78.20.Ls Magnetooptical effects
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In dieser Arbeit wurde die Dynamik spintragender Teilchen (Elektronen, Löcher, Exzitonen) in selbstorganisierten Cd(Mn)Se/ZnSe Quantenpunkten sowie leicht dotiertem GaAs untersucht. Die unterschiedlichen Materialgruppen boten die Möglichkeit verschiedene Einflüsse auf Spinzustände zu studieren. Die Injektion definierter Spinzustände in die Halbleiterstrukturen erfolgte ausschließlich auf optischem Weg. Ebenfalls optisch wurde auch die zeitliche Entwicklung der Spinzustände detektiert. Die Anwendung von zeitaufgelöster Photolumineszenzspektroskopie sowie zeitaufgelöster Kerr-Rotation, ermöglichte den Zugriff sowohl auf longitudinale wie auch transversale Spinrelaxationsprozesse. Desweiteren wurde eine Kopplung der Quantenpunkten über ihr Strahlungsfeld diskutiert.
In pursuit of a novel generation of devices, exploration of spin properties of the particles is needed. Spintronics is a modern field in physics which exploits spin properties to be used in addition to the charge degree of freedom. Since the conductivity mismatch problem presents a fundamental obstacle for electrical spin injection from a ferromagnetic metal into a diffusive semiconductor [SFM+00], other means for injecting spin-polarized carriers must be used. With a tunnel contact, it is possible to achieve a highly spin-polarized room-temperature tunnel injection [JWS+05]. We used a novel approach and applied magnetic RTDs for spin manipulation. In this work, properties of all-II-VI magnetic resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs), as applied to spintronics, were reported. Growth conditions were optimized to increase the peak-to-valley ratio, and the design of the RTDs was optimized for observation of spin related transport effects. When an external magnetic field was applied, spin manipulation became possible. Selforganized CdSe quantum structures were grown and investigated using optical means. After embedding them into a (Zn,Be)Se tunneling barrier, the properties were assessed by the resonant tunneling.
In dieser Arbeit wurden nichtmagnetische und semimagnetische ZnSe-basierte Quantentröge untersucht. Im Mittelpunkt des Interesses standen hierbei vor allem die Modifikation der optischen Spektren mit einer zunehmenden Modulationsdotierung der Strukturen und der Einfluss von Spinflip-Streuungen der freien Band-Elektronen an den Mn-Ionen auf die Magnetisierung und somit die Zeeman-Aufspaltung der Strukturen. Als experimentelle Methoden wurden Photolumineszenz (PL), Photolumineszenzanregung (PLE) und Reflexionsmessungen verwendet, die in Magnetfeldern von bis zu B=48 T und bei Temperaturen im Bereich von 1.6 K bis 70 K durchgeführt wurden. Darüber hinaus wurde die Abhängigkeit der Spin-Gitter-Relaxationszeit der Mn-Ionen von der Mn-Konzentration und der Elektronengasdichte in den Quantentrögen durch zeitaufgelöste Lumineszenzmessungen untersucht. Der Einfluss eines Gradienten in der s/p-d-Austauschwechselwirkung auf die Diffusion der Ladungsträger bildet einen weiteren Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit. Als experimentelle Methode wurde hierbei ortsaufgelöste Lumineszenz verwendet.
The present thesis is concerned with molecular beam epitaxy of magnetite (Fe3O4) thin films on semiconducting substrates and the characterization of their structural, chemical, electronic, and magnetic properties. Magnetite films could successfully be grown on ZnO substrates with high structural quality and atomically abrupt interfaces. The films are structurally almost completely relaxed exhibiting nearly the same in-plane and out-of-plane lattice constants as in the bulk material. Films are phase-pure and show only small deviations from the ideal stoichiometry at the surface and in some cases at the interface. Growth proceeds via wetting layer plus island mode and results in a domain structure of the films. Upon coalescence of growing islands twin-boundaries (rotational twinning) and anti-phase boundaries are formed. The overall magnetization is nearly bulk-like, but shows a slower approach to saturation, which can be ascribed to the reduced magnetization at anti-phase boundaries. However, the surface magnetization which was probed by x-ray magnetic circular dichroism was significantly decreased and is ascribed to a magnetically inactive layer at the surface. Such a reduced surface magnetization was also observed for films grown on InAs and GaAs. Magnetite could also be grown with nearly ideal iron-oxygen stoichiometry on InAs substrates. However, interfacial reactions of InAs with oxygen occur and result in arsenic oxides and indium enrichment. The grown films are of polycrystalline nature. For the fabrication of Fe3O4/GaAs films, a postoxidation of epitaxial Fe films on GaAs was applied. Growth proceeds by a transformation of the topmost Fe layers into magnetite. Depending on specific growth conditions, an Fe layer of different thickness remains at the interface. The structural properties are improved in comparison with films on InAs, and the resulting films are well oriented along [001] in growth direction. The magnetic properties are influenced by the presence of the Fe interface layer as well. The saturation magnetization is increased and the approach to saturation is faster than for films on the other substrates. We argue that this is connected to a decreased density of anti-phase boundaries because of the special growth method. Interface phases, viz. arsenic and gallium oxides, are quantified and different growth conditions are compared with respect to the interface composition.