300 Sozialwissenschaften
Refine
Has Fulltext
- yes (15)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (15)
Year of publication
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (7)
- Journal article (6)
- Master Thesis (1)
- Working Paper (1)
Language
- English (15) (remove)
Keywords
- Deutschland (2)
- USA (2)
- autobiographical memory (2)
- Abschlussprüfung (1)
- Arbeitsmarkt (1)
- Berufserfolg (1)
- Biopsychosocial (1)
- Catholic Social Ethics (1)
- China (1)
- China Studies (1)
- Confucianism; East Asia; Traditional Values (1)
- Drama (1)
- Eco Cities (1)
- Einkommensverteilung (1)
- Evolutionspsychologie (1)
- Female Refugees (1)
- Geschlecht (1)
- Green Consumer Behaviour (1)
- Green Purchasing Behaviour (1)
- HRQL (1)
- Incentives (1)
- Industrial Organization (1)
- Integration (1)
- Integration Policy (1)
- Intergenerational income mobility (1)
- Intergenerationenmobilität (1)
- Intergenerative Einkommensmobilität (1)
- Karriere (1)
- Key Performance Indicators (1)
- Konstituierung (1)
- Lizenzvertrag (1)
- Media Research (1)
- Neue Medien (1)
- Nigerdelta (1)
- Nigeria (1)
- Organisation (1)
- Ostasien (1)
- Pornografie (1)
- Preisbindung (1)
- Promotion (1)
- Qualitative Research (1)
- Qualitative Study (1)
- Rechnungswesen (1)
- Rechtsvergleich (1)
- Refugees (1)
- Regulierung (1)
- Selbstorganisation (1)
- Sex/Gender (1)
- Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco City (1)
- Soziale Mobilität (1)
- Turkish (1)
- Umweltpolitik (1)
- Unabhängigkeit (1)
- Werbung (1)
- Wettbewerbsverhalten (1)
- Wirtschaftsprüfer (1)
- Wissenschaft (1)
- academia (1)
- acculturation (1)
- audit fees (1)
- auditor independence (1)
- central bank information (1)
- constitution (1)
- digital age (1)
- doctoral graduates (1)
- earliest autobiographical memories (1)
- early memory (1)
- exchange rate dynamics (1)
- health-related quality of life (1)
- hidden side (1)
- high-frequency identification (1)
- incentives (1)
- international cooperation (1)
- life story (1)
- local self-governance (1)
- meaning-making (1)
- migrants (1)
- new media (1)
- occupational destinations (1)
- perceived external financial reporting quality (1)
- postdoctoral careers (1)
- professional success (1)
- proxy VAR (1)
- research funds (1)
- self-organized groups (1)
- self-regulation (1)
- smart journaling (1)
- social science research (1)
- total recall (1)
Institute
- Institut Mensch - Computer - Medien (3)
- Volkswirtschaftliches Institut (3)
- Graduate School of Law, Economics, and Society (2)
- Institut für Kulturwissenschaften Ost- und Südasiens (2)
- Institut für Politikwissenschaft und Soziologie (2)
- Betriebswirtschaftliches Institut (1)
- Graduate School of the Humanities (1)
- Institut für Klinische Epidemiologie und Biometrie (1)
- Institut für Kulturwissenschaften Ost- und Südasiens (bis Sept. 2007) (1)
- Institut für Praktische Theologie (1)
Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen
Few topics have been the subject of more controversy than those encapsulated by the terms "sex" and "gender". Social-cultural and biological-evolutionary argumentation patterns frequently clash and especially the public debate appears to be stuck in a stalemate between the two competing parties.
From a psychological perspective both topics appear deeply intertwined and are not easy to be separated. This study pursues an integrative approach to better understand the roots of differences best subsumed under the term sex/gender. It will become apparent that both nature and nurture variables interact and form the complex system of human behavior and experience.
We study nominal exchange rate dynamics in the aftermath of U.S. monetary policy announcements. Using high-frequency interest rate and stock price movements around FOMC announcements, we distinguish between pure monetary policy shocks and information shocks, which are associated with new information contained in the announcements. Contractionary pure policy shocks give rise to a strong, but transitory, appreciation on impact. Information shocks also appreciate the exchange rate, but the effect builds up only slowly over time and is highly persistent. Thus, we conclude that although the short-run effects on the exchange rate are primarily due to pure policy shocks, the medium-run response is driven by information effects.
As opposed to general expectation and perception, doctoral graduates do not necessarily strive for or realize the ideal-typical academic career. In many Western countries, career opportunities and paths for doctoral graduates have diversified, and academia is not their only occupational destination, with a large proportion leaving academia to work in public service, in companies’ research and development departments, or in non-profit organizations. Against this background, this thesis examines postdoctoral careers by means of the midterm occupational destinations and professional success among doctoral graduates in the academic and non-academic labour markets in Germany. With regard to occupational destinations, I investigate where doctoral graduates are employed following graduation and how their occupational destinations can be explained. With regard to professional success, I investigate various objective and subjective success indicators related to the returns to doctoral degrees — such as earnings, management positions, and job satisfaction — and systematically include the graduates’ occupational destinations in the analyses. I also consider social inequalities regarding both research topics.
Humans have long used external memory aids to support remembering. However, modern digital technologies could facilitate recording and remembering personal information in an unprecedented manner. The present research sought to understand the potential impact of these technologies on autobiographical memory based on interviews with users of smart journaling apps. In Study 1 (N = 12), participants who had no prior experience with smart journaling apps tested the app Day One for 2 weeks and were interviewed about their subjective perceptions afterwards. In order to cross-validate the obtained findings, Study 2 (N = 4) was based on in-depth interviews with long-time users of different smart journaling apps. Taken together, the two studies provide insights into the way autobiographical remembering may change in the digital age – but also into the opportunities and risks potentially associated with the use of technologies that allow creating a detailed and multimedia-based record of one's life.
Earliest autobiographical memories mark a potential beginning of our life story. However, their meaning has hardly been investigated. Against this background, participants (N = 182) were asked to think about two kinds of meaning: the meaning that the remembered event might have had in the moment of experience and the meaning that the memory of the event has for their present life situation. With respect to the meaning in the moment of experience, participants most frequently referred to situational characteristics. The meaning for the present life situation was most frequently related to aspects of the memory that told something about the person beyond the immediate context of the remembered event. Moreover, these meanings were more frequently associated with continuity than with a contrast between then and now. Apart from these overarching commonalities, our data also show that the earliest autobiographical memories of different people can tell very different stories.
Health-related quality of life (HRQL) among migrant populations can be associated with acculturation (i.e., the process of adopting, acquiring and adjusting to a new cultural environment). Since there is a lack of longitudinal studies, we aimed to describe HRQL changes among adults of Turkish descent living in Berlin and Essen, Germany, and their association with acculturation. Participants of a population-based study were recruited in 2012–2013 and reinvited six years later to complete a questionnaire. Acculturation was assessed at baseline using the Frankfurt acculturation scale (integration, assimilation, separation and marginalization). HRQL was assessed at baseline (SF-8) and at follow-up (SF-12) resulting in a physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) sum score. Associations with acculturation and HRQL were analyzed with linear regression models using a time-by-acculturation status interaction term. In the study 330 persons were included (65% women, mean age ± standard deviation 43.3 ± 11.8 years). Over the 6 years, MCS decreased, while PCS remained stable. While cross-sectional analyses showed associations of acculturation status with both MCS and PCS, temporal changes including the time interaction term did not reveal associations of baseline acculturation status with HRQL. When investigating HRQL in acculturation, more longitudinal studies are needed to take changes in both HRQL and acculturation status into account.
The notions self-organisation and self-regulation are at least implicitly loaded with a positive democratic connotation. The main corresponding debates on social movements, governance and civil society mostly refer to the Global North with a well-functioning state and democratic political systems. One consequence is that the less democratic and less liberal hidden side of self-organisation, seen by some critics, does not gain much attention.
After a short discussion of the main theoretical approaches, the paper presents a selection of self-organised groups depicting their different values, norms, and structural features. These examples reach from democratic groups marked by solidarity to racist violent groups that are a threat to differently minded people. The analysis of these examples leads to a set of criteria for the comparative analysis of the internal structure of self-organised groups including potential membership, in- and outward orientation, underlying basic principles of social order and types of trust with related types of decision-making. These basic elements help to understand the constitution and functioning of self-organisation, which are open to a wide range of value orientation.
The following study, The Integration of Female Refugees in Germany: Perspectives of Women and an Analysis of Federal and Selected State and City Integration Policies from 1998-2019, is focused on the qualitative analysis of integration policy in Germany regarding female refugees. The states of North Rhine-Westphalia, Bavaria, and Saxony-Anhalt have been selected for this dissertation as well as the cities of Cologne, Wuerzburg, and Magdeburg. Through an analysis and comparison of integration policies and programs on the federal and selected state and city levels the question will be answered how recognized female refugees are taken into account with the development and formulation of integration policy in Germany. The analysis is then complemented through interviews with recognized female refugees in each of the states and cities. Through analyzing the results of the interviews the question will be answered how the women view their situation and integration. Through a comparison of the findings from the policy analysis and the interviews it will then be able to decipher if integration policies and programs are truly reaching their target group, if they are effective, or what hurdles they may be producing. The goal of the study is to provide initial findings on the overall integration of recognized female refugees in Germany in connection to integration policies in order to discover potential deficits or ineffective programs and policies which can then be further researched in order to produce concrete policy suggestions.
In order to achieve objectives of sustainable development, the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco City has devised a set of Key Performance Indicators, which require the collaboration of regional government and industrial entities, but also residents to be accomplished. Through qualitative interviews with eco citizens, this study offers an insight into life in an eco city and how aware residents are of their new home’s targets and incentives. The thesis investigates, how the eco city encourages residents, who have often never received adequate environmental education, to recycle and adapt their purchasing behaviour. The findings reveal the existence of several technical measures, practical incentive schemes and dissemination techniques that encourage residents to act according to environmental considerations. However, residents are often unaware of the numerical targets or do not make the connection between incentive and intended behaviour. The study highlights possibilities for improvement, in order to enhance residents’ understanding of the eco city’s objectives. After all, without resident participation and understanding, the Key Performance Indicators may be unattainable and the eco city’s eventual economic, social and environmental success in jeopardy.
This dissertation consists of three contributions. Each addresses one specific aspect of intergenerational income mobility and is intended to be a stand-alone analysis. All chapters use comparable data for Germany and the United States to conduct country comparisons. As there are usually a large number of studies available for the United States, this approach is useful for comparing the empirical results to the existing literature.
The first part conducts a direct country comparison of the structure and extent of intergenerational income mobility in Germany and the United States. In line with existing results, the estimated intergenerational income mobility of 0.49 in the United States is significantly higher than that of 0.31 in Germany. While the results for the intergenerational rank mobility are relatively similar, the level of intergenerational income share mobility is higher in the United States than in Germany. There are no significant indications of a nonlinear run of intergenerational income elasticity. A final decomposition of intergenerational income inequality shows both greater income mobility and stronger progressive income growth for Germany compared to the United States. Overall, no clear ranking of the two countries can be identified. To conclude, several economic policy recommendations to increase intergenerational income mobility in Germany are discussed.
The second part examines the transmission channels of intergenerational income persistence in Germany and the United States. In principle, there are two ways in which well-off families may influence the adult incomes of their children: first through direct investments in their children's human capital (investment effect ), and second through the indirect transmission of human capital from parents to children (endowment effect ). In order to disentangle these two effects, a descriptive as well as a structural decomposition method are utilized. The results suggest that the investment effect and the endowment effect each account for approximately half of the estimated intergenerational income elasticity in Germany, while the investment effect is substantially more influential in the United States with a share of around 70 percent. With regard to economic policy, these results imply that equality of opportunity for children born to poor parents cannot be reached by the supply of financial means alone. Conversely, an efficient policy must additionally substitute for the missing direct transmission of human capital within socio-economically weak families.
The third part explicitly focuses on the intergenerational income mobility among daughters. The restriction to men is commonly made in the empirical literature due to women‘s lower labor market participation. While most men work full-time, the majority of (married) women still work only part-time or not at all. Especially with the occurrence of assortative mating, daughters from well-off families are likely to marry rich men and might decide to reduce their labor supply as a result. Thus, the individual labor income of a daughter might not be a good indicator for her actual economic status. The baseline regression analysis shows a higher intergenerational income elasticity in Germany and a lower intergenerational income elasticity in the United States for women as compared to men. However, a separation by marital status reveals that in both countries unmarried women exhibit a higher intergenerational income elasticity than unmarried men, while married women feature a lower intergenerational income elasticity than married men. The reason for the lower mobility of unmarried women turns out to be a stronger human capital transmission from fathers to daughters than to sons. The higher mobility of married women is driven by a weaker human capital transmission and a higher labor supply elasticity with respect to spousal income for women as compared to men. In order to further study the effects of assortative mating, the subsample of married children is analyzed by different types of income. It shows that the estimated intergenerational income elasticity of children's household incomes is even higher than that of their individual incomes. This can be seen as an indication for strong assortative mating. If household income is interpreted as a measure of children‘s actual economic welfare, there are barely any differences between sons and daughters. The intergenerational income elasticity of spousal income with respect to parental income is again relatively high, which in turn supports the hypothesis of strong assortative mating. The elasticity of the sons-in-law with respect to their fathers-in-law in Germany is even higher than that of the sons with respect to their own fathers.
Over the past three decades, China’s fast economic development has induced considerable changes in China’s university and research institution landscape, research financing and academic career incentives. This paper argues that these changes have affected the motivation and the ways in which Chinese scholars engage in international research cooperation. Most recently it has been observed that strong pressures on scholars and scientists – especially at leading academic institutions – to excel in international publications while simultaneously fulfilling their obligation to generate income for their institutions can lead to a dilemma with regard to international research cooperation: Those institutions and scholars most interesting for foreign scholars to cooperate with may be the ones with the least amount of both incentive and time to enter into serious cooperation. This article invites us to reflect on the implications of these changes in the incentive structure for cooperation in social science research on China.
The dissertation deals with the market and welfare effects of different business practices and the firm's incentives to use them: resale price maintenance, revenue sharing of a platform operator, membership fees to buyers using a platform and patent licensing.
In the second chapter we investigate the incentives of two manufacturers with common retailers to use resale price maintenance (RPM). Retailers provide product specific services that increase demand and manufacturers use minimum RPM to compete for favorable services for their products. Minimum RPM increases consumer pricesby voiding retailer price competition and can create a prisoner’s dilemma for manufacturers without increasing, and possibly even decreasing the overall service level. If manufacturer market power is asymmetric, minimum RPM tends to distort the allocation of sales services towards the high-priced products of the manufacturer with more market power. These results challenge the service argument as an efficiency defense for minimum RPM.
The third chapter deals with trade platforms whose operators not only allow third party sellers to offer their products to consumers, but also offer products themselves. In this context, the platform operator faces a hold-up problem if he uses classical two-part tariffs only (which previous literature on two-sided markets has focused on) as potential competition between the platform operator and sellers reduces platform attractiveness. Since some sellers refuse to join the platform, some products that are not known to the platform operator will not be offered at all. We discuss the effects of different platform tariffs on this hold-up problem. We find that revenue-based fees lower the platform operator's incentives to compete with sellers, increasing platform attractiveness. Therefore, charging such proportional fees can be profitable, what may explain why several trade platforms indeed charge proportional fees.
The fourth chapter investigates the optimal tariff system in a model in which buyers are heterogeneous. A platform model is presented in which transactions are modeled explicitly and buyers can differ in their expected valuations when they decide to join the platform. The main effect that the model identifies is that the participation decision sorts buyers according to their expected valuations. This affects the pricing of sellers. Furthermore diffing form the usual approach, in which buyers are ex-ante homogeneous, the platform does not internalize the full transaction surplus. Hence it does not implement the socially efficient price on the platform, also it has control of the price with the transaction fee.
The fifth chapter investigates the effects of licensing on the market outcome after the patent has expired. In a setting with endogenous entry, a licensee has a head start over the competition which translated into a first mover advantage if strategies are strategic substitutes. As competitive strategies quantities and informative advertising are considered explicitly. We find that although licensing increases the joint profit of the patentee and licensee, this does not necessarily come from a reduction in consumer surplus or other firms profits. For the case of quantity competition we show that licensing is welfare improving. For the case of informative advertising, however, we show that licensing increases prices and is thus detrimental to consumer surplus.
Chapter 2 concerns the audit market for German credit institutions (excluding savings banks and cooperative banks), and the presented study allows conclusions to be drawn regarding recent concentration levels of this particular audit market. The last reliable (statistical) studies concerning the audit market for German credit institutions were published several years ago (Grothe 2005; Lenz 1996b; Lenz 1997; Lenz 1998). This is surprising because parts of the new regulations concerning the audit market for public-interest entities—which should also apply to credit institutions (European Commission 2006c)—in Europe would require analyses of the audit market concentration to be performed on a regular basis. Therefore, this study begins to fill this research gap, and it reveals that the audit market for German credit institutions was highly concentrated (market leadership: KPMG AG WPG and PricewaterhouseCoopers AG WPG) in 2006 and 2010. Moreover, the findings also highlight that between these years, neither a notable trend toward higher levels of concentration nor a deconcentration process was evident. Finally, it is illustrated that the regulatory requirements for publishing audit fees and the corresponding right to claim exemption (§§ 285 Sentence 1 No. 17, 314 (1) No. 9 Commercial Code) do not allow the calculation of concentration figures that cover the entire audit market for credit institutions. Thus, it will continue to be necessary to use surrogates for audit fees, and analyses reveal that the arithmetic mean of the total business volume (or total assets) of a credit institution and its square root is a very good surrogate for calculating concentration measures based on audit fees.
Chapter 3 seeks to determine whether public oversight of public-interest entities (PIEs) increases audit fees specifically in the financial industry, which is already a highly regulated industry characterized by intense supervision. To answer this question, a sample of 573 German credit institutions is examined over the 2009–2011 period, as not all credit institutions were considered PIEs in Germany (until very recently). First, the results show that a credit institution’s business risk is related to audit fees. In addition, the findings reveal not only that PIE credit institutions pay statistically significantly higher audit fees but also that this effect is economically substantial (representing an audit fee increase of 31.38%). Finally, there are several indications that the relationship between (other) credit institutions’ business risks and audit fees is greater for PIE credit institutions.
Chapter 4 examines the association between the results of auditor ratification votes and perceived external financial reporting quality. As has been recently remarked by Wei et al. (2015), far too little is known about shareholders’ interests in and perceptions of the election, approval or ratification of auditors. Although auditor ratification by shareholders is normally a routine, non-binding action and the voting ratios are in the range of 95% or higher, the SEC emphasized the importance of this process by amending the disclosure requirements for such voting results in 2010 (SEC 2009; SEC 2010). This study demonstrates that the results of auditor ratification votes are associated with market reactions to earnings surprises (SEC registrants; 2010 to 2013). Moreover, there are moderate indications that this effect may be positively related to higher levels of information asymmetry between managers and shareholders, that such voting results contain incremental informational content beyond that of other publicly available audit-related information, and that the time lag between the ratification of an auditor and the earnings announcement influences the vote’s importance. Finally, the study sheds additional light on an overlooked audit-related topic (e.g., Dao et al. 2012; Hermanson et al. 2009; Krishnan and Ye 2005; Sainty et al. 2002), and illustrates its relation to accounting. More importantly, the provided evidence indicates that disclosure of the results of auditor ratification votes might benefit (prospective) shareholders.
Chapter 5 addresses the question of whether and when shareholders may have a negative perception of an auditor’s economic dependence on the client. The results for a Big 4 client sample in the U.S. (2010 to 2014) show that the economic importance of the client—measured at the audit office-level—is negatively associated with shareholders’ perceptions of external financial reporting quality—measured in terms of the earnings response coefficient and the ex ante cost of equity capital—and, therefore, is perceived as a threat to auditor independence. Moreover, the study reveals that shareholders primarily regard independence due to client dependence as a problem for firms that are more likely to be in financially distressed conditions.
The tendency towards the exploitation of the resources of creation is the result of a long historical and cultural process. The modern African Communities have witnessed man’s growing capacity for environmental transformative intervention. The aspect of the conquest and exploitation of resources in rural communities such as in the Niger Delta of Nigeria has become predominant and invasive, and has even reached the point of threatening the environment’s hospitable function: the environment only as resource risks threatening the environment as home. In this respect, the ethical judgement of the social realities on ground is very decisive. And this is the very important aspect where the Catholic Social Ethics has a role to play. Because of the environmental crisis in this region through technological advancement, there is urgent need for a balance through the introduction of the model of a sustainable development.
The socio-ethical model of sustainability in this work is a framework so constructed that women, men, families and communities in the Niger Delta are to be the agents which determine what their developmental strategies are. Although their developmental opportunities and decisions are sometimes constrained by various factors, it remains the fact that they alone bear responsibility for their environment and must live with the consequences.
So if sustainable development in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria is to extend beyond narrow technical understanding, it must one that generally seek to embrace the cultural and social systems of the people. This will go a long way in reducing dependency and increase self-empowerment and will place more value on what the people understand and practice.
Bede Chinedum Nwadinobi, a native of Alike Obowo in Imo State (Nigeria), is a Catholic Priest of Okigwe Diocese (Nigeria). He studied Philosophy and Theology at St. Joseph Major Seminary Ikot-Ekpene. He also worked as a Vice-Principal of Queen of Apostles College Okigwe (Nigeria). At the University of Würzburg (Germany), he earned his doctorate in Catholic Theology specializing in Catholic Social Science.
After a century of its retreat from political and social stages in East Asia, Confucianism eventually found its revival together with the economic industrialization in the region. The awakening consciousness of the traditional Confucian values leads to a reconsideration of their implication on a modern society. Despite the criticism on the actual relevance of Confucianism and modernization, there are precious elements within the Confucian values which provide the relevance of Confucianism to the future, such as an ethic of responsibility and the understanding of the humanistic meaning of life.