Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I
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- Herzinsuffizienz (23)
- Herzinfarkt (18)
- Diabetes mellitus (17)
- myocardial infarction (17)
- chronic kidney disease (15)
- heart failure (14)
- hemodialysis (13)
- inflammation (12)
- Fabry disease (11)
- echocardiography (11)
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- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I (498)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herzinsuffizienz (DZHI) (36)
- Institut für Klinische Epidemiologie und Biometrie (19)
- Institut für diagnostische und interventionelle Radiologie (Institut für Röntgendiagnostik) (17)
- Pathologisches Institut (17)
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin (16)
- Physikalisches Institut (11)
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral-, Gefäß- und Kinderchirurgie (Chirurgische Klinik I) (9)
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie (ab 2004) (9)
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II (8)
Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (2)
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, U.S. (2)
- Center for Interdisciplinary Clinical Research, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany (1)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken an der Universität Würzburg (1)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (1)
- Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (1)
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (1)
- Joslin Diabetes Center (Harvard Medical School) (1)
- Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover (1)
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Kardiologie (1)
The first description of neuromyelitis optica by Eugène Devic and Fernand Gault dates back to the 19th century, but only the discovery of aquaporin-4 autoantibodies in a major subset of affected patients in 2004 led to a fundamentally revised disease concept: Neuromyelits optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are now considered autoantibody-mediated autoimmune diseases, bringing the pivotal pathogenetic role of B cells and plasma cells into focus. Not long ago, there was no approved medication for this deleterious disease and off-label therapies were the only treatment options for affected patients. Within the last years, there has been a tremendous development of novel therapies with diverse treatment strategies: immunosuppression, B cell depletion, complement factor antagonism and interleukin-6 receptor blockage were shown to be effective and promising therapeutic interventions. This has led to the long-expected official approval of eculizumab in 2019 and inebilizumab in 2020. In this article, we review current pathogenetic concepts in NMOSD with a focus on the role of B cells and autoantibodies as major contributors to the propagation of these diseases. Lastly, by highlighting promising experimental and future treatment options, we aim to round up the current state of knowledge on the therapeutic arsenal in NMOSD.
Patients affected by gastroenteropancreatic–neuroendocrine tumors (GEP–NETs) have an increased risk of developing osteopenia and osteoporosis, as several factors impact on bone metabolism in these patients. In fact, besides the direct effect of bone metastasis, bone health can be affected by hormone hypersecretion (including serotonin, cortisol, and parathyroid hormone-related protein), specific microRNAs, nutritional status (which in turn could be affected by medical and surgical treatments), and vitamin D deficiency. In patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), a hereditary syndrome associated with NET occurrence, bone damage may carry other consequences. Osteoporosis may negatively impact on the quality of life of these patients and can increment the cost of medical care since these patients usually live with their disease for a long time. However, recommendations suggesting screening to assess bone health in GEP–NET patients are missing. The aim of this review is to critically analyze evidence on the mechanisms that could have a potential impact on bone health in patients affected by GEP–NET, focusing on vitamin D and its role in GEP–NET, as well as on factors associated with MEN1 that could have an impact on bone homeostasis.
Herzinsuffizienz ist eine sehr häufige Erkrankung im hohen Lebensalter mit zudem signifikant hoher Mortalität - vergleichbar mit der Mortalität häufiger Krebsarten. Biomarker wie die natriuretischen Peptide sind von großer Wichtigkeit hinsichtlich der Diagnosestellung und Prognoseabschätzung. Auch inflammatorische Marker, Copeptin sowie Mid-regionales Adrenomedullin (MR-proADM) haben eine wichtige Rolle sowohl in der Diagnosestellung der Herzinsuffizienz als auch in der Prognoseabschätzung eingenommen. Die Aussagekraft der Biomarker in einem diagnostisch naiven Kollektiv mit dem klinisch-anamnestischen Verdacht auf das Vorliegen einer Herzinsuffizienz ist jedoch bisher kaum untersucht worden.
Die Handheld-BNP-Studie schloss diagnostisch naive Patienten ein, die sich mit Symptomen passend zu einer Herzinsuffizienz beim Hausarzt vorstellten. Binnen 14 Tagen erfolgte die Referenzdiagnose durch einen niedergelassenen Kardiologen. Ziel war es, die diagnostische Aussagekraft von BNP und der miniaturisierten Echokardiographie im primärärztlichen Bereich zu überprüfen. Die vorliegenden Follow-Up-II-Untersuchung untersuchte die prognostische Aussagekraft moderner Biomarker (N-terminales B-natriuretisches Peptid (NT-proBNP), Mid-regionales atriales natriuretisches Peptid (MR-proANP), Mid-regionales Adrenomedullin (MR-proADM), Copeptin, Tumornekrosefaktor Alpha (TNF- α) und hochsensitives C-reaktives Protein (hsCRP)). Die Endpunkte waren Tod jeder Ursache sowie kardiovaskulärer Tod.
Insgesamt traten in unseren Analysen die natriuretischen Peptide mit ihrer prognostischen Aussagekraft hervor. In den univariaten Analysen zeigte sich das NT-proBNP als wichtigster Biomarker und in den multivariaten Analysen das MR-proANP.
Bei diagnostisch naiven Patienten, die sich mit Herzinsuffizienzsymptomen bei ihrem Hausarzt vorstellen, besteht ein hohes Mortalitätsrisiko. Um diese Patienten adäquat zu selektieren, eine leitliniengerechte Therapie einzuleiten und um das Fortschreiten der Erkrankung aufzuhalten, ist eine frühzeitige Diagnosestellung beim Kardiologen wichtig. Natriuretische Peptide sind prädiktiv, jedoch stellt das MR-proANP aufgrund fehlender generalisierter Verfügbarkeit keine realistische Option im primärärztlichen Bereich dar. Das NT-proBNP hat eine flächendeckende Verfügbarkeit und wird mittlerweile in den Herzinsuffizienz-Leitlinien der ESC bei der Verdachtsdiagnose Herzinsuffizienz standardmäßig empfohlen.
Sensitization to the adipokine leptin is a promising therapeutic strategy against obesity and its comorbidities and has been proposed to contribute to the lasting metabolic benefits of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. We formally tested this idea using Zucker fatty fa/fa rats as an established genetic model of obesity, glucose intolerance, and fatty liver due to leptin receptor deficiency. We show that the changes in body weight in these rats following RYGB largely overlaps with that of diet-induced obese Wistar rats with intact leptin receptors. Further, food intake and oral glucose tolerance were normalized in RYGB-treated Zucker fatty fa/fa rats to the levels of lean Zucker fatty fa/+ controls, in association with increased glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and insulin release. In contrast, while fatty liver was also normalized in RYGB-treated Zucker fatty fa/fa rats, their circulating levels of the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) remained elevated at the level of obese Zucker fatty fa/fa controls. These findings suggest that the leptin system is not required for the normalization of energy and glucose homeostasis associated with RYGB, but that its potential contribution to the improvements in liver health postoperatively merits further investigation.
Recent studies have hinted to an involvement of epithelial to mesenchymal transition, a mechanism often associated with metastasis in epithelial cancers, in adrenocortical carcinoma. In addition, the knowledge about the FGF/FGFR pathway in pathogenesis of the adrenal gland, a pathway often associated with the epithelial to mesenchymal transition, is sparse and fragmented.
We assessed, in a large number of normal, benign and malignant adrenocortical tissues (a total of 181 different samples), the expression of canonical and novel epithelial and mesenchymal markers and compared it with their expression in typical epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. In addition, we also quantified the expression of most members of the FGF/FGFR pathway in adrenocortical tissues and compared it against well-studied epithelial and mesenchymal tissues as well as between malignant and not malignant adrenocortical tissues, in order to assess the possible connection to epithelial to mesenchymal transition and find possible drug targets. Surprisingly, both normal and neoplastic adrenocortical tissues lacked expression of epithelial markers (e.g. E-Cadhering or EpCAM) but strongly expressed mesenchymal markers (e.g. N-Cadherin or SLUG), suggesting a higher similarity of adrenocortical tissues to mesenchymal compared to epithelial tissues, reminiscent of the adrenocortical origin from the intermediate mesoderm. Despite their ubiquitous expression in all adrenocortical tissues, mesenchymal markers had a variable expression in adrenocortical carcinoma, associating either directly or inversely with different clinical markers of tumor aggressiveness. Lymph node infiltration was associated with high expression of SLUG (p = 0.04), and at the same time low expression of N-cadherin (p = 0.001), and the same pattern was observed for venous infiltration of tumoral tissue, Weiss score of tumor malignancy or Ki67 proliferation marker. In malignant compared to benign adrenal tumors, we found significant differences in the expression of 16 out of the 94 studied FGF receptor pathway related genes. Genes involved in tissue differentiation and metastatic spread through epithelial to mesenchymal transition were most strongly altered. The therapeutically targetable FGF receptors 1 and 4 were upregulated 4.6- and 6-fold, respectively, in malignant compared to benign adrenocortical tumors, which was confirmed by using two different quantification methods in both frozen and paraffin embedded tissue material. High expression of FGFR1 and 4 was significantly associated with worse patient prognosis (High FGFR1 expression was associated with a shorter overall patient survival of 84 vs 148 months (HR=1.8, 95% CI: 1.01-3.25) as well as a shorter resection free survival of 25 vs 75 months ((HR=2.93, 95% CI: 1.25-6.84), while high FGFR4 was associated with a much shorter overall survival of 50 vs 155 months (HR=2.44, 95% CI: 1.41-4.22).
In conclusion, epithelial to mesenchymal transition does not seem to play a role in adrenocortical carcinoma tumor progression, and the FGF/FGFR pathway, even if it is probably not related to EMT, is nonetheless associated with tumor aggressiveness. Furthermore, quantification of FGF receptors may enable a stratification of adrenocortical carcinoma for the use of FGFR inhibitors in future clinical trials.
Impact of cardiovascular risk factors on myocardial work-insights from the STAAB cohort study
(2022)
Myocardial work is a new echocardiography-based diagnostic tool, which allows to quantify left ventricular performance based on pressure-strain loops, and has been validated against invasively derived pressure-volume measurements. Myocardial work is described by its components (global constructive work [GCW], global wasted work [GWW]) and indices (global work index [GWI], global work efficiency [GWE]). Applying this innovative concept, we characterized the prevalence and severity of subclinical left ventricular compromise in the general population and estimated its association with cardiovascular (CV) risk factors. Within the Characteristics and Course of Heart Failure STAges A/B and Determinants of Progression (STAAB) cohort study we comprehensively phenotyped a representative sample of the population of Würzburg, Germany, aged 30-79 years. Indices of myocardial work were determined in 1929 individuals (49.3% female, mean age 54 ± 12 years). In multivariable analysis, hypertension was associated with a mild increase in GCW, but a profound increase in GWW, resulting in higher GWI and lower GWE. All other CV risk factors were associated with lower GCW and GWI, but not with GWW. The association of hypertension and obesity with GWI was stronger in women. We conclude that traditional CV risk factors impact selectively and gender-specifically on left ventricular myocardial performance, independent of systolic blood pressure. Quantifying active systolic and diastolic compromise by derivation of myocardial work advances our understanding of pathophysiological processes in health and cardiac disease.
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is highly prevalent in patients on maintenance haemodialysis (HD) and lacks effective treatment. We investigated the effect of spironolactone on cardiac structure and function with a specific focus on diastolic function parameters. The MiREnDa trial examined the effect of 50 mg spironolactone once daily versus placebo on left ventricular mass index (LVMi) among 97 HD patients during 40 weeks of treatment. In this echocardiographic substudy, diastolic function was assessed using predefined structural and functional parameters including E/e'. Changes in the frequency of HFpEF were analysed using the comprehensive 'HFA-PEFF score'. Complete echocardiographic assessment was available in 65 individuals (59.5 ± 13.0 years, 21.5% female) with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF > 50%). At baseline, mean E/e' was 15.2 ± 7.8 and 37 (56.9%) patients fulfilled the criteria of HFpEF according to the HFA-PEFF score. There was no significant difference in mean change of E/e' between the spironolactone group and the placebo group (+ 0.93 ± 5.39 vs. + 1.52 ± 5.94, p = 0.68) or in mean change of left atrial volume index (LAVi) (1.9 ± 12.3 ml/m\(^{2}\) vs. 1.7 ± 14.1 ml/m\(^{2}\), p = 0.89). Furthermore, spironolactone had no significant effect on mean change in LVMi (+ 0.8 ± 14.2 g/m\(^{2}\) vs. + 2.7 ± 15.9 g/m\(^{2}\); p = 0.72) or NT-proBNP (p = 0.96). Treatment with spironolactone did not alter HFA-PEFF score class compared with placebo (p = 0.63). Treatment with 50 mg of spironolactone for 40 weeks had no significant effect on diastolic function parameters in HD patients.
Purpose
T\(_{1P}\) dispersion quantification can potentially be used as a cardiac magnetic resonance index for sensitive detection of myocardial fibrosis without the need of contrast agents. However, dispersion quantification is still a major challenge, because T\(_{1P}\) mapping for different spin lock amplitudes is a very time consuming process. This study aims to develop a fast and accurate T\(_{1P}\) mapping sequence, which paves the way to cardiac T1ρ dispersion quantification within the limited measurement time of an in vivo study in small animals.
Methods
A radial spin lock sequence was developed using a Bloch simulation-optimized sampling pattern and a view-sharing method for image reconstruction. For validation, phantom measurements with a conventional sampling pattern and a gold standard sequence were compared to examine T\(_{1P}\) quantification accuracy. The in vivo validation of T\(_{1P}\) mapping was performed in N = 10 mice and in a reproduction study in a single animal, in which ten maps were acquired in direct succession. Finally, the feasibility of myocardial dispersion quantification was tested in one animal.
Results
The Bloch simulation-based sampling shows considerably higher image quality as well as improved T\(_{1P}\) quantification accuracy (+ 56%) and precision (+ 49%) compared to conventional sampling. Compared to the gold standard sequence, a mean deviation of - 0.46 ± 1.84% was observed. The in vivo measurements proved high reproducibility of myocardial T\(_{1P}\) mapping. The mean T\(_{1P}\) in the left ventricle was 39.5 ± 1.2 ms for different animals and the maximum deviation was 2.1% in the successive measurements. The myocardial T\(_{1P}\) dispersion slope, which was measured for the first time in one animal, could be determined to be 4.76 ± 0.23 ms/kHz.
Conclusion
This new and fast T\(_{1P}\) quantification technique enables high-resolution myocardial T\(_{1P}\) mapping and even dispersion quantification within the limited time of an in vivo study and could, therefore, be a reliable tool for improved tissue characterization.
Establishing a cardiac training group for patients with heart failure: the "HIP-in-Würzburg" study
(2022)
Background
Exercise training in heart failure (HF) is recommended but not routinely offered, because of logistic and safety-related reasons. In 2020, the German Society for Prevention&Rehabilitation and the German Society for Cardiology requested establishing dedicated ""HF training groups."" Here, we aimed to implement and evaluate the feasibility and safety of one of the first HF training groups in Germany.
Methods
Twelve patients (three women) with symptomatic HF (NYHA class II/III) and an ejection fraction ≤ 45% participated and were offered weekly, physician-supervised exercise training for 1 year. Patients received a wrist-worn pedometer (M430 Polar) and underwent the following assessments at baseline and after 4, 8 and 12 months: cardiopulmonary exercise test, 6-min walk test, echocardiography (blinded reading), and quality of life assessment (Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire, KCCQ).
Results
All patients (median age [quartiles] 64 [49; 64] years) completed the study and participated in 76% of the offered 36 training sessions. The pedometer was worn ≥ 1000 min per day over 86% of the time. No cardiovascular events occurred during training. Across 12 months, NT-proBNP dropped from 986 pg/ml [455; 1937] to 483 pg/ml [247; 2322], and LVEF increased from 36% [29;41] to 41% [32;46]%, (p for trend = 0.01). We observed no changes in exercise capacity except for a subtle increase in peak VO2% predicted, from 66.5 [49; 77] to 67 [52; 78]; p for trend = 0.03. The physical function and social limitation domains of the KCCQ improved from 60 [54; 82] to 71 [58; 95, and from 63 [39; 83] to 78 [64; 92]; p for trend = 0.04 and = 0.01, respectively. Positive trends were further seen for the clinical and overall summary scores.
Conclusion
This pilot study showed that the implementation of a supervised HF-exercise program is feasible, safe, and has the potential to improve both quality of life and surrogate markers of HF severity. This first exercise experiment should facilitate the design of risk-adopted training programs for patients with HF.
In der Gruppe der Hämodialyse-PatientInnen besteht ein deutlich erhöhtes Risiko an kardiovaskulären Ereignissen zu versterben. Korrespondierend hierzu weisen Hämodia-lyse-PatientInnen eine erhöhte Prävalenz an linksventrikulärer Hypertrophie (LVH) auf. Diese gilt als starker unabhängiger Risikofaktor für kardiovaskuläre Mortalität. Auf-grund der prognostischen Aussagekraft dient die Bewertung des linksventrikulären Massenindex (LVMI) sowie die Diagnose einer LVH vor allem in prospektiven Studien als ein bedeutendes Werkzeug zur Beurteilung des kardiovaskulären Risikos. Die Be-stimmung der LVH kann anhand von bildgebenden Verfahren (u.a. Echokardiographie, CMRI) oder dem EKG erfolgen. Die CMRI-Messung wird gegenwärtig als Goldstan-dard zur Messung der LVH betrachtet.
Die 2D geführte M-mode-Methode der Echokardiographie zur Bestimmung der LVM zeichnet sich durch seine einfache und schnelle Durchführbarkeit aus und wird deshalb trotz präziserer Messverfahren wie dem 3D-Verfahren sowie diverser Einschränkungen weiterhin von der American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) als Screening-Methode und zur Untersuchung großer PatientInnenpopulationen empfohlen. Die empfohlene ASE-Formel überschätzt jedoch den LVMI nachweislich im Vergleich zum CMRI-Messverfahren. Die Überschätzung zeigte sich abhängig von der Höhe des LVMI. Es wird vermutet, dass die zunehmende Überschätzung Folge der geometrischen Grundan-nahmen ist, welche den LV vereinfachend als Ellipsoid mit konstantem L/D-Verhältnis annimmt. Dieses Verhältnis scheint sich jedoch bei zunehmender Herzgröße zu verän-dern, was wiederum zu einer Fehleinschätzung des LVMI führt. Die Teichholz (Th)-Formel korrigiert das L/D-Verhältnis mithilfe einer kurvilinearen Anpassung an den linksventrikulären Durchmesser und zeigte kürzlich in einer PatientInnengruppe mit Aor-tenstenose die geringste Tendenz der Überschätzung bei PatientInnen mit LVH. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden die echokardiographischen Formeln – ASE und Th – mit dem CMRI-Messverfahren verglichen. Beide Formeln zeigten eine deutliche Überschät-zung des LVMI. Die Th-Formel demonstrierte jedoch neben einer besseren Überein-stimmung zum CMRI, eine insgesamt geringere Überschätzung des LVMI sowie eine sukzessive Abnahme der Überschätzung mit zunehmendem LVMI. Zusammenfassend kann festgehalten werden, dass die Th-Formel der ASE-Formel in Bezug auf die Be-rechnung des LVMI bei Hämodialyse-PatientInnen insbesondere bei PatientInnen mit LVH überlegen ist. Weitere Studien sind jedoch erforderlich, um die Th-Formel in grö-ßeren Hämodialyse-PatientInnen-Kohorten mit höheren LVMI-Werten zu testen sowie um den prognostischen Wert der Th-Formel im Vergleich zur ASE-Formel zu ermitteln.
Die klassischen EKG-Indices und -Scores zur Feststellung einer LVH wiesen, wie be-reits in anderen CMRI-Vergleichsstudien gezeigt, eine schlechte Sensitivität bei guter Spezifität auf. Aufgrund dessen verlor das EKG zunehmend an Bedeutung als Scree-ning-Untersuchung. In dieser Studie wurde der Versuch unternommen die Sensitivität durch zwei Lösungsansätze zu verbessern, einerseits durch die Kombination verschiede-ner EKG-Kriterien und andrerseits durch eine Adjustierung der EKG-Kriterien an den mittels Bioimpedanz gemessenen Fettmassenanteil. Die Kombination verschiedener EKG-Kriterien erzielte eine deutlich erhöhte Sensitivität von >70 %. Auch die Anpas-sung der EKG-Kriterien an den individuellen Fettmassenanteil könnte ein hilfreicher Lösungsansatz zur Verbesserung der Sensitivität bei Adipositas darstellen.