektivs entwickelten aber seltener intraventrikuläre Hämorrhagie und periventrikuläre Leukomalazie. Die starke Abnahme von Morbidität und Mortalität mit zunehmendem Schwangerschaftsalter wird in den Vergleichsstudien ähnlich berichtet. Eine nicht vernachlässigbare Überlebenschance kann bereits ab 23 SSW gegeben sein (4 von 6 dieser Kinder überlebten die Neonatalperiode). Die Chancen auf ein gesundes Überleben jedoch steigen besonders in den SSW 28-30. Daher ist in den sehr frühen SSW die Prolongation der Schwangerschaft zu empfehlen.
Prerequisite to any biological laboratory assay employing living animals is consideration about its necessity, feasibility, ethics and the potential harm caused during an experiment. The imperative of these thoughts has led to the formulation of the 3R-principle, which today is a pivotal scientific standard of animal experimentation worldwide. The rising amount of laboratory investigations utilizing living animals throughout the last decades, either for regulatory concerns or for basic science, demands the development of alternative methods in accordance with 3R to help reduce experiments in mammals. This demand has resulted in investigation of additional vertebrate species displaying favourable biological properties. One prominent species among these is the zebrafish (Danio rerio), as these small laboratory ray-finned fish are well established in science today and feature outstanding biological characteristics. In this review, we highlight the advantages and general prerequisites of zebrafish embryos and larvae before free-feeding stages for toxicological testing, with a particular focus on cardio-, neuro, hepato- and nephrotoxicity. Furthermore, we discuss toxicokinetics, current advances in utilizing zebrafish for organ toxicity testing and highlight how advanced laboratory methods (such as automation, advanced imaging and genetic techniques) can refine future toxicological studies in this species.
Die Zellzyklusanalyse an kultivierten Fruchtwasserzellen zur pränatalen Diagnostik der Fanconi-Anämie ist nicht hinreichend zuverlässig und sollte aufgrund der teilweisen Verfälschung des Ergebnisses durch tetraploide Zellen und unzureichende Mitogenantwort sowie eventuell einen hohen Anteil nichtstimulierbarer Zellen (sog. noncycling fraction) stets mit einer weiteren Untersuchung an Nabelschnurblutzellen bestätigt werden. Durch eine Kombination von Amnionzelll- und NS-Blut- Untersuchung mit Hilfe der Durchflußzytometrie kann die Diagnose FA dann in der Mehrzahl der Fälle sicher ausgeschlossen oder bestätigt werden. Diese funktionelle Testung ist insbesondere für das Screening von Niedrig-Risiko-Schwangerschaften geeignet, bei denen eine pränatale Diagnostik auf Grund eines auffälligen Ultraschallbefundes bei sonst leerer Familienanamnese durchgeführt wird. Indirekte und direkte Gendiagnostik setzen die Kenntnis des betroffenen Gens bzw. beider krankheitsverursachender Mutationen voraus. Im engen zeitlichen Fenster der pränatalen Diagnostik können diese nicht immer rechtzeitig bestimmt werden. In den Fällen, in welchen sowohl funktionelle als auch Gendiagnostik durchgeführt wurde, konnte das Ergebnis der funktionellen Diagnostik stets bestätigt werden. Die einzige Fehldiagnose unter den hier vorgestellten Familien beruhte auf der Tatsache, dass in diesem Fall das Ergebnis der Zellzyklustestung an kultivierten Fruchtwasserzellen nicht durch eine Untersuchung von Nabelschnurblut kontrolliert wurde. Werden sowohl Amnionzellen als auch Nabelschnurblut untersucht und wird die Untersuchung der Amnionzellen durch eine einfache Sensitivitätsmessung gegenüber MMC ergänzt, so ist die funktionelle pränatale Diagnostik eine verlässliche Methode zur Bestätigung oder zum Ausschluß der Diagnose Fanconi-Anämie. Die größtmögliche Sicherheit der pränatalen Diagnostik wird jedoch mit molekulargenetischen Methoden erreicht. Dies ist insbesondere dann der Fall, wenn Komplementationsgruppenzugehörigkeit und die Art der krankheitsverursachenden Mutationen vor Beginn der Schwangerschaft bekannt sind.