Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II
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Exon-4 Mutations in KRAS Affect MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT Signaling in Human Multiple Myeloma Cell Lines
(2020)
Approximately 20% of multiple myeloma (MM) cases harbor a point mutation in KRAS. However, there is still no final consent on whether KRAS-mutations are associated with disease outcome. Specifically, no data exist on whether KRAS-mutations have an impact on survival of MM patients at diagnosis in the era of novel agents. Direct blockade of KRAS for therapeutic purposes is mostly impossible, but recently a mutation-specific covalent inhibitor targeting KRAS\(^{p.G12C}\) entered into clinical trials. However, other KRAS hotspot-mutations exist in MM patients, including the less common exon-4 mutations. For the current study, the coding regions of KRAS were deep-sequenced in 80 newly diagnosed MM patients, uniformely treated with three cycles of bortezomib plus dexamethasone and cyclophosphamide (VCD)-induction, followed by high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation. Moreover, the functional impact of KRAS\(^{p.G12A}\) and the exon-4 mutations p.A146T and p.A146V on different survival pathways was investigated. Specifically, KRAS\(^{WT}\), KRAS\(^{p.G12A}\), KRAS\(^{p.A146T}\), and KRAS\(^{p.A146V}\) were overexpressed in HEK293 cells and the KRAS\(^{WT}\) MM cell lines JJN3 and OPM2 using lentiviral transduction and the Sleeping Beauty vector system. Even though KRAS-mutations were not correlated with survival, all KRAS-mutants were found capable of potentially activating MEK/ERK- and sustaining PI3K/AKT-signaling in MM cells.
Molecular changes in hepatic metabolism and transport in cirrhosis and their functional importance
(2016)
Liver cirrhosis is the common endpoint of many hepatic diseases and represents a relevant risk for liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. The progress of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis is accompanied by deteriorating liver function. This review summarizes the regulatory and functional changes in phase I and phase II metabolic enzymes as well as transport proteins and provides an overview regarding lipid and glucose metabolism in cirrhotic patients. Interestingly, phase I enzymes are generally downregulated transcriptionally, while phase II enzymes are mostly preserved transcriptionally but are reduced in their function. Transport proteins are regulated in a specific way that resembles the molecular changes observed in obstructive cholestasis. Lipid and glucose metabolism are characterized by insulin resistance and catabolism, leading to the disturbance of energy expenditure and wasting. Possible non-invasive tests, especially breath tests, for components of liver metabolism are discussed. The heterogeneity and complexity of changes in hepatic metabolism complicate the assessment of liver function in individual patients. Additionally, studies in humans are rare, and species differences preclude the transferability of data from rodents to humans. In clinical practice, some established global scores or criteria form the basis for the functional evaluation of patients with liver cirrhosis, but difficult treatment decisions such as selection for transplantation or resection require further research regarding the application of existing non-invasive tests and the development of more specific tests.
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a key factor for tumor growth and metastasis in several types of human cancer including multiple myeloma (MM). Proof-of-concept of CXCR4-directed radionuclide therapy in MM has recently been reported. This study assessed the diagnostic performance of the CXCR4-directed radiotracer [\(^{68}\)Ga]Pentixafor in MM and a potential role for stratifying patients to CXCR4-directed therapies.
Thirty-five patients with MM underwent [\(^{68}\)Ga]Pentixafor-PET/CT for evaluation of eligibility for endoradiotherapy. In 19/35 cases, [\(^{18}\)F]FDG-PET/CT for correlation was available. Scans were compared on a patient and on a lesion basis. Tracer uptake was correlated with standard clinical parameters of disease activity.
[\(^{68}\)Ga]Pentixafor-PET detected CXCR4-positive disease in 23/35 subjects (66%). CXCR4-positivity at PET was independent from myeloma subtypes, cytogenetics or any serological parameters and turned out as a negative prognostic factor. In the 19 patients in whom a comparison to [\(^{18}\)F]FDG was available, [\(^{68}\)Ga]Pentixafor-PET detected more lesions in 4/19 (21%) subjects, [\(^{18}\)F]FDG proved superior in 7/19 (37%). In the remaining 8/19 (42%) patients, both tracers detected an equal number of lesions. [\(^{18}\)F]FDG-PET positivity correlated with [\(^{68}\)Ga]Pentixafor-PET positivity (p=0.018).
[\(^{68}\)Ga]Pentixafor-PET provides further evidence that CXCR4 expression frequently occurs in advanced multiple myeloma, representing a negative prognostic factor and a potential target for myeloma specific treatment. However, selecting patients for CXCR4 directed therapies and prognostic stratification seem to be more relevant clinical applications for this novel imaging modality, rather than diagnostic imaging of myeloma.
C-X-C-motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a key factor for tumor growth and metastasis in several types of human cancer. We have recently reported promising first-in-man experience with CXCR4-directed endoradiotherapy (ERT) in multiple myeloma (MM).
Eight heavily pretreated MM patients underwent a total of 10 ERT cycles (7 patients with 1 cycle and a single patient with 3 cycles). ERT was administered in combination with chemotherapy and autologous stem cell support. End points were occurrence and timing of adverse events, progression-free and overall survival.
ERT was overall well tolerated without any unexpected acute adverse events or changes in vital signs. With absorbed tumor doses >30-70 Gy in intra- or extramedullary lesions, significant anti-myeloma activity was observed with 1 patient achieving complete remission and 5/8 partial remission. Directly after ERT major infectious complications were seen in one patient who died from sepsis 22 days after ERT, another patient with high tumor burden experienced lethal tumor lysis syndrome. Median progression-free survival was 54 days (range, 13-175), median overall survival was 223 days (range, 13-313). During follow-up (6 patients available), one patient died from infectious complications, 2/8 from disease progression, the remaining 3/8 patients are still alive.
CXCR4-directed ERT was well-tolerated and exerted anti-myeloma activity even at very advanced stage MM with presence of extramedullary disease. Further assessment of this novel treatment option is highly warranted.
\(^{11}\)C-methionine-PET in multiple myeloma: a combined study from two different institutions
(2017)
\(^{11}\)C-methionine (MET) has recently emerged as an accurate marker of tumor burden and disease activity in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). This dual-center study aimed at further corroboration of the superiority of MET as positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for staging and re-staging MM, as compared to \(^{18}\)F-2`-deoxy-2`-fluoro-D-glucose (FDG).
78 patients with a history of solitary plasmacytoma (n=4), smoldering MM (SMM, n=5), and symptomatic MM (n=69) underwent both MET- and FDG-PET/computed tomography (CT) at the University Centers of Würzburg, Germany and Navarra, Spain. Scans were compared on a patient and on a lesion basis. Inter-reader agreement was also evaluated. In 2 patients, tumor biopsies for verification of discordant imaging results were available.
MET-PET detected focal lesions (FL) in 59/78 subjects (75.6%), whereas FDG-PET/CT showed lesions in only 47 patients (60.3%; p<0.01), accordingly disease activity would have been missed in 12 patients. Directed biopsies of discordant results confirmed MET-PET/CT results in both cases.
MET depicted more FL in 44 patients (56.4%; p<0.01), whereas in two patients (2/78), FDG proved superior. In the remainder (41.0%, 32/78), both tracers yielded comparable results. Inter-reader agreement for MET was higher than for FDG (κ = 0.82 vs κ = 0.72).
This study demonstrates higher sensitivity of MET in comparison to standard FDG to detect intra- and extramedullary MM including histologic evidence of FDG-negative, viable disease exclusively detectable by MET-PET/CT. MET holds the potential to replace FDG as functional imaging standard for staging and re-staging of MM.
The human ubiquitin ligase HUWE1 has key roles in tumorigenesis, yet it is unkown how its activity is regulated. We present the crystal structure of a C-terminal part of HUWE1, including the catalytic domain, and reveal an asymmetric auto-inhibited dimer. We show that HUWE1 dimerizes in solution and self-associates in cells, and that both occurs through the crystallographic dimer interface. We demonstrate that HUWE1 is inhibited in cells and that it can be activated by disruption of the dimer interface. We identify a conserved segment in HUWE1 that counteracts dimer formation by associating with the dimerization region intramolecularly. Our studies reveal, intriguingly, that the tumor suppressor p14ARF binds to this segment and may thus shift the conformational equilibrium of HUWE1 toward the inactive state. We propose a model, in which the activity of HUWE1 underlies conformational control in response to physiological cues—a mechanism that may be exploited for cancer therapy.
The MuvB multiprotein complex, together with B-MYB and FOXM1 (MMB-FOXM1), plays an essential role in cell cycle progression by regulating the transcription of genes required for mitosis and cytokinesis. In many tumors, B-MYB and FOXM1 are overexpressed as part of the proliferation signature. However, the transcriptional targets that are important for oncogenesis have not been identified. Given that mitotic kinesins are highly expressed in cancer cells and that selected kinesins have been reported as target genes of MMB-FOXM1, we sought to determine which mitotic kinesins are directly regulated by MMB-FOXM1. We demonstrate that six mitotic kinesins and two microtubule-associated non-motor proteins (MAPs) CEP55 and PRC1 are direct transcriptional targets of MuvB, B-MYB and FOXM1 in breast cancer cells.
Suppression of KIF23 and PRC1 strongly suppressed proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells. The set of MMB-FOXM1 regulated kinesins genes and 4 additional kinesins which we referred to as the mitotic kinesin signature (MKS) is linked to poor outcome in breast cancer patients. Thus, mitotic kinesins could be used as prognostic biomarker and could be potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of breast cancer.
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors represent today's treatment of choice in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is regarded as salvage therapy. This prospective randomized CML-study IIIA recruited 669 patients with newly diagnosed CML between July 1997 and January 2004 from 143 centers. Of these, 427 patients were considered eligible for HSCT and were randomized by availability of a matched family donor between primary HSCT (group A; N = 166 patients) and best available drug treatment (group B; N = 261). Primary end point was long-term survival. Survival probabilities were not different between groups A and B (10-year survival: 0.76 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.69-0.82) vs 0.69 (95% CI: 0.61-0.76)), but influenced by disease and transplant risk. Patients with a low transplant risk showed superior survival compared with patients with high( P < 0.001) and non-high-risk disease (P = 0.047) in group B; after entering blast crisis, survival was not different with or without HSCT. Significantly more patients in group A were in molecular remission (56% vs 39%; P = 0.005) and free of drug treatment (56% vs 6%; P < 0.001). Differences in symptoms and Karnofsky score were not significant. In the era of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, HSCT remains a valid option when both disease and transplant risk are considered.
Zielvorgabe dieser Dissertation stellte die Konstruktion eines Plasmides mit mehreren shRNA-Expressionskassetten für den simultanen Knockdown onkogener Zielstrukturen im Multiplen Myelom dar. Es sollte sich zudem um ein Konstrukt handeln, bei dem ein beliebig häufiges Einfügen oder Ersetzen von Expressionskassetten durch einfache Klonierungsschritte möglich ist.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden Plasmide mit bis zu vier unterschiedlichen shRNA-Expressionskassetten konstruiert und getestet. Mittels Elektroporation und anschließender Analyse der Knock-down-Effizienz im Western Blot konnte beispielhaft an Proteinen des MEK-ERK-Signalweges gezeigt werden, dass mithilfe der klonierten Plasmide die Spiegel von mindestens vier Zielproteinen gleichzeitig herunterreguliert werden können, ohne dass es dabei zu Einschränkungen im Vergleich zur Verwendung von Einzel-shRNA-Expressionsvektoren kommt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass weder die zunehmende Menge an hintereinander klonierten Kassetten noch die Reihenfolge der einzelnen Expressionskassetten im Plasmid einen negativen Einfluss auf das Knock-down-Ergebnis haben. Dieses Ergebnis konnte in verschiedenen Zelllinien des Multiplen Myeloms bestätigt werden. Die Vorteile des Verfahrens liegen vor allem in der Kosteneffizienz, der einfachen Herstellung und Modifikation, sowie der niedrigen biologischen Sicherheitsstufe der Versuchsschritte. Bedeutend ist zudem die Vermeidung von toxischen Effekten, welche das Einbringen von Fremd-DNA in Zellen ab gewissen Mengen mit sich bringt, durch Klonierung aller shRNA-Expressionskassetten zu lediglich einem Plasmidkonstrukt. Einschränkungen erfährt die etablierte Methodik dadurch, dass die zu untersuchenden Zellen sich für die Transfizierung mit Plasmiden eigenen müssen und ein Verfahren der Selektion transfizierter von nativen Zellen verfügbar sein muss. Durch genannte Vorteile stellt das Konstrukt jedoch ein hervorragendes Mittel zur Erforschung zellulärer Signalwege und ihrer Interaktionen weit über die Erkrankung des Multiplen Myeloms hinaus dar. Es kann zudem als kostengünstige molekulare Methode zur Identifizierung neuer pharmakologischer Angriffspunkte bei Tumorerkrankungen dienen.
Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit wurden in Folgeversuchen genutzt um eine stabile Integration der shRNA-Expressionskassetten in die zelluläre DNA sowie eine pharmakologische Induzierbarkeit zu erreichen. Es konnte somit der Sprung von den transienten Knock-down-Versuchen dieser Arbeit hin zur langfristig verminderten Proteintranslation geschafft werden. Am Ende dieser Arbeit verblieb zu eruieren, inwieweit die Anzahl der shRNA-Expressionskassetten über die getestete Anzahl von vier erweiterbar wäre und ob die guten Erfahrungen mit dieser Methodik auch bei anderen Arten von Tumorzellen replizierbar sind. Das etablierte Vektorsystem könnte in künftigen Versuchen zur schnellen Erforschung bisher wenig untersuchter oder unbekannter Signalwege dienen.
Here, we present the unique case of a 51‐year‐old German patient with multiple myeloma excreting Ascaris lumbricoides in his stool five weeks after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Stool analysis remained negative for the presence of eggs, and there was no eosinophilia in the peripheral blood at any time around stem cell transplantation. The patient was commenced on a three‐day treatment with mebendazole, which was well tolerated. No serious interactions with the concomitant post‐transplant medication or negative effects on the hematopoiesis were observed, and the myeloma still is in complete remission. To our knowledge, this is the first report on excretion of A lumbricoides in the context of allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The case is remarkable with view to the fact that the parasite has supposedly survived all courses of myeloma treatment including autologous and allogeneic conditioning. Parasitosis with A lumbricoides has a worldwide prevalence of about a billion and is extremely rare in northern Europe. Possibly the patient got infected during a trip to Egypt years before multiple myeloma was diagnosed.
Combined MEK‐BRAF inhibition is a well‐established treatment strategy in BRAF‐mutated cancer, most prominently in malignant melanoma with durable responses being achieved through this targeted therapy. However, a subset of patients face primary unresponsiveness despite presence of the activating mutation at position V600E, and others acquire resistance under treatment. Underlying resistance mechanisms are largely unknown, and diagnostic tests to predict tumor response to BRAF‐MEK inhibitor treatment are unavailable.
Multiple myeloma represents the second most common hematologic malignancy, and point mutations in BRAF are detectable in about 10% of patients. Targeted inhibition has been successfully applied, with mixed responses observed in a substantial subset of patients mirroring the widespread spatial heterogeneity in this genomically complex disease. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is an extremely rare, extramedullary form of multiple myeloma that can be diagnosed in less than 1% of patients. It is considered an ultimate high‐risk feature, associated with unfavorable cytogenetics, and, even with intense treatment applied, survival is short, reaching less than 12 months in most cases. Here we not only describe the first patient with an extramedullary CNS relapse responding to targeted dabrafenib and trametinib treatment, we furthermore provide evidence that a point mutation within the capicua transcriptional repressor (CIC) gene mediated the acquired resistance in this patient.
Background
A phase I/II study and subsequent phase III study (MPACT) reported significant correlations between CA19-9 decreases and prolonged overall survival (OS) with nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine (nab-P + Gem) treatment for metastatic pancreatic cancer (MPC). CA19-9 changes at week 8 and potential associations with efficacy were investigated as part of an exploratory analysis in the MPACT trial.
Patients and methods
Untreated patients with MPC (N = 861) received nab-P + Gem or Gem alone. CA19-9 was evaluated at baseline and every 8 weeks.
Results
Patients with baseline and week-8 CA19-9 measurements were analyzed (nab-P + Gem: 252; Gem: 202). In an analysis pooling the treatments, patients with any CA19-9 decline (80%) versus those without (20%) had improved OS (median 11.1 versus 8.0 months; P = 0.005). In the nab-P + Gem arm, patients with (n = 206) versus without (n = 46) any CA19-9 decrease at week 8 had a confirmed overall response rate (ORR) of 40% versus 13%, and a median OS of 13.2 versus 8.3 months (P = 0.001), respectively. In the Gem-alone arm, patients with (n = 159) versus without (n = 43) CA19-9 decrease at week 8 had a confirmed ORR of 15% versus 5%, and a median OS of 9.4 versus 7.1 months (P = 0.404), respectively. In the nab-P + Gem and Gem-alone arms, by week 8, 16% (40/252) and 6% (13/202) of patients, respectively, had an unconfirmed radiologic response (median OS 13.7 and 14.7 months, respectively), and 79% and 84% of patients, respectively, had stable disease (SD) (median OS 11.1 and 9 months, respectively). Patients with SD and any CA19-9 decrease (158/199 and 133/170) had a median OS of 13.2 and 9.4 months, respectively.
Conclusion
This analysis demonstrated that, in patients with MPC, any CA19-9 decrease at week 8 can be an early marker for chemotherapy efficacy, including in those patients with SD. CA19-9 decrease identified more patients with survival benefit than radiologic response by week 8.
Comparison of nonculture blood-based tests for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis in an animal model
(2016)
The European Aspergillus PCR Initiative (EAPCRI) has provided recommendations for the PCR testing of whole blood (WB) and serum/plasma. It is important to test these recommended protocols on nonsimulated "in vivo" specimens before full clinical evaluation. The testing of an animal model of invasive aspergillosis (IA) overcomes the low incidence of disease and provides experimental design and control that is not possible in the clinical setting. Inadequate performance of the recommended protocols at this stage would require reassessment of methods before clinical trials are performed and utility assessed. The manuscript describes the performance of EAPCRI protocols in an animal model of invasive aspergillosis. Blood samples taken from a guinea pig model of IA were used for WB and serum PCR. Galactomannan and beta-D-glucan detection were evaluated, with particular focus on the timing of positivity and on the interpretation of combination testing. The overall sensitivities for WB PCR, serum PCR, galactomannan, and beta-D-glucan were 73%, 65%, 68%, and 46%, respectively. The corresponding specificities were 92%, 79%, 80%, and 100%, respectively. PCR provided the earliest indicator of IA, and increasing galactomannan and beta-D-glucan values were indicators of disease progression. The combination of WB PCR with galactomannan and beta-D-glucan proved optimal (area under the curve AUC], 0.95), and IA was confidently diagnosed or excluded. The EAPRCI-recommended PCR protocols provide performance comparable to commercial antigen tests, and clinical trials are warranted. By combining multiple tests, IA can be excluded or confirmed, highlighting the need for a combined diagnostic strategy. However, this approach must be balanced against the practicality and cost of using multiple tests.
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a heterogeneous group of malignancies with features of biliary tract differentiation. CCA is the second most common primary liver tumour and the incidence is increasing worldwide. CCA has high mortality owing to its aggressiveness, late diagnosis and refractory nature. In May 2015, the "European Network for the Study of Cholangiocarcinoma" (ENS-CCA: www.enscca.org or www.cholangiocarcinoma.eu) was created to promote and boost international research collaboration on the study of CCA at basic, translational and clinical level. In this Consensus Statement, we aim to provide valuable information on classifications, pathological features, risk factors, cells of origin, genetic and epigenetic modifications and current therapies available for this cancer. Moreover, future directions on basic and clinical investigations and plans for the ENS-CCA are highlighted.
Der Nutzen von Therapeutischem Drug Monitoring (TDM) bei der Behandlung von HIV-infizierten Kindern in Ländern mit geringen finanziellen Ressourcen ist bisher nicht gründlich erforscht worden. Pharmakokinetische Studien antiretroviraler Medikamente haben bei Kindern eine hohe intra- und interpersonale Varianz gezeigt. Dies könnte den kontinuierlichen Prozessen von Reifung, Wachstum und Körperzusammensetzung geschuldet sein. Deswegen könnte TDM zu einer sichereren und erfolgreicheren Behandlung von HIV bei Kindern in Südafrika beitragen.
Diese Untersuchung einer pädiatrischen HIV-Kohorte zeigte, dass 73,5 % der Patienten innerhalb des empfohlenen therapeutischen Bereichs ihrer Medikamentenkonzentration waren.
Aufgrund einer hohen interpersonalen Varianz antiretroviraler Medikamentenkonzentrationen, eine großen Zahl an Komedikationen mit Interaktionspotential, das Risiko für Non-Adhärenz und Zeichen möglicher Arzneimittelnebenwirkungen, kann TDM die Effizienz und Sicherheit der antiretroviralen Kombinationstherapie von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit HIV verbessern.
Zinc is an essential trace element for all living organisms. In mammals, including humans and mice, it is required for normal growth, development, hematopoiesis and immune defense. This thesis investigates the influence of zinc on the development of megakaryocytes (MKs), the cells responsible for bone marrow-derived platelet production. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the expression of zinc import and export transporters (Slc39a/Slc30a genes) is carried out, firstly over the course of MK differentiation and secondly dependent on extracellular zinc.
The mold Fusarium is a ubiquitous fungus causing plant, animal and human infections. In humans, Fusarium spp. are the major cause of eye infections in patients wearing contact lenses or after local trauma. Systemic infections by Fusarium spp. mainly occur in immunosuppressed patients and can disseminate throughout the human body. Due to high levels of resistance to antifungals a fast identification of the causative agent is an urgent need. By using a probe-based real-time PCR assay specific for the genus Fusarium we analysed several different clinical specimens detecting Fusarium spp. commonly found in clinical samples in Germany. Also, a large collection of lung fluid samples of haematological patients was analysed (n = 243). In these, two samples (0.8%) were reproducibly positive, but only one could be confirmed by sequencing. For this case of probable invasive fungal disease (IFD) culture was positive for Fusarium species. Here we describe a rapid, probe-based real-time PCR assay to specifically detect DNA from a broad range of Fusarium species and its application to clinically relevant specimens.
In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten kam es durch den Einsatz massiv immunsupprimierender Therapien zu einer steigenden Inzidenz invasiver Mykosen. Die durch eine Infektion mit A. fumigatus ausgelöste invasive Aspergillose stellt eine lebensbedrohliche Erkrankung für Patienten mit hämatologischen Malignomen oder nach hämatopoetischer Stammzelltransplantation dar. Für die Behandlung solcher Erkrankungen ist eine frühzeitige Diagnosestellung unabdingbar. Da invasive diagnostische Maßnahmen bei den betroffenen Patienten jedoch häufig kontraindiziert sind, werden neue Biomarker und nicht invasive Diagnoseverfahren intensiv beforscht.
Ein kürzlich beschriebener Ansatz zur Primär- und Verlaufsdiagnostik bei Patienten mit invasiven pulmonalen Aspergillosen und Mukormykosen ist die Verwendung des auf aktivierten T-Zellen exprimierten Aktivierungsmarkers CD154 zur durchflusszytometrischen Quantifizierung A. fumigatus-spezifischer T-Helfer-Zellen.
Die Detektion dieser Zellen mit dem in der Literatur beschriebenen Protokoll erfordert die Isolation von PBMCs und duldet vor der Verarbeitung der Proben in einem spezialisierten Labor nur kurze präanalytische Lagerungszeiten. Dies stellt einen limitierenden Faktor für die klinische Verwendbarkeit des beschriebenen Assays dar.
Die vorliegende Dissertationsschrift beschäftige sich damit, den beschriebenen Assay zur Detektion A. fumigatus-spezifischer T-Zellen, hinsichtlich seiner Präanalytik und klinischen Anwendbarkeit eingehender zu evaluieren und zu optimieren.
Zunächst konnte gezeigt werden, dass mittels Verdünnung und Agitation der zur PBMC Isolation verwendeten Blutproben eine Verlängerung des präanalytischen Zeitfensters zwischen Blutentnahme und Aufbereitung auf bis zu 4 h möglich ist, ohne dass dabei die Sensitivität des CD154-basierten T-Zell-Assays beeinträchtigt wird.
Weiterhin konnte die Verwendung eines Vollblut-basierten Protokolls, das auf die zeitaufwendige Isolation von PBMCs verzichtet, etabliert werden. Hinsichtlich seiner Detektionsleistung zeigte sich das Vollblutprotokoll dem PBMC Protokoll grundsätzlich überlegen. Für verschiedene Stimulationsperioden konnte ein gegenüber dem PBMC
Standardprotokoll reproduzierbarer Konversionsfaktor ermittelt werden, welcher einen Vergleich von Ergebnissen bei alternierender Durchführung von PBMC- und Vollblut-Assay bei den selben Patienten möglich macht. Das Protokoll erlaubt die Kombination von Stimulations- und Transportzeit unter Verwendung eines auf 37 °C temperierten Transportgefäßes. Eine alleinige Stimulation bei Raumtemperatur zeigte sich hingegen nicht erfolgreich. Die Anwendung des Assays am Point-of-Care wird durch die Verwendung vorbereiteter, marktüblicher Blutentnahmeröhrchen möglich, welche bis zum Zeitpunkt der Verwendung eingefroren gelagert werden können. Eine Analyse der Material- und Arbeitskosten ergab eine Reduktion der Gesamtkosten für die Verwendung des Vollblut-basierten Protokolls von bis zu 22 % pro Probe. Prinzipiell kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass der entwickelte Assay mit jedem Peptid-Antigen durchführbar ist, das in konstanter Qualität bezogen oder generiert werden kann und einen immunogenen Effekt aufweist, ohne dabei mit anderen verwendeten Reagenzien zu interagieren.
Weiterhin wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit geprüft, wie sich T-Zell-inhibitorische Substanzen auf die Testergebnisse auswirken. Hierbei fand sich eine nicht unwesentliche Anzahl falsch-negativer Testergebnisse.
Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Dissertationsschrift zeigen, dass eine suffiziente und sensitive Bestimmung A. fumigatus-spezifischer T-Zellen im Rahmen eines Vollblut-basierten Protokolls möglich ist. Eine Ausweitung des Assays für andere Infektionserreger, sowie die Entwicklung Brefeldin A-freier Protokolle wären wünschenswert. Ein mögliches Einsatzgebiet stellen klinisch infektiologische Studien oder umwelt- und arbeitsmedizinische Fragestellungen dar.
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most common primary immunodeficiency in adults. It is associated with hypogammaglobulinemia, recurring infections and autoimmune phenomena. Treatment includes immunoglobulin substitution and immunosuppressants. Autoimmune neurological manifestations of CVID are rare and occur predominantly as granulomatous disease. We report the case of a 35-year-old woman with CVID who developed autoimmune encephalitis as demonstrated by double cerebral biopsy. Infectious or malignant causes could be excluded. Despite intensive immunosuppressive therapy with common regimens no significant improvement could be achieved. Ultimately, an autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) was performed, resulting in lasting complete remission of the encephalitis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of refractory autoimmune phenomena in CVID treated by autologous HSCT.
Early detection of cancer holds high promise for reducing cancer-related mortality. Detection of circulating tumor-specific nucleic acids holds promise, but sensitivity and specificity issues remain with current technology. We studied cell-free RNA (cfRNA) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC; n = 56 stage IV, n = 39 stages I-III), pancreatic cancer (PDAC, n = 20 stage III), malignant melanoma (MM, n = 12 stage III-IV), urothelial bladder cancer (UBC, n = 22 stage II and IV), and 65 healthy controls by means of next generation sequencing (NGS) and real-time droplet digital PCR (RT-ddPCR). We identified 192 overlapping upregulated transcripts in NSCLC and PDAC by NGS, more than 90% of which were noncoding. Previously reported transcripts (e.g., HOTAIRM1) were identified. Plasma cfRNA transcript levels of POU6F2-AS2 discriminated NSCLC from healthy donors (AUC = 0.82 and 0.76 for stages IV and I–III, respectively) and significantly associated (p = 0.017) with the established tumor marker Cyfra 21-1. cfRNA yield and POU6F2-AS transcript abundance discriminated PDAC patients from healthy donors (AUC = 1.0). POU6F2-AS2 transcript was significantly higher in MM (p = 0.044). In summary, our findings support further validation of cfRNA detection by RT-ddPCR as a biomarker for early detection of solid cancers.