Institut für Klinische Epidemiologie und Biometrie
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Functional versus morphological assessment of vascular age in patients with coronary heart disease
(2021)
Communicating cardiovascular risk based on individual vascular age (VA) is a well acknowledged concept in patient education and disease prevention. VA may be derived functionally, e.g. by measurement of pulse wave velocity (PWV), or morphologically, e.g. by assessment of carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether both approaches produce similar results. Within the context of the German subset of the EUROASPIRE IV survey, 501 patients with coronary heart disease underwent (a) oscillometric PWV measurement at the aortic, carotid-femoral and brachial-ankle site (PWVao, PWVcf, PWVba) and derivation of the aortic augmentation index (AIao); (b) bilateral cIMT assessment by high-resolution ultrasound at three sites (common, bulb, internal). Respective VA was calculated using published equations. According to VA derived from PWV, most patients exhibited values below chronological age indicating a counterintuitive healthier-than-anticipated vascular status: for VA(PWVao) in 68% of patients; for VA\(_{AIao}\) in 52% of patients. By contrast, VA derived from cIMT delivered opposite results: e.g. according to VA\(_{total-cIMT}\) accelerated vascular aging in 75% of patients. To strengthen the concept of VA, further efforts are needed to better standardise the current approaches to estimate VA and, thereby, to improve comparability and clinical utility.
Kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen sind unverändert die häufigste Ursache für Morbidität und Mortalität in den Industrienationen [1]. Die Risikoprädiktion und -prävention dieser Erkrankungen ist von großer Bedeutung, unter anderem deswegen weil primäre Ereignisse bei bis dato asymptomatischen Personen auftreten können [2]. Die zugrundeliegende Pathogenese, die Arteriosklerose, ist immer besser erforscht und zugleich sind Risikofaktoren identifiziert, die einen schädlichen Einfluss haben [3, 4]. Durch die Messung der Karotis-Intima-Media-Dicke (Carotid-Intima-Media-Thickness, CIMT) mittels B-Mode Ultraschall steht eine weit verbreitete, sichere und anerkannte Methode zur Verfügung, mit der bereits subklinische Formen der Arteriosklerose erfasst werden können [5]. Die CIMT ist als Surrogatparameter für eine generalisierte Arteriosklerose im gesamten Gefäßsystem etabliert und ihre Zunahme wird mit dem Vorliegen von kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren assoziiert [6-8]. In der Risikoprädiktion mit Hilfe der CIMT bilden geschlechts-, alters- und regionalspezifische Normwerte die Basis [5]. Die aktuellen internationalen Leitlinien empfehlen in ihren neusten Fassungen, nicht mehr die CIMT zur kardiovaskulären Risikoprädiktion in der Allgemeinbevölkerung einzusetzen [1, 9]. Die Experten berufen sich auf Studien, in denen lediglich ein singuläres Messsegment betrachtet wurde [1, 9-11]. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es den Einfluss spezifischer kardiovaskulärer Risikofaktoren auf die verschiedenen Segmente der A. carotis zu erfassen und – davon ausgehend – den Stellenwert der vorhandenen Modelle zur Risikoprädiktion zu evaluieren. Des Weiteren wurden Normwerte aus einer repräsentativen Gruppe der Würzburger Allgemeinbevölkerung gebildet und die Reproduzierbarkeit der Ultraschalluntersuchung im Bereich der Halsschlagader überprüft.
Den Berechnungen liegen Daten der STAAB-Kohortenstudie (Häufigkeit und Einflussfaktoren auf frühe STAdien A und B der Herzinsuffizienz in der Bevölkerung) zugrunde, einer große Bevölkerungsstudie, die seit 2015 Daten der Würzburger Bevölkerung erhebt [12]. Es wurden Probanden zwischen mit einem Alter zwischen 30 und 79 Jahren eingeschlossen. Die CIMT wurde auf beiden Seiten des Halses auf der schallkopffernen Seite an drei vorab definierten Lokalisationen des Gefäßes, der A. carotis communis (ACC), dem Bulbus und der A. carotis interna (ACI), vermessen. Es wurden die fünf Risikofaktoren Diabetes mellitus, Dyslipidämie, Hypertonie, Rauchen und Übergewicht berücksichtigt. Mittels einer logistischen Regression wurde der spezifische Einfluss dieser Faktoren auf die individuelle, alters- und geschlechtsbasierte 75. Perzentile der CIMT in den einzelnen Lokalisationen betrachtet. Diese Grenzwerte stammten aus den eigens erstellten Normwerten für die Allgemeinbevölkerung. Es wurde eine „gesunde“ Subpopulation zur Erstellung dieser Normwerte gebildet, die keine der oben genannten Risikofaktoren sowie keine manifesten kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen aufwiesen.
Die Auswertung umfasste die Daten von insgesamt 2492 Probanden. Die segmentspezifische CIMT war am größten im Bereich Bulbus, gefolgt von der ACC und der ACI. Männer hatten höhere Wanddickenwerte und mehr Risikofaktoren als Frauen. Die Reproduzierbarkeit zwischen den einzelnen Untersuchern war insgesamt moderat bis stark. Im Vergleich zu anderen Studien zeigte sich jedoch insgesamt eine schwächere Übereinstimmung, so dass von einer potentiellen Verbesserung des Schulungsprotokolls für unerfahrene Personen ausgegangen wird. Die Ergebnisse der Reproduzierbarkeitsanalyse verdeutlichen den Bedarf eines standardisierten, international anerkannten Protokolls zur Schulung von Untersuchern der CIMT und eines exakten Messprotokolls [5, 13]. Die erhobenen Normwerte der „Gesunden“ zeigten eine Konsistenz mit verschiedenen, auf vergleichbare Weise erhobenen Werten und bildeten die Basis für die weiteren Untersuchungen. Die CIMT nahm mit dem Alter und – unabhängig davon – ebenfalls mit der Anzahl an Risikofaktoren zu. Die Faktoren Dyslipidämie, Rauchen und Hypertonie hatten einen statistisch signifikanten Einfluss für das Überschreiten des Grenzwertes der 75. Perzentile (OR (95 % KI) zwischen 1,28 (0,98 – 1,65), ACC, und 1,86 (1,53 – 2,27), Bulbus) [14]. Die Faktoren Diabetes mellitus und Übergewicht zeigten im verwendeten Modell keinen Effekt auf die CIMT. Insgesamt konnte, bis auf eine mögliche Interaktion zwischen dem Risikofaktor Rauchen und der ACI, kein segmentspezifischer Effekt beobachtet werden [14]. Daraus resultierend wurde die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass zur Erfassung des kardiovaskulären Risikos einer Person die Messung eines singulären Segments möglicherweise ausreicht [14]. Dies stärkt die neusten Empfehlungen der Leitlinien, die sich auf Studien berufen, welche eben nur ein Segment betrachteten. Die identifizierten Risikofaktoren spiegeln sich darüber hinaus in den gängigen Modellen zur Risikoprädiktion und -prävention wider. Demnach gerät der Einsatz der CIMT zur Bestimmung des individuellen Risikos von Personen der Allgemeinbevölkerung in den Hintergrund [15].
Background and purpose
The effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on telemedical care have not been described on a national level. Thus, we investigated the medical stroke treatment situation before, during, and after the first lockdown in Germany.
Methods
In this nationwide, multicenter study, data from 14 telemedical networks including 31 network centers and 155 spoke hospitals covering large parts of Germany were analyzed regarding patients' characteristics, stroke type/severity, and acute stroke treatment. A survey focusing on potential shortcomings of in-hospital and (telemedical) stroke care during the pandemic was conducted.
Results
Between January 2018 and June 2020, 67,033 telemedical consultations and 38,895 telemedical stroke consultations were conducted. A significant decline of telemedical (p < 0.001) and telemedical stroke consultations (p < 0.001) during the lockdown in March/April 2020 and a reciprocal increase after relaxation of COVID-19 measures in May/June 2020 were observed. Compared to 2018–2019, neither stroke patients' age (p = 0.38), gender (p = 0.44), nor severity of ischemic stroke (p = 0.32) differed in March/April 2020. Whereas the proportion of ischemic stroke patients for whom endovascular treatment (14.3% vs. 14.6%; p = 0.85) was recommended remained stable, there was a nonsignificant trend toward a lower proportion of recommendation of intravenous thrombolysis during the lockdown (19.0% vs. 22.1%; p = 0.052). Despite the majority of participating network centers treating patients with COVID-19, there were no relevant shortcomings reported regarding in-hospital stroke treatment or telemedical stroke care.
Conclusions
Telemedical stroke care in Germany was able to provide full service despite the COVID-19 pandemic, but telemedical consultations declined abruptly during the lockdown period and normalized after relaxation of COVID-19 measures in Germany.
Background: Scientific guidelines have been developed to update and harmonize exercise based cardiac rehabilitation (ebCR) in German speaking countries. Key recommendations for ebCR indications have recently been published in part 1 of this journal. The present part 2 updates the evidence with respect to contents and delivery of ebCR in clinical practice, focusing on exercise training (ET), psychological interventions (PI), patient education (PE). In addition, special patients' groups and new developments, such as telemedical (Tele) or home-based ebCR, are discussed as well. Methods: Generation of evidence and search of literature have been described in part 1. Results: Well documented evidence confirms the prognostic significance of ET in patients with coronary artery disease. Positive clinical effects of ET are described in patients with congestive heart failure, heart valve surgery or intervention, adults with congenital heart disease, and peripheral arterial disease. Specific recommendations for risk stratification and adequate exercise prescription for continuous-, interval-, and strength training are given in detail. PI when added to ebCR did not show significant positive effects in general. There was a positive trend towards reduction in depressive symptoms for “distress management” and “lifestyle changes”. PE is able to increase patients’ knowledge and motivation, as well as behavior changes, regarding physical activity, dietary habits, and smoking cessation. The evidence for distinct ebCR programs in special patients’ groups is less clear. Studies on Tele-CR predominantly included low-risk patients. Hence, it is questionable, whether clinical results derived from studies in conventional ebCR may be transferred to Tele-CR. Conclusions: ET is the cornerstone of ebCR. Additional PI should be included, adjusted to the needs of the individual patient. PE is able to promote patients self-management, empowerment, and motivation. Diversity-sensitive structures should be established to interact with the needs of special patient groups and gender issues. Tele-CR should be further investigated as a valuable tool to implement ebCR more widely and effectively.
Health-related quality of life (HRQL) among migrant populations can be associated with acculturation (i.e., the process of adopting, acquiring and adjusting to a new cultural environment). Since there is a lack of longitudinal studies, we aimed to describe HRQL changes among adults of Turkish descent living in Berlin and Essen, Germany, and their association with acculturation. Participants of a population-based study were recruited in 2012–2013 and reinvited six years later to complete a questionnaire. Acculturation was assessed at baseline using the Frankfurt acculturation scale (integration, assimilation, separation and marginalization). HRQL was assessed at baseline (SF-8) and at follow-up (SF-12) resulting in a physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) sum score. Associations with acculturation and HRQL were analyzed with linear regression models using a time-by-acculturation status interaction term. In the study 330 persons were included (65% women, mean age ± standard deviation 43.3 ± 11.8 years). Over the 6 years, MCS decreased, while PCS remained stable. While cross-sectional analyses showed associations of acculturation status with both MCS and PCS, temporal changes including the time interaction term did not reveal associations of baseline acculturation status with HRQL. When investigating HRQL in acculturation, more longitudinal studies are needed to take changes in both HRQL and acculturation status into account.
The ubiquity of mobile devices fosters the combined use of ecological momentary assessments (EMA) and mobile crowdsensing (MCS) in the field of healthcare. This combination not only allows researchers to collect ecologically valid data, but also to use smartphone sensors to capture the context in which these data are collected. The TrackYourTinnitus (TYT) platform uses EMA to track users' individual subjective tinnitus perception and MCS to capture an objective environmental sound level while the EMA questionnaire is filled in. However, the sound level data cannot be used directly among the different smartphones used by TYT users, since uncalibrated raw values are stored. This work describes an approach towards making these values comparable. In the described setting, the evaluation of sensor measurements from different smartphone users becomes increasingly prevalent. Therefore, the shown approach can be also considered as a more general solution as it not only shows how it helped to interpret TYT sound level data, but may also stimulate other researchers, especially those who need to interpret sensor data in a similar setting. Altogether, the approach will show that measuring sound levels with mobile devices is possible in healthcare scenarios, but there are many challenges to ensuring that the measured values are interpretable.
Process models are crucial artifacts in many domains, and hence, their proper comprehension is of importance. Process models mediate a plethora of aspects that are needed to be comprehended correctly. Novices especially face difficulties in the comprehension of process models, since the correct comprehension of such models requires process modeling expertise and visual observation capabilities to interpret these models correctly. Research from other domains demonstrated that the visual observation capabilities of experts can be conveyed to novices. In order to evaluate the latter in the context of process model comprehension, this paper presents the results from ongoing research, in which gaze data from experts are used as Eye Movement Modeling Examples (EMMEs) to convey visual observation capabilities to novices. Compared to prior results, the application of EMMEs improves process model comprehension significantly for novices. Novices achieved in some cases similar performances in process model comprehension to experts. The study's insights highlight the positive effect of EMMEs on fostering the comprehension of process models.
Background and purpose
Improving understanding of study contents and procedures might enhance recruitment into studies and retention during follow-up. However, data in stroke patients on understanding of the informed consent (IC) procedure are sparse.
Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional study among ischemic stroke patients taking part in the IC procedure of an ongoing cluster-randomized secondary prevention trial. All aspects of the IC procedure were assessed in an interview using a standardized 20-item questionnaire. Responses were collected within 72 h after the IC procedure and analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Participants were also asked their main reasons for participation.
Results
A total of 146 stroke patients (65 ± 12 years old, 38% female) were enrolled. On average, patients recalled 66.4% (95% confidence interval = 65.2%–67.5%) of the content of the IC procedure. Most patients understood that participation was voluntary (99.3%) and that they had the right to withdraw consent (97.1%); 79.1% of the patients recalled the study duration and 56.1% the goal. Only 40.3% could clearly state a benefit of participation, and 28.8% knew their group allocation. Younger age, higher graduation, and allocation to the intervention group were associated with better understanding. Of all patients, 53% exclusively stated a personal and 22% an altruistic reason for participation.
Conclusions
Whereas understanding of patient rights was high, many patients were unable to recall other important aspects of study content and procedures. Increased attention to older and less educated patients may help to enhance understanding in this patient population. Actual recruitment and retention benefit of an improved IC procedure remains to be tested in a randomized trial.
Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common cause of prescribing antibiotics in family medicine. In Germany, about 40% of UTI-related prescriptions are second-line antibiotics, which contributes to emerging resistance rates. To achieve a change in the prescribing behaviour among family physicians (FPs), this trial aims to implement the guideline recommendations in German family medicine.
Methods/design: In a randomized controlled trial, a multimodal intervention will be developed and tested in family practices in four regions across Germany. The intervention will consist of three elements: information on guideline recommendations, information on regional resistance and feedback of prescribing behaviour for FPs on a quarterly basis. The effect of the intervention will be compared to usual practice. The primary endpoint is the absolute difference in the mean of prescribing rates of second-line antibiotics among the intervention and the control group after 12 months. To detect a 10% absolute difference in the prescribing rate after one year, with a significance level of 5% and a power of 86%, a sample size of 57 practices per group will be needed. Assuming a dropout rate of 10%, an overall number of 128 practices will be required. The accompanying process evaluation will provide information on feasibility and acceptance of the intervention.
Discussion: If proven effective and feasible, the components of the intervention can improve adherence to antibiotic prescribing guidelines and contribute to antimicrobial stewardship in ambulatory care.
Background
Breast cancer (BC), which is most common in elderly women, requires a multidisciplinary and continuous approach to care. With demographic changes, the number of patients with chronic diseases such as BC will increase. This trend will especially hit rural areas, where the majority of the elderly live, in terms of comprehensive health care.
Methods
Accessibility to several cancer facilities in Bavaria, Germany, was analyzed with a geographic information system. Facilities were identified from the national BC guideline and from 31 participants in a proof‐of‐concept study from the Breast Cancer Care for Patients With Metastatic Disease registry. The timeframe for accessibility was defined as 30 or 60 minutes for all population points. The collection of address information was performed with different sources (eg, a physician registry). Routine data from the German Census 2011 and the population‐based Cancer Registry of Bavaria were linked at the district level.
Results
Females from urban areas (n = 2,938,991 [ie, total of females living in urban areas]) had a higher chance for predefined accessibility to the majority of analyzed facilities in comparison with females from rural areas (n = 3,385,813 [ie, total number of females living in rural areas]) with an odds ratio (OR) of 9.0 for cancer information counselling, an OR of 17.2 for a university hospital, and an OR of 7.2 for a psycho‐oncologist. For (inpatient) rehabilitation centers (OR, 0.2) and genetic counselling (OR, 0.3), women from urban areas had lower odds of accessibility within 30 or 60 minutes.
Conclusions
Disparities in accessibility between rural and urban areas exist in Bavaria. The identification of underserved areas can help to inform policymakers about disparities in comprehensive health care. Future strategies are needed to deliver high‐quality health care to all inhabitants, regardless of residence.