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EU-Project number / Contract (GA) number
- 242175 (1)
In dieser Arbeit sollte das neuartige Zahnpflegeprodukt Tooth Mousse, das als Wirkstoff den CPP-ACP- Komplex (Caseinphosphopeptid-amorphes Calciumphosphat) enthält, experimentell auf seine Remineralisationsfähigkeit hin untersucht und diesbezüglich mit anderen Zahnpasten verglichen werden. Für die Vergleiche wurden eine 1400 ppm-fluoridhaltige Zahnpasta (Elmex rot), eine Placebozahncreme ohne Wirkstoff (Elmex Placebo) sowie eine weitere Neuentwicklung auf der Basis unterkühlter, amorpher Salzhydratschmelze mit hohem Calciumgehalt, herangezogen. Hierzu wurden Probekörper aus künstlichem Zahnschmelz in Form von Hydroxylapatitkörpern mit einer Dichte, wie sie bei porösem, demineralisierten humanen Schmelz üblich ist, hergestellt. Diese wurden mit allen genannten Zahnpasten behandelt und vor, während und nach Ablauf der Versuche gravimetrisch und radiographisch vermessen. Zwischen den in-vitro Behandlungen wurden die Hydroxylapatit-Tabletten in künstlichem Speichel aufbewahrt. Die Versuche ergaben, dass Tooth Mousse wie auch die schmelzehaltige Zahnpasta in-vitro geringere Remineralisation erzielten als Elmex Placebo. In-situ erreichte Elmex rot die höchsten Remineralisationswerte, dicht darauf folgte die schmelzehaltige Zahnpasta. Tooth Mousse lag als Schlusslicht noch hinter der Placebozahnpasta.
Die vorliegende Arbeit hat sich zum Ziel gesetzt das medizinische Werk zweier ausgewählter historischer Autoren, nämlich jenes Hildegards von Bingen (1098 – 1179) und von Leonhart Fuchs (1501 – 1566), möglichst umfassend hinsichtlich der für Mittel pflanzlichen Ursprungs vergebenen Indikationen zu bearbeiten und mit modernem Wissen zu vergleichen. Mit Hilfe einer statistischen Auswertung sollte dabei festgestellt werden, ob die überlieferten Indikationen lediglich einer zufälligen Zuordnung folgen oder ob diese zielgerichtet Erfahrungswerte spiegeln. Sollte sich die Zuweisung einzelner Pflanzen zu bestimmten Indikationen nicht als zufällig erweisen, so wäre dies ein Beleg dafür, dass man bereits vor Jahrhunderten über ein Wissen verfügte, welches unseren heutigen Erkenntnissen vergleichbar wäre. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass entsprechende Pflanzen, die heute medizinisch nicht mehr gebräuchlich sind, von historischen Autoren jedoch empfohlen werden, die gewünschten Wirkungen zeigen, wäre demzufolge groß. Derartigen Erfolg versprechenden Pflanzen oder traditionellen Anwendungen könnte sich die weitere klinische Forschung zuwenden. Bisherige Vergleiche der historischen Verwendung von Heilpflanzen griffen in der Regel aus einer Vielzahl von Indikationen und Autoren, die zur heutigen Indikation einer bestimmten Pflanze passenden Indikationen heraus. Der Ansatz der vorliegenden Arbeit ist insofern neu, als ein möglichst umfassender Vergleich eines einzelnen historischen Autors mit den aus heutiger Sicht als belegt geltenden Indikationen angestrebt wird. Um zu zeigen, ob die von einem untersuchten Autoren vergebenen Indikationen systematisch oder rein zufällig vergeben wurden, werden die per Zufall zu erwartenden „Treffer“ mit den beobachteten „Treffern“ verglichen. Die Indikationen des historischen Autors zu jeder Pflanze wurden anhand der folgenden Schritte bearbeitet: a) Identifikation der Pflanzen und Indikationen b) Zählen der Indikationen pro Pflanze c) Vergleich mit den aus heutiger Sicht als belegt geltenden Indikationen d) Zählen der Übereinstimmungen in vier abgestuften Bewertungskategorien (beobachtete „Treffer“) e) Statistischer Vergleich Im Ergebnis wird gefolgert, dass beide historischen Autoren dem Zufall signifikant in der Zuordnung von Indikationen überlegen sind. Tendenziell entspricht die Zuordnung durch Leonhart Fuchs eher den heute als anerkannt geltenden Indikationen, wobei dies nicht zwangsläufig mit einem geringeren Wissen Hildegards gleichzusetzen ist.
Das Schädel-Hirn-Trauma (SHT) entsteht durch äußere Gewalteinwirkung auf den Kopf und verursacht mechanisch eine Schädigung des Hirngewebes. Zusätzlich tragen sekundäre Pathomechanismen, wie Entzündungsprozesse und die Schädigung der Blut-Hirn-Schranke (BHS), dazu bei, dass sich das initial geschädigte Läsionsareal im Laufe der Zeit vergrößert. Vor allem bei jungen Erwachsenen ist das SHT eine der häufigsten Ursachen für bleibende Behinderungen und Todesfälle. Aufgrund der schweren Auswirkungen des SHT und der bislang fehlenden Therapieoptionen ist die Identifizierung neuer Zielstrukturen für eine kausale Therapie von größter Bedeutung. Ausgehend von tierexperimentellen Studien ist das Kallikrein-Kinin-System (KKS) ein besonders erfolgversprechender Angriffspunkt zur Behandlung des SHT. Die Aktivierung des KKS über den Gerinnungsfaktor XII (FXII) und die darauf folgende Bildung von Bradykinin sind mit dem Entstehen von Hirnödemen und Entzündungsreaktionen assoziiert. Vorangegangene Studien haben weiterhin die Frage aufgeworfen, ob und in welchem Maße thrombotische Prozesse einen Einfluss auf die Pathophysiologie und die sekundären Hirnschädigungen nach SHT haben. Da FXII sowohl das KKS als auch die intrinsische plasmatische Gerinnungskaskade initiiert und somit zur Fibrinbildung beiträgt, stand FXII im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchungen dieser Dissertation. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Fragen, (I) inwiefern FXII eine Rolle bei der sekundären Hirnschädigung nach Trauma spielt und (II) ob thrombotische Prozesse ein pathophysiologisches Merkmal nach Trauma darstellen. In zwei unterschiedlichen Trauma-Modellen wurden FXII-defiziente Tiere und mit einem spezifischen Inhibitor des aktivierten FXII (FXIIa) behandelte Tiere gegen Kontrolltiere nach SHT verglichen. Die Analyse der funktionellen Ausfallerscheinungen und des Ausmaßes an neuronaler Degeneration zeigte, dass FXII-Defizienz und FXIIa-Inhibition vor den Auswirkungen eines SHT schützen. Als zugrundeliegende Mechanismen wurden die Reduktion von thrombotisch verschlossenen Gefäßen in der Mikrovaskulatur des Gehirns sowie der Schutz vor BHS-Störungen und verringerte inflammatorische Prozesse identifiziert. Weiterhin wurde festgestellt, dass eine Blockade der intrinsischen Gerinnungskaskade über FXII keine intrazerebralen Blutungen auslöst. In Gewebeproben von Patienten mit SHT wurde gezeigt, dass Thrombozytenaggregate auch im klinischen Verlauf auftreten und sich somit die tierexperimentellen Befunde auf die humane Situation übertragen lassen. Insgesamt tragen die Ergebnisse dazu bei, die komplexen und vielfältigen Pathomechanismen nach SHT besser zu verstehen und vor allem die Relevanz thrombo-inflammatorischer Prozesse nach SHT aufzuzeigen. Die gezielte Blockade des FXII(a) könnte als therapeutisches Prinzip zur Abschwächung der Sekundärschaden nach SHT geeignet sein.
Insulin-produzierende Zellen als Ersatz für die beim Diabetes mellitus Typ 1 zerstörten Betazellen stellen einen hochattraktiven Forschungsansatz dar. Ziel dieser Arbeit war, Insulin-positive Zellen aus in vitro modifizierten Blutmonozyten zu gewinnen. Blutmonozyten sind nicht nur, wie bereits seit längerem bekannt, in der Lage, sich in Makrophagen und dendritischen Zellen zu differenzieren, sondern auch in eine Vielzahl nicht-phagozytierender Zellen, wie z.B. Insulin-produzierender Zellen. Für die optimale Zelltherapie ist zu fordern, dass die gewünschten Zellen in vivo nicht nur ihre Funktion beibehalten, sondern dass von diesen Zellen auch kein immunologisches Risiko für den Patienten ausgeht. Eine dauerhafte Immunsuppression, wie sie für die Vollorgantransplantation notwendig ist, ist für Zelltransplantate nicht angebracht. Hier besteht Übereinkunft, dass Immunsuppressiva, wenn überhaupt, nur kurzfristig einzusetzen sind. Blutmonozyten lassen sich einfach gewinnen und stünden somit als autologer Zellersatz für eine mögliche Zelltherapie zur Verfügung. Ein wesentlicher Aspekt dieser Arbeit war, die in vitro Differenzierung von Blutmonozyten zu charakterisieren. Dabei sollte die Expression von Insulin, Gluka¬gon und dem Glukosetransporter Glut-2 nachgewiesen werden. Auch morpho¬logische Veränderungen während der Kultur sollten beobachtet werden. Die kultivierten Monozyten entwickelten sich mit zunehmender Kulturdauer eindeutig zu Makrophagen. Dabei waren zwei verschiedene Zellmorphologien zu unterscheiden: Der erste Zelltyp (Typ 1) war oval mit Ausläufern. Der zweite Zelltyp (Typ 2) war sehr groß, teilweise mit einem Durchmesser von über 500 μm, häufig von ovaler Form und polynukleär. Dieser Zelltyp wies zudem häufig einen breiten, um das Kerngebiet gruppierten Saum auf. Mit zunehmender Kulturdauer dominierte dieser Zelltyp die Kultur. Der Großteil der Typ 1-Zellen blieb CD14 positiv. Gab es CD14-negative Zellen in der Kultur, so gehörten sie mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit zu den Typ 2-Zellen. Nur in den in vitro modifizierten, nicht aber in den frisch isolierten Monozyten waren Insulin, C-Peptid, Glukagon und GLUT-2 immunhistochemisch nachzu¬weisen. Mit zunehmender Kulturdauer dominierten stark adhärente Makrophagen die Kultur. Das aus ca. 5x106 Monozyten isolierte Insulin senkte den Blutzuckerspiegel diabetischer Mäuse innerhalb einer Stunde nach Injektion um 66,1±12,8 Prozent (n=5). Zum Vergleich: 170 pg Humaninsulin senkten den Blutzuckerspiegel um 84,2±8,4 Prozent (n=4). Insulin-negative Monozyten beeinflussten nicht den Blutzuckerspiegel diabeticher Mäuse. Zudem lassen erste elektronenmikroskopische Aufnahmen von in vitro modifizierten Monozyten Insulin-haltige Vesikel erkennen. Zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt ist gesichert, dass in vitro modifizierte Monozyten über biologisch aktives Insulin verfügen, das den Blutzuckerspiegel diabetischer Tiere senkt. Der Nachweis von C-Peptid deutet zudem darauf hin, dass es sich hierbei um de novo Insulin handelt. Dies bedeutet, dass das Insulin-Gen in den in vitro modifizierten Monozyten aktiv ist und sie Insulin mRNA exprimieren, die anschließend in Insulin translatiert wird. Der elektronenmikroskopische Nachweis Insulin-haltiger Granula deutet außerdem darauf hin, dass diese Zellen Insulin speichern können. Inwieweit sie jedoch auch zur Glukose-ab¬hängigen Insulin-Ausschüttung in der Lage sind, ist in weiteren Experimenten zu überprüfen.
God as King is one of the metaphors that have been handed down in the biblical literature for centuries. In the Hellenistic period talk about God as king again undergoes a change that is the conse-quence of the Hellenistic kingdom as it evolved in its specific form after the death of Alexander. The conceptual implications of the Hellenistic kingdom for talk about God is shown by reference to the epithets: the king as ἐπιφανής (»Epiphanes«), as σωτήρ (»Savior«), as εὐεργέτης (»benefactor«) and as κτίστης (»Founder«). How those epithets have affected talk of God as king is demonstrated by reference to the original Greek writings of the LXX and connected with the question of God as παντοκράτωρ (»pantocrator«).
Die paläotropischen Pflanzenfamilien der Ancistrocladaceae und Dioncophyllaceae sind die bisher einzig bekannten Produzenten von Naphthylisochinolin-Alkaloiden. Diese spezielle Klasse acetogeniner Sekundärmetabolite weist durch die verschiedenen Kupplungspositionen der beiden namensgebenden Molekülbausteine eine breite strukturelle Diversität auf und zeichnet sich durch vielfältige pharmakologische Wirksamkeiten, z.B. antiplasmodiale, antileishmaniale oder antitrypanosomale Aktivitäten, aus. Zur Synthese dieser Naturstoffe wurde im Arbeitskreis Bringmann eigens eine Methodik entwickelt, das Lacton -Konzept. Diese Methode erlaubt durch eine Vorfixierung der beiden Molekülhälften durch eine Esterbrücke, anschließender intramolekularer Kupplungsreaktion und der stereoselektiven Öffnung des erhaltenen Lactons den atropselektiven Aufbau der Naphthylisochinoline. Als Ziele dieser Arbeit ergaben sich somit die Synthese pharmakologisch und strukturell interessanter Naphthylisochinolin-Alkaloide mittels des Lacton-Konzepts sowie die Isolierung und Strukturaufklärung weiterer Sekundärmetabolite aus Triphyophyllum peltatum (Dioncophyllaceae), welche anschließend auf ihre Bioaktivität hin untersucht werden sollten, um potenziell neue Leitstrukturen für neue Wirkstoffe zu finden.
The work presented in this thesis was mainly targeted at exploring the capabilities of evaporation based LC detectors as well as further alternatives for the control of impurities in substances not exhibiting a suitable chromophore for UV-detection. In the course of the work carried out, several new methods for the identification, impurities control and composition testing of APIs were elaborated. An evaporation based detector that entered into the field of pharmaceutical analysis in the recent years was the Evaporative Light Scattering Detector (ELSD). However, non-reproducible spikes were reported when injecting concentrated test solutions as they are usually required for the control of impurities. The reasons, for the appearance of these spikes as well as possibilities for their avoidance were explored in a systematic study. Moreover, the dependence of the detector sensitivity on different eluent composition, eluent flow-rate and ELSD settings was investigated. In the course of the revision of the Ph.Eur. monographs for aspartic acid and alanine, a C18 reversed phase ion-pair LC method using 1 mmol/L of perfluoroheptanoic acid as an ion-pair reagent and a charged aerosol detector (CAD) was developed and fully validated for the purity control of Asp. The method was capable of separating the organic acids and major amino acids known to occur as process related impurities. With a slight modification, the method was also applicable for the purity control of Ala. Based on the developed LC-CAD method for the impurity control of alanine, a comparative study of the performance characteristics of different evaporation based LC detectors, i.e. ELSD, CAD and the recently developed Nano Quantity Analyte Detector (NQAD) was carried out. Additionally, an MS detector and qNMR were included in this study. It was found that the control of impurities in Alanine at an ICH conform level could be ensured using LC coupled to CAD, MSD and NQAD detection as well as by the use of qNMR. In terms of performance, prize and ease of use CAD and NQAD were found to be the most suitable alternatives. In terms of repeatability and sensitivity, the CAD appeared slightly superior to the NQAD. The quality of streptomycin sulfate is not sufficiently controlled by the current Ph.Eur. monograph in that an appropriate test for the control of the related substances is missing. A study was carried out to develop a C18 reversed phase ion-pair LC method using pentafluoropropionic acid as an ion-pair reagent and a CAD for the identification and control of the related substances. The developed method allowed the separation of 21 impurities from streptomycin. Moreover, coupling of the method to MS allowed the identification of the separated impurities. The method was shown to be sufficiently sensitive to control the related substances with a disregard limit of 0.1% as it is normally applied in the Ph.Eur. for products derived from fermentation. Currently, the aescin content of horse-chestnut standardized dry extract is determined using a complex and laborious photometric determination. A more selective LC-UV assay determination for beta-aescin has been proposed for the Ph.Eur. draft monograph of horse-chestnut standardized dry extract. Possibilities were explored to further improve the LC-method using detection by CAD. It was demonstrated that by the use of a modified LC-CAD method several problems related to the differences in the UV-response of the various components contained in the active aescin fraction could be eliminated. Moreover the proposed reference standard strategy was reviewed. Eventually, it was demonstrated on the example of two different clusters of pharmacologically active peptides how low energy collision induced dissociation mass spectrometry (low energy CID-MS) can successfully be used for identification testing in pharmacopoeial monographs. In this respect, the combination of a direct confirmation of the molecular mass via the m/z-ratio of the molecule ions with structural sequence information obtained by low energy CID-MS experiments was found to deliver a higher degree of certainty of the identity of a given substance than the set of tests currently described in the monographs. A significant gain in efficiency and throughput and important reduction of the amount of sample consumed during testing were identified as being additional advantages of this approach. Taken together, it could be demonstrated on various examples how recent technological advancements in the field of analytical chemistry can contribute to improve the quality control of APIs.
The parables of Jesus have undergone different transmutations in the long history of their transmission. The events surrounding his death and resurrection as well as the new situations his followers were confronted with after these events, led to the parables being given new accentuation according to the needs of the reflecting community. This is evident in Matthew's treatment of the parable trilogy of Mt 21:28-22:14. The work tries to show how Matthew has used the dominical parables and sayings found in his tradition to serve the needs of his community, especially in her struggles with the official Jewish leaders of his time. Through these parables, which he presented as a three-pronged attack against the Jewish leaders, he shows his community as the true Israel, called to produce the fruits of righteousness.
Sacred water canals or lakes, which provided water for all kinds of purification rites and other activities, were very specific and important features of temples in ancient Egypt. In addition to the longer-known textual record, preliminary geoarchaeological surveys have recently provided evidence of a sacred canal at the Temple of Bastet at Bubastis. In order to further explore the location, shape, and course of this canal and to find evidence of the existence of a second waterway, also described by Herodotus, 34 drillings and five 2D geoelectrical measurements were carried out in 2019 and 2020 near the temple. The drillings and 2D ERT surveying revealed loamy to clayey deposits with a thickness of up to five meters, most likely deposited in a very low energy fluvial system (i.e., a canal), allowing the reconstruction of two separate sacred canals both north and south of the Temple of Bastet. In addition to the course of the canals, the width of about 30 m fits Herodotus’ description of the sacred waterways. The presence of numerous artefacts proved the anthropogenic use of the ancient canals, which were presumably connected to the Nile via a tributary or canal located west or northwest of Bubastis.
This study explores and examines the geomorphology of a large endorheic basin, approximately twice the size of Luxemburg, situated in the Etosha National Park, Namibia. The main focus is directed on how and when this depression, known as Etosha Pan, came into being. Geomorphological investigation was complemented and guided primarily by the application and interpretation of satellite-derived information. Etosha Pan has attracted scientific investigations for nearly a century. Unfortunately, their efforts resulted into two diverging and mutually exclusive views with respect to its development. The first and oldest view dates back to the 1920s. It hypothesized Etosha Pan as a desiccated palaeolake which was abandoned following the river capture of its major fluvial system, the Kunene River. The river capture was assumed to have taken place in the Pliocene/Early Pleistocene. In spite of the absence of fluvial input that the Kunene contributed, the original lake was thought to have persisted until some 35 ka ago, long after the Kunene severed its ties with the basin. The current size of the basin and its playa status was interpreted to have resulted from deteriorating climatic conditions. The opposing view emerged in the 1980s and gained prominence in the 1990s. This view assumed that there were an innumerable number of small pans on the then surface of what later to become Etosha Pan. Since the turn of the Pliocene to Early Pleistocene, these individual pans started to experience a combined effect of fluvial erosion during the rainy season and wind deflation during the dry period. The climatic regime during that entire period was postulated to be semi-arid as today. This climatic status was used to rule out any existence of a perennial lake within the boundary of Etosha since the Quaternary. Ultimately, these denudational processes, taking place in a seasonal rhythm, caused the individual pans to deepen and widen laterally into each other and formed a super-pan that we call Etosha today. Thus the Kunene River had no role to play in the development of the Etosha Pan according to this model. However, proponents of this model acknowledged that the Kunene once fed into the Owambo Basin and assigned the end of the Tertiary to the terminal phase of that inflow. Findings of this study included field evidence endorsing the postulation that the Kunene River had once flowed into the Owambo Basin. Its infilled valley, bounding with the contemporary valley of the Kunene near Calueque, was identified and points towards the Etosha Pan. It is deliberated that a large lake, called Lake Kunene, existed in the basin during the time. Following the deflection of the Kunene River to the coast under the influence of river incision and neo-tectonic during the Late Pliocene, new dynamics were introduced over the Owambo Basin surface. After the basin was deprived of its major water and sediment budget that the Kunene River contributed, it was left with only smaller rivers, most notably the Cuvelai System, as the only remaining supplier. This resulted in the Cuvelai System concentrating and limiting its collective load deposition to a lobe of Lake Kunene basin floor. The accident of that lobe is unclear, but it is likely that it constituted the deepest part of the basin at the time or it was influenced by neo-tectonic that helped divert the Kunene River or both. Against the backdrop of fluvial action that was initiating the new lake, most parts of the rest of the basin, then denied of lacustrine activity, were intermittently riddled with a veneer of sediment, especially during phases of intensified aeolian activity. In the mean time, the area that was regularly receiving fluvial input started to shape up as a distinct lake with the depositions of sediments around the water-body, primarily via littoral action, serving as embankment. Gradually, a shoreline is formed and assisted in fixing and delineating the spatial extent of the new and much smaller lake, called Lake Etosha. That Lake Etosha is the predecessor of the modern day Etosha Pan. Indicators for a perennial lake found in this study at Etosha include fossil fragments of Clariidae species comparable to modern species measuring some 90 cm, and those of sitatunga dated to approximately 5 ka. None of these creatures exist today at Etosha because of their ecological requirements, which among others, include permanent water. The sitatunga, in addition, is known as the only truly amphibious antelope in the world. Since its inception, the new lake underwent a number of geomorphological modifications. A prominent character amongst these modifications is the orientation of the lake, which has its long-axis oriented in the ENE-WSW direction. It resulted from wave action affected by the prevailing dominant northeasterly wind, which is believed to have been in force since the Middle Pleistocene. Lake Etosha has also witnessed phases of waning and waxing under the influence of the prevailing climatic regime. Over the last 150 ka, the available data intercepted about seven phases of high lake levels. These data are generally in agreement with regional palaeoclimatic data, particularly when compared with those obtained from neighbouring Makgadikgadi Pans in Botswana. The last recorded episode of the wet phase at Etosha was some 2,400 years before the present.
The Amduat is one of the most important Netherworld Books which was recorded in various kinds of Ancient Egyptian sources since the beginning of the 18th dynasty, especially the walls of the royal tombs. The main theme of the Amduat is the journey of the sun god through the underworld where the solar bark and its crew is the central scene of the journey. The study focuses on finding the reasons of choosing the crew’s members who manage the sun bark’s journey in the Amduat. It also aims at illustrating the functions and responsibilities of each crew member. Following a historical approach, the study analyzes the Pyramid Texts and Coffin Texts as the most important documents before the New Kingdom, and proceeding to the inscriptions and writings of the monuments which contain portrayals and inscriptions of the Amduat in the New Kingdom. Furthermore, it sheds some light on the solar cycle’s main features and primary aspects, and tries to scrutinize the date, meaning, and symbolisms of the Amduat and its indications in the earlier sources.
In dieser nach Jahrzehnten ersten deutschsprachigen Monografie über die Thomasakten (ActThom) geht es um zentrale Themen dieser Schrift, die in das frühe dritte Jahrhundert zu datieren und im syrischen Raum zu lokalisieren ist. Nachdem die Forderung nach einem asketischen Lebensstil – vor allem nach sexueller Enthaltsamkeit – die Akten prägt, ergeben sich Fragen: Wie realisiert die Erzählung die Askeseforderung in sprachlicher Hinsicht? Welche biblischen Motive haben Einfluss auf die Thomasakten? Welche Vorstellungen können als weiterer ideologischer Hintergrund für diese radikalen Absichten reklamiert werden? Gibt es einen „Ersatz“ für den Verzicht, den die Thomaschristen üben müssen? Welche Rolle spielt in dem Kontext das schillernde Brautlied (ActThom 6f.)? Haben antike Hochzeitsrituale einen Einfluss auf die Bilderwelt der Akten, die so engagiert für die „wahre Hochzeit“ (ActThom 12,10) werben?
Die Studie orientiert sich an den etablierten Methodenschritten der historisch-kritischen Exegese und integriert auch neuere narratologische Verfahren, die sich bei einem erzählenden Text wie den ActThom anbieten. Den textlichen Schwerpunkt bildet die so genannte erste Tat der Thomasakten, die paradigmatischen Charakter für die ganze Schrift besitzt.
Ergebnisse der Untersuchung sind etwa: ein literarkritisch begründetes Textwachstum, eine christologisch begründete Sexualaskese insbesondere in den redaktionellen Textpartien, eine Kompensation des Verzichts auf eine leibliche Nachkommenschaft durch „lebendige Kinder“ (Neubekehrte), eine starke Verwobenheit von Erzähl- und Redeteilen, die den symbolisch-metaphorischen Charakter der Thomasakten betont und eine kreative Adaption antiker Hochzeitsriten mit dem Ziel der Inkulturation der eigenen Anliegen.
Alzheimer´s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease and the most common form of dementia with still no preventive or curative treatment. Besides several risk factors, age is one of the major risks for AD and with an aging society, there is an urgent need for disease modifying agents. The strategy to address only one target within the intertwined network of AD failed so far.
Natural products especially the phytochemical flavonoids, which are poly-phenolic natural products, have shown great potential as disease modifying agents against neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer´s disease (AD) with activities even in vivo. Flavonoids are produced by many plants and the native Californian plant Eriodictyon californicum is particularly rich in flavonoids. One of the major flavonoids of E. californicum is sterubin, a very potent agent against oxidative stress and inflammation, two hallmarks and drivers of AD and neurodegeneration. Herein, racemic sterubin was synthesized and separated into its pure (R)- and (S)-enantiomer by chiral HPLC. The pure enantiomers showed comparable neuroprotection in vitro with no significant differences. The stereoisomers were configurationally stable in methanol, but fast racemization was observed in culture medium. Moreover, the activity of sterubin was investigated in vivo, in an AD mouse model. Sterubin showed a significant positive impact on short- and long-term memory at low dosages.
A promising concept for the increase of activity of single flavonoids is hybridization with aromatic acids like cinnamic or ferulic acids. Hybridization of the natural products taxifolin and silibinin with cinnamic acid led to an overadditive effect of these compounds in phenotypic screening assays related to neurodegeneration and AD. Because there are more potent agents as taxifolin or silibinin, the hybrids were further developed, and different flavonoid cinnamic acid hybrids were synthesized. The connection between flavonoids and cinnamic acid was achieved by an amide instead of a labile ester to improve the stability towards hydrolysis to gain better “druggability” of the compounds. To investigate the oxidation state of the C-ring of the flavonoid part, the dehydro analogues of the respective hybrids were also synthesized. The compounds show neuroprotection against oxytosis, ferroptosis and ATP-depletion in the murine hippocampal cell line HT22. While no overall trend within the flavanones compared to the flavones could be assigned, the taxifolin and the quercetin derivative were the most active compounds in course of all assays. The quercetin derivate even shows greater activity than the taxifolin derivate in every assay. As desired no hydrolysis product was found in cellular uptake experiments after 4h, whereas different metabolites were found. The last part of this work focused on synthetic bioisoteres of the natural product curcumin. Due to the drawbacks of curcumin and flavonoids arising from poor pharmacokinetics, rapid metabolism and sometimes instability in aqueous medium, we have examined the biological activity of azobenzene compounds designed as bioisoteres of curcumin, carrying the pharmacophoric catechol group of flavonoids. These bioisosteres exceeded their parent compounds in counteracting intracellular oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and amyloid-beta aggregation. By incorporating an azobenzene moiety and the isosteric behaviour to the natural parent compounds, these compounds may act as molecular tools for further investigation towards the molecular mode of action of natural products.
The present thesis adress the synthesis and characterization of novel COFs that contain dye molecules as integral components of the organic backbone. These chromophore-containing frameworks open new research lines in the field and call for the exploration of applications such as catalysis, sensing, or in optoelectronic devices. Initially, the fabrication of organic-inorganic composites by the growth of DPP TAPP COF around functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles is reported. By varying the ratio between inorganic nanoparticles and organic COFs, optoelectronic properties of the materials are adjusted. The document also reports the synthesis of a novel boron dipyrromethene-containing (BODIPY) COF. Synthesis, full characterization and the scope of potential applications with a focus on environmental remediation are discussed in detail. Last, a novel diketopyrrolopyrrole-containing (DPP) DPP-Py-COF based on the combination of DDP and pyrene building blocks is presented. The very low bandgap of these materials and initial investigations on the photosensitizing properties are discussed.
During the last decades the number of biologics increased dramatically and several biopharmaceutical drugs such as peptides, therapeutic proteins, hormones, enzymes, vaccines, monoclonal antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates conquered the market. Moreover, administration and local delivery of growth factors has gained substantial importance in the field of tissue engineering. Despite progress that has been made over the last decades formulation and delivery of therapeutic proteins is still a challenge. Thus, we worked on formulation and delivery strategies of therapeutic proteins to improve their biological performance.
Phase I of this work deals with protein stability with the main focus on a liquid protein formulation of the dimeric fusion protein PR-15, a lesion specific platelet adhesion inhibitor. In order to develop an adequate formulation ensuring the stability and bioactivity of PR-15 during storage at 4 °C, a pH screening, a forced degradation and a Design of Experiments (DoE) was performed. First the stability and bioactivity of PR-15 in 50 mM histidine buffer in relation to pH was evaluated in a short-term storage stability study at 25 °C and 40 °C for 4 and 8 weeks using different analytical methods. Additionally, potential degradation pathways of PR-15 were investigated under stressed conditions such as heat treatment, acidic or basic pH, freeze-thaw cycles, light exposure, induced oxidation and induced deamidation during the forced degradation study. Moreover, we were able to identify the main degradation product of PR-15 by performing LC/ESI-MS analysis. Further optimization of the injectable PR 15 formulation concerning pH, the choice of buffer and the addition of excipients was studied in the following DoE and finally an optimal PR-15 formulation was found.
The growth factors BMP-2, IGF-I and TGF-β3 were selected for the differentiation of stem cells for tissue engineering of cartilage and bone in order to prepare multifunctionalized osteochondral implants for the regeneration of cartilage defects.
Silk fibroin (SF) was chosen as biomaterial because of its biocompatibility, mechanical properties and its opportunity for biofunctionalization. Ideal geometry of SF scaffolds with optimal porosity was found in order to generate both tissues on one scaffold.
The growth factors BMP-2 and IGF-I were modified to allow spatially restricted covalent immobilization on the generated porous SF scaffolds. In order to perform site-directed covalent coupling by the usage of click chemistry on two opposite sides of the scaffold, we genetically engineered BMP-2 (not shown in this work; performed by Barbara Tabisz) and IGF-I for the introduction of alkyne or azide bearing artificial amino acids. TGF β3 was immobilized to beads through common EDC/NHS chemistry requiring no modification and distributed in the pores of the entire scaffold.
For this reason protein modification, protein engineering, protein immobilization and bioconjugation are investigated in phase II. Beside the synthesis the focus was on the characterization of such modified proteins and its conjugates. The field of protein engineering offers a wide range of possibilities to modify existing proteins or to design new proteins with prolonged serum half-life, increased conformational stability or improved release rates according to their clinical use.
Site-directed click chemistry and non-site-directed EDC/NHS chemistry were used for bioconjugation and protein immobilization with the aim to underline the preferences of site-directed coupling.
We chose three strategies for the incorporation of alkyne or azide functionality for the performance of click reaction into the protein of interest: diazonium coupling reaction, PEGylation and genetic engineering. Azido groups were successfully introduced into SF by implementation of diazonium coupling and alkyne, amino or acid functionality was incorporated into FGF-2 as model protein by means of thiol PEGylation. The proper folding of FGF-2 after PEGylation was assessed by fluorescence spectroscopy, WST-1 proliferation assay ensured moderate bioactivity and the purity of PEGylated FGF-2 samples was monitored with RP-HPLC. Moreover, the modification of native FGF-2 with 10 kDa PEG chains resulted in enhanced thermal stability.
Additionally, we genetically engineered one IGF-I mutant by incorporating the unnatural amino acid propargyl-L-lysine (plk) at position 65 into the IGF-I amino acid sequence and were able to express hardly verifiable amounts of plk-IGF-I. Consequently, plk-IGF-I expression has to be further optimized in future studies in order to generate plk-IGF-I with higher yields.
Bioconjugation of PEGylated FGF-2 with functionalized silk was performed in solution and was successful for click as well as EDC/NHS chemistry. However, substantial amounts of unreacted PEG-FGF-2 were adsorbed to SF and could not be removed from the reaction mixture making it impossible to expose the advantages of click chemistry in relation to EDC/NHS chemistry. The immobilization of PEG-FGF-2 to microspheres was a trial to increase product yield and to remove unreacted PEG-FGF-2 from reaction mixture. Bound PEG-FGF-2 was visualized by fluorescence imaging or flow cytometry and bioactivity was assessed by analysis of the proliferation of NIH 3T3 cells. However, immobilization on beads raised the same issue as in solution: adsorption caused by electrostatic interactions of positively charged FGF-2 and negatively charged SF or beads. Finally, we were not able to prove superiority of site-directed click chemistry over non-site-directed EDC/NHS.
The skills and knowledge in protein immobilization as well as protein characterization acquired during phase II helped us in phase III to engineer cartilage tissue in biofunctionalized SF scaffolds.
The approach of covalent immobilization of the required growth factors is relevant because of their short in vivo half-lives and aimed at controlling their bioavailability. So TGF-β3 was covalently coupled by means of EDC/NHS chemistry to biocompatible and biostable PMMA beads. Herein, we directly compared bioactivity of covalently coupled and adsorbed TGF-β3. During the so-called luciferase assay bioactivity of covalent coupled as well as adsorbed TGF-β3 on PMMA beads was ensured. In order to investigate the real influence of EDC/NHS chemistry on TGF-β3’s bioactivity, the amount of immobilized TGF-β3 on PMMA beads was determined. Therefore, an ELISA method was established. The assessment of total amount of TGF-β3 immobilized on the PMMA beads allowed as to calculate coupling efficiency. A significantly higher coupling efficiency was determined for the coupling of TGF-β3 via EDC/NHS chemistry compared to the reaction without coupling reagents indicating a small amount of adsorbed TGF-β3. These results provide opportunity to determine the consequence of coupling by means of EDC/NHS chemistry for TGF β3 bioactivity. At first sight, no statistically significant difference between covalent immobilized and adsorbed TGF-β3 was observed regarding relative luciferase activities. But during comparison of total and active amount of TGF-β3 on PMMA beads detected by ELISA or luciferase assay, respectively, a decrease of TGF-β3’s bioactivity became apparent. Nevertheless, immobilized TGF β3 was further investigated in combination with SF scaffolds in order to drive BMSCs to the chondrogenic lineage. According to the results obtained through histological and immunohistochemical studies, biochemical assays as well as qRT-PCR of gene expression from BMSCs after 21 days in culture immobilized TGF-β3 was able to engineer cartilage tissue. These findings support the thesis that local presentation of TGF β3 is superior towards exogenous TGF β3 for the development of hyaline cartilage. Furthermore, we conclude that covalent immobilized TGF β3 is not only superior towards exogenously supplemented TGF-β3 but also superior towards adsorbed TGF-β3 for articular hyaline cartilage tissue engineering. Diffusion processes were inhibited through covalent immobilization of TGF-β3 to PMMA beads and thereby a stable and consistent TGF-β3 concentration was maintained in the target area.
With the knowledge acquired during phase II and III as well as during the studies of Barbara Tabisz concerning the expression and purification of plk-BMP-2 we made considerable progress towards the formation of multifunctionalized osteochondral implants for the regeneration of cartilage defects. However, further studies are required for the translation of these insights into the development of multifunctionalized osteochondral SF scaffolds.
Stem cell- and growth factor-based regenerative therapies for avascular necrosis of the femoral head
(2012)
Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head is a debilitating disease of multifactorial genesis, predominately affects young patients, and often leads to the development of secondary osteoarthritis. The evolving field of regenerative medicine offers promising treatment strategies using cells, biomaterial scaffolds, and bioactive factors, which might improve clinical outcome. Early stages of AVN with preserved structural integrity of the subchondral plate are accessible to retrograde surgical procedures, such as core decompression to reduce the intraosseous pressure and to induce bone remodeling. The additive application of concentrated bone marrow aspirates, ex vivo expanded mesenchymal stem cells, and osteogenic or angiogenic growth factors (or both) holds great potential to improve bone regeneration. In contrast, advanced stages of AVN with collapsed subchondral bone require an osteochondral reconstruction to preserve the physiological joint function. Analogously to strategies for osteochondral reconstruction in the knee, anterograde surgical techniques, such as osteochondral transplantation (mosaicplasty), matrix-based autologous chondrocyte implantation, or the use of acellular scaffolds alone, might preserve joint function and reduce the need for hip replacement. This review summarizes recent experimental accomplishments and initial clinical findings in the field of regenerative medicine which apply cells, growth factors, and matrices to address the clinical problem of AVN.
Von Januar 1981 bis Juni 2005 erfolgte bei 87 Patienten in der Klinik und Poliklinik für Mund-, Kiefer-, Gesichtschirurgie der Universität Würzburg eine Rekonstruktion der Nase nach ablativer Chirurgie und Trauma. Ziel der Untersuchung war eine deskriptive Darstellung der Behandlungsmethoden ausgedehnter Defekte an der Nase. Das Patientengut wurde retrospektiv erfasst. Dabei handelt es sich um 81 Tumor- und 6 Traumapatienten. Im Rahmen der Untersuchung wurden 23 (26,4%) Patienten anhand einer visuellen Analogskala im Bezug auf Lebensqualität, Ästhetik und Funktion befragt; gleichzeitig erfolgte eine Beurteilung der Ästhetik durch den Zweituntersucher und meine Person. Die ausgedehnten Nasendefekte des vorgestellten Patientengutes wurden am häufigsten durch gefäßgestielte paramediane Stirnlappen (17 Patienten, 19,5%) versorgt. Der paramediane Stirnlappen stellt in der Klinik und Poliklinik für Mund-, Kiefer-,Gesichtschirurgie der Universität Würzburg eine bevorzugte Operationsmethode dar. Zur Rekonstruktion von ausgedehnten Nasendefekten stehen neben dem paramedianen Stirnlappen, je nach Indikationsstellung, weitere häufig angewandte operative Wiederherstellungsverfahren zur Verfügung. In der Klinik und Poliklinik für Mund-, Kiefer-,Gesichtschirurgie der Universität Würzburg wurden 15 (17,2%) Patienten mit Vollhauttransplantaten von supraclaviculär, 14 (16,1%) Patienten mit Schwenklappen aus der Nasolabial- und Wangenregion oder Rotationslappen und 9 (10,3%) Patienten mit mikrochirurgisch reanastomosierten Radialislappen versorgt. Die Literaturübersicht bestätigt die vorliegenden Untersuchungsergebnisse.
Beschäftigt man sich mit der griechischen Religion, beschäftigt man sich zwangsläufig auch mit der griechischen Polis. Denn sie war Trägerin der griechischen Religion. So sind die sich daraus ergebenden „sakralen Landschaften“ im Sinne der Humangeographie bzw. Raumsoziologie eine Konstruktion von Raum und damit ein relationales System, das vielfachen Formen der Umgestaltung unterliegt. Denn Religion ist genauso wie der Raum nicht statisch konstruiert. Vielmehr beschreibt sie ein Spannungsfeld von Kontinuitäten, Umdeutungen und Brüchen. wie sie sich besonders in Zeiten des Wandels offenbaren. Eine solche Phase bedeutete auch die Integration Griechenlands in das Römische Reich. So galt das Hauptinteresse der Arbeit der Periode nach Oktavians Sieg bei Actium und der darauffolgenden Etablierung der Provinz Achaia 27 v. Chr. bis hin zu Caracallas constitutio Antoniniana. Der geographische Rahmen orientierte sich an den peloponnesischen Regionen Achaia, Argolis und Arkadien. Sie ermöglichten es, das römische Griechenland jenseits der immer wieder erwähnten Orte Athen, Sparta und Korinth zu erfassen. Die Ergebnisse werden zusammen mit historischen Fakten, Siedlungsstrukturen und wirtschaftlichen Bedingungen in einem ersten, topographisch orientierten Abschnitt formuliert. Im zweiten Teil der Abhandlung steht dagegen eine gesonderte Untersuchung übergreifender Phänomene und ihre Einbindung in einen weitergefaßten geographischen Kontext im Vordergrund.