Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II
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- Aspergillus fumigatus (3)
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Background:
The saprophytic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus reproduces by generation of conidia, which are spread by airflow throughout nature. Since humans are inhaling certain amounts of spores every day, the (innate) immune system is constantly challenged. Even though macrophages and neutrophils carry the main burden, also NK cells are regarded to contribute to the antifungal immune response. While NK cells reveal a low frequency, expression and release of immunomodulatory molecules seem to be a natural way of their involvement.
Results:
In this study we show, that NK cells secrete chemokines such as CCL3/MIP-1α, CCL4/MIP-1β and CCL5/RANTES early on after stimulation with Aspergillus fumigatus and, in addition, adjust the concentration of chemokines released to the multiplicity of infection of Aspergillus fumigatus.
Conclusions:
These results further corroborate the relevance of NK cells within the antifungal immune response, which is regarded to be more and more important in the development and outcome of invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Additionally, the correlation between the multiplicity of infection and the expression and release of chemokines shown here may be useful in further studies for the quantification and/or surveillance of the NK cell involvement in antifungal immune responses.
In Südafrika ist die Tuberkulose die häufigste opportunistische Infektion bei HIV-Patienten. Eine gleichzeitige Therapie mit Rifampicin führt zur Induktion von CYP-Enzymen und folglich zu kritischen Medikamenteninteraktionen mit einem relevanten Risiko für Veränderungen der Medikamentenkonzentration z.B. von EFV. Da Drugmonitoring in Südafrika nicht routinemäßig durchgeführt wird, liegen keine hinreichenden Daten über EFV-Serumkonzentrationen in dieser Population vor. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurden daher klinische und pharmakokinetische Daten südafrikanischer HIV-Patienten unter Therapie mit EFV und Rifampicin erhoben und unterschiedliche Einflussfaktoren auf die EFV-Serumkonzentrationen untersucht.
Insgesamt wurden bei 93 erwachsenen HIV-Patienten der HIV-Tageskliniken „Delft Community Health Clinic“ und „Tygerberg hospitals“ die EFV-Serumkonzentrationen während einer Routineuntersuchung, zu einem zufälligen, dem Patienten vorher unbekannten Zeitpunkt bestimmt. Letztlich konnten 80 HIV-Patienten unter antiretroviraler Therapie mit EFV und tuberkulostatischer Therapie mit Rifampicin in die vorliegende Untersuchung einbezogen werden.
Die gemessenen EFV-Serumkonzentrationen lagen zwischen 422 ng/ml und 33.023 ng/ml und ergaben einen Mittelwert von 3.437 ± 4.806 ng/ml. Davon lagen die Serumkonzentrationen bei 68 % (n = 54) der Patienten im angestrebten therapeutischen Bereich; 20 % (n = 16) lagen darüber und 10 % (n = 16) darunter. In der untersuchten Risikopopulation lagen also 32% der EFV-Serumkonzentrationen außerhalb des therapeutischen Bereichs, deutlich mehr Serumkonzentrationen als bei einer Vergleichspopulation in Deutschland (16%). Bei 88% der Patienten lagen jedoch mindestens ausreichende EFV-Serumkonzentrationen vor, obwohl durch die Enzyminduktion durch Rifampicin niedrigere EFV-Serumkonzentrationen zu erwarten gewesen wären.
Es konnte ein signifikanter Unterschied in der Therapiedauer mit Rifampicin im Vergleich der Patientengruppen mit EFV-Serumkonzentrationen innerhalb und oberhalb des angestrebten therapeutischen Bereichs festgestellt werden (p = 0,033). Die Patienten in der Gruppe mit EFV-Serumkonzentrationen innerhalb des therapeutischen Bereichs nahmen Rifampicin im Durchschnitt seit 121 Tagen und somit 35 Tage länger als die Patienten in der Vergleichsgruppe ein. Eine mögliche Ursache könnte die intensivere Enzyminduktion durch konstantere bzw. höhere Serumkonzentrationen von Rifampicin sein. Der Einfluss der Therapiedauer mit Rifampicin auf die Höhe der EFV-Serumkonzentrationen konnte in anderen Studien allerdings nicht gezeigt werden.
EFV-Serumkonzentrationen innerhalb des Therapeutischen Bereichs waren außerdem mit einer signifikant längeren Therapiedauer mit EFV assoziiert (p = 0,044). Dies könnte an einer mit der Therapiedauer zunehmenden Therapieadhärenz liegen, die in mehreren Studien beschrieben wurde. Eine gute Therapieadhärenz ist eine wichtige Voraussetzung für konstante EFV-Serumkonzentrationen. Bezogen auf das gesamte Patientenkollektiv konnte in der vorliegenden Untersuchung jedoch kein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen einer guten bzw. einer schlechten Therapieadhärenz und der Höhe der EFV-Serumkonzentrationen gezeigt werden.
EFV-Serumkonzentrationen oberhalb des Therapeutischen Bereichs waren mit signifikant höheren ALT-Werten assoziiert. Unter einer Therapie mit EFV können hepatotoxische Nebenwirkungen auftreten, es scheint jedoch kein eindeutiger Zusammenhang zwischen der Höhe der EFV-Serumkonzentrationen und der Höhe der Transaminasen zu bestehen. Im Einzelfall könnte bei einem HIV-Patienten mit unerklärbarem Transaminasenanstieg eine Bestimmung der EFV-Serumkonzentration sinnvoll sein, um Anhaltspunkte für eine Hepatotoxizität von EFV im Zusammenhang mit EFV-Serumkonzentrationen zu finden.
Zwischen den Patientengruppen mit EFV-Serumkonzentrationen innerhalb und oberhalb des therapeutischen Bereichs zeigte sich außerdem ein signifikanter Unterschied in der ethnischen Zugehörigkeit (p = 0,046). Der Anteil der schwarzen Patienten in der Gruppe mit erhöhten Serumkonzentrationen war mit 75 % (n = 12) signifikant höher als in der Gruppe mit Serumkonzentrationen innerhalb des angestrebten Bereichs (44 %, n = 24).
Der Einfluss der ethnischen Zugehörigkeit auf die EFV-Serumkonzentrationen könnte an dem in der schwarzen Bevölkerung überdurchschnittlich häufig vorkommenden Polymorphismus CYP2B6 516 TT liegen. Dieser Polymorphismus ist mit deutlich höheren EFV-Serumkonzentrationen assoziiert. In einigen Studien fanden sich insbesondere höhere EFV-Serumkonzentrationen bei schwarzen, weiblichen Patientinnen im Vergleich zu weißen, männlichen Patienten. Dieser Einfluss des Geschlechts auf die Höhe der EFV-Serumkonzentrationen konnte in der vorliegenden Untersuchung nicht gezeigt werden.
Weitere Begleitmedikamente scheinen die EFV-Serumkonzentrationen zusätzlich zu beeinflussen. Bei Patienten, die zusätzlich Vitamin C einnahmen (n = 9), konnten signifikant höhere EFV-Serumkonzentrationen im Vergleich zu der Patientengruppe, die kein Vitamin C einnahmen, gemessen werden. Eine mögliche Erklärung ist die durch die Anwendung der Komplementärmedizin geförderte Stärkung des Eigenverantwortungsgefühls des Patienten und der Akzeptanz gegenüber der Schulmedizin und einer damit einhergehenden Verbesserung der Therapieadhärenz.
Es konnte kein Zusammenhang zwischen dem Alter der Patienten, dem WHO-Stadium der Erkrankung, der Höhe der CD4-Zellzahl bzw. der Viruslast oder dem EFV- Dosierungsintervall und der Höhe der EFV-Serumkonzentrationen gezeigt werden.
Zusammenfassend konnten bei HIV-Patienten mit nachgewiesenermaßen enzyminduzierender Begleitmedikation mit Rifampicin weitere Einflussfaktoren auf die EFV-Serumkonzentrationen bestimmt werden. Faktoren wie ethnische Herkunft, weitere Begleitmedikamente und die Therapiedauer scheinen die EFV-Serumkonzentrationen zusätzlich zu beeinflussen. Im untersuchten Patientenkollektiv lagen allerdings bei 88% der Patienten mindestens ausreichende EFV-Serumkonzentrationen vor, sodass die Therapie als ausreichend sicher angesehen werden kann. Die Messung der EFV-Serumkonzentrationen könnte genutzt werden, um den Therapieerfolg bei HIV-Patienten unter einer antiretroviralen Therapie und einer tuberkulostatischen Begleittherapie mit Rifampicin weiter zu verbessern.
Background & aims
Serum interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) is elevated in cholestatic liver diseases and predicts response to antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Dipeptidylpeptidase 4 (DPPIV) cleaves active IP-10 into an inactive form, which inhibits recruitment of CXCR3+ T cells to the liver. In this study the link between IP-10 levels, DPPIV activity in serum and CXCR3+ T cells is analysed in cholestatic and non-cholestatic liver patients.
Methods
In serum DPPIV activity (by enzymatic assay), IP-10 (by ELISA) and bile acids (BA) (by enzymatic assay) were analysed in 229 naive HCV genotype (GT) 1 patients and in 16 patients with cholestatic liver disease. In a prospective follow-up (FU) cohort of 27 HCV GT 1 patients peripheral CD3+CXCR3+, CD4+CXCR3+ and CD8+CXCR3+ cells were measured by FACS.
Results
In 229 HCV patients serum IP-10 levels correlated positively to DPPIV serum activity. Higher IP-10 levels and DPPIV activity were detected in cholestatic and in cirrhotic HCV patients. Increased IP-10 serum levels were associated with therapeutic non-response to antiviral treatment with pegylated-interferon and ribavirin. In the HCV FU cohort elevated IP-10 serum levels and increased BA were associated with higher frequencies of peripheral CD3+CXCR3+, CD4+CXCR3+ and CD8+CXCR3+ T cells. Positive correlation between serum IP-10 levels and DPPIV activity was likewise validated in patients with cholestatic liver diseases.
Conclusions
A strong correlation between elevated serum levels of IP-10 and DPPIV activity was seen in different cholestatic patient groups. Furthermore, in cholestatic HCV patients a functional link to increased numbers of peripheral CXCR3+ immune cells could be observed. The source of DPPIV release in cholestatic patients remains open.
Infectious complications are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with malignancies specifically when receiving anticancer treatments. Prevention of infection through vaccines is an important aspect of clinical care of cancer patients. Immunocompromising effects of the underlying disease as well as of antineoplastic therapies need to be considered when devising vaccination strategies. This guideline provides clinical recommendations on vaccine use in cancer patients including autologous stem cell transplant recipients, while allogeneic stem cell transplantation is subject of a separate guideline. The document was prepared by the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society for Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) by reviewing currently available data and applying evidence-based medicine criteria.
Within the EURO-SKI trial, 132 chronic phase CML patients discontinued imatinib treatment. RNA was isolated from peripheral blood in order to analyze the expression of MDR1, ABCG2 and OCT1. ABCG2 was predictive for treatment-free remission in Cox regression analysis. High transcript levels of the ABCG2 efflux transporter (>4.5 parts per thousand) were associated with a twofold higher risk of relapse. Introduction: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) can safely be discontinued in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients with sustained deep molecular response. ABCG2 (breast cancer resistance protein), OCT1 (organic cation transporter 1), and ABCB1 (multidrug resistance protein 1) gene products are known to play a crucial role in acquired pharmacogenetic TKI resistance. Their influence on treatment-free remission (TFR) has not yet been investigated. Materials and Methods: RNA was isolated on the last day of TKI intake from peripheral blood leukocytes of 132 chronic phase CML patients who discontinued TKI treatment within the European Stop Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Study trial. Plasmid standards were designed including subgenic inserts of OCT1, ABCG2, and ABCB1 together with GUSB as reference gene. For expression analyses, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used. Multiple Cox regression analysis was performed. In addition, gene expression cutoffs for patient risk stratification were investigated. Results: The TFR rate of 132 patients, 12 months after TKI discontinuation, was 54% (95% confidence interval [CI], 46%-62%). ABCG2 expression (parts per thousand) was retained as the only significant variable (P=.02; hazard ratio, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.07) in multiple Cox regression analysis. Only for the ABCG2 efflux transporter, a significant cutoff was found (P=.04). Patients with an ABCG2/GUSB transcript level >4.5 parts per thousand (n=93) showed a 12-month TFR rate of 47% (95% CI, 37%-57%), whereas patients with low ABCG2 expression (<= 4.5 parts per thousand; n=39) had a 12-month TFR rate of 72% (95% CI, 55%-82%). Conclusion: In this study, we investigated the effect of pharmacogenetics in the context of a CML treatment discontinuation trial. The transcript levels of the efflux transporter ABCG2 predicted TFR after TKI discontinuation. (C) 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.
Interleukin-27 (IL27) is a type-I cytokine of the IL6/IL12 family and is predominantly secreted by activated macrophages and dendritic cells. We show that IL27 induces STAT factor phosphorylation in cancerous cell lines of different tissue origin. IL27 leads to STAT1 phosphorylation and recapitulates an IFN--like response in the microarray analyses, with up-regulation of genes involved in antiviral defense, antigen presentation, and immune suppression. Like IFN-, IL27 leads to an up-regulation of TAP2 and MHC-I proteins, which mediate increased tumor immune clearance. However, both cytokines also upregulate proteins such as PD-L1 (CD274) and IDO-1, which are associated with immune escape of cancer. Interestingly, differential expression of these genes was observed within the different cell lines and when comparing IL27 to IFN-. In coculture experiments of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells with peripheral blood mononuclear cells, pre-treatment of the HCC cells with IL27 resulted in lowered IL2 production by anti-CD3/-CD28 activated T-lymphocytes. Addition of anti-PD-L1 antibody, however, restored IL2 secretion. The levels of other T(H)1 cytokines were also enhanced or restored upon administration of anti-PD-L1. In addition, we show that the suppression of IL27 signaling by IL6-type cytokine pre-stimulationmimicking a situation occurring, for example, in IL6-secreting tumors or in tumor inflammation-induced cachexiacan be antagonized by antibodies against IL6-type cytokines or their receptors. Therapeutically, the antitumor effects of IL27 (mediated, e.g., by increased antigen presentation) might thus be increased by combining IL27 with blocking antibodies against PD-L1 or/and IL6-type cytokines.
Background: The combination of intermediate-dose cytarabine plus mitoxantrone (IMA) can induce high complete remission rates with acceptable toxicity in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We present the final results of a randomized-controlled trial comparing IMA with the standard 7+3 induction regimen consisting of continuous infusion cytarabine plus daunorubicin (DA).
Patients and methods: Patients with newly diagnosed AML>60 years were randomized to receive either intermediate-dose cytarabine (1000 mg/m(2) twice daily on days 1, 3, 5, 7) plus mitoxantrone (10 mg/m(2) days 1-3) (IMA) or standard induction therapy with cytarabine (100 mg/m(2) continuously days 1-7) plus daunorubicin (45 mg/m(2) days 3-5) (DA). Patients in complete remission after DA received intermediate-dose cytarabine plus amsacrine as consolidation treatment, whereas patients after IMA were consolidated with standard-dose cytarabine plus mitoxantrone.
Results: Between February 2005 and October 2009, 485 patients were randomized; 241 for treatment arm DA and 244 for IMA; 76% of patients were >65 years. The complete response rate after DA was 39% [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 33-45] versus 55% (95% CI: 49-61) after IMA (odds ratio 1.89, P = 0.001). The 6-week early-death rate was 14% in both arms. Relapse-free survival curves were superimposable in the first year, but separated afterwards, resulting in 3-year relapse-free survival rates of 29% versus 14% in the DA versus IMA arms, respectively (P = 0.042). The median overall survival was 10 months in both arms (P = 0.513).
Conclusion: The dose escalation of cytarabine in induction therapy lead to improved remission rates in the elderly AML patients. This did not translate into a survival advantage, most likely due to differences in consolidation treatment. Thus, effective consolidation strategies need to be further explored. In combination with an effective consolidation strategy, the use of intermediate-dose cytarabine in induction may improve curative treatment for elderly AML patients.
Background: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is both more common and with more biologically aggressive phenotype in the elderly. Allogenic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) is the best treatment option in fit patients. Either HLA-matched unrelated donor (MUD) or haploidentical (Haplo) donor are possible alternative for patients in need. Methods: We retrospectively compared non-T-cell-depleted Haplo (n = 250) to 10/10 MUD (n = 2589) in AML patients >= 60 years. Results: Median follow-up was 23 months. Disease status at transplant differs significantly between the two groups (p < 10(-4)). Reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) was administrated to 73 and 77% of Haplo and MUD, respectively (p = 0.23). Stem cell source was the bone marrow (BM) in 52% of the Haplo and 6% of MUD (p < 10(-4)). Anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) was most frequently used in MUD (p < 10(-4)) while post-Tx cyclophosphamide (PT-Cy) was given in 62% of Haplo. Engraftment was achieved in 90% of the Haplo vs 97% of MUD (p < 10(-4)). In multivariate analysis, no significant difference was found between Haplo and MUD for acute (a) graft versus host disease (GVHD) grade II-IV, relapse incidence (RI), non-relapse mortality (NRM), leukemia free survival (LFS), graft-versus-host-free-relapse free survival (GRFS), and overall survival (OS). Extensive chronic (c) GVHD was significantly higher for MUD as compared to Haplo (HR 2, p = 0.01, 95% CI 1.17-3.47). A propensity score analysis confirmed the higher risk of extensive cGVHD for MUD without differences for other outcomes. Conclusions: Allo-SCT from both Haplo and MUD are valid option for AML patients >= 60 years of age with similar results. Transplantation from MUD was associated with higher extensive cGVHD. Our findings suggest that Haplo is a suitable and attractive graft source for patients >= 60 with AML in need of allo-SCT.
Major molecular remission (MMR) is an important therapy goal in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). So far, MMR is not a failure criterion according to ELN management recommendation leading to uncertainties when to change therapy in CML patients not reaching MMR after 12 months. At monthly landmarks, for different molecular remission status Hazard ratios (HR) were estimated for patients registered to CML study IV who were divided in a learning and a validation sample. The minimum HR for MMR was found at 2.5 years with 0.28 (compared to patients without remission). In the validation sample, a significant advantage for progression-free survival (PFS) for patients in MMR could be detected (p-value 0.007). The optimal time to predict PFS in patients with MMR could be validated in an independent sample at 2.5 years. With our model we provide a suggestion when to define lack of MMR as therapy failure and thus treatment change should be considered. The optimal response time for 1% BCR-ABL at about 12-15 months was confirmed and for deep molecular remission no specific time point was detected. Nevertheless, it was demonstrated that the earlier the MMR is achieved the higher is the chance to attain deep molecular response later.