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- 242175 (1)
Key elements of sacred landscapes of the Nile Delta were lakes, canals and artificial basins connected to temples, which were built on elevated terrain. In the case of temples of goddesses of an ambivalent, even dangerous, nature, i.e. lioness goddesses and all female deities who could appear as such, the purpose of sacred lakes and canals exceeded their function as a water resource for basic practical and religious needs. Their pleasing coolness was believed to calm the goddess' fiery nature, and during important religious festivals, the barques of the goddesses were rowed on those waters. As archaeological evidence was very rare in the past, the study of those sacred waters was mainly confined to textual sources. Recently applied geoarchaeological methods, however, have changed this situation dramatically: they allow in-depth investigations and reconstructions of these deltaic sacred landscapes. Exploring these newly available data, the paper presented here focuses on the sites of Buto, Sais and Bubastis, by investigating the characteristics of their sacred lakes, canals and marshes with respect to their hydrogeographical and geomorphological context and to their role in ancient Egyptian religion and mythology as well.
Having control over the landscape played an important role in the geography and economy of Egypt from the predynastic period onwards. Especially from the beginning of the Old Kingdom, we have evidence that kings created new places (funerary domains) called (centers) and (Ezbah) for the equipment of the building projects of the royal tomb and the funerary cult of the king, as well as to ensure the eternal life of both kings and individuals. Kings used these localities in order to do so, and they oftentimes expanded the border of an existing nome and created new establishments. Consequently, these establishments were united or divided into new nomes. The paper discusses the geography of Lower Egypt and the associated royal domains in the early Fifth Dynasty based on the new discoveries from the causeway of Sahura at Abusir.
Geoarchaeological information presented here pertains to a subsidiary Nile channel that once flowed west of the main Sebennitic distributary and discharged its water and sediments at Egypt’s then north-central deltaic coast. Periodical paleoclimatic episodes during the later Middle and Upper Holocene included decreased rainfall and increased aridity that reduced the Nile’s flow levels and thus likely disrupted nautical transport and anthropogenic activity along this channel. Such changes in this deltaic sector, positioned adjacent to the Levantine Basin in the Eastern Mediterranean, can be attributed to climatic shifts triggered as far as the North Atlantic to the west, and African highland source areas of the Egyptian Nile to the south. Of special interest in a study core recovered along the channel are several sediment sequences without anthropogenic material that are interbedded between strata comprising numerous potsherds. The former are interpreted here as markers of increased regional aridity and reduced Nile flow which could have periodically disrupted the regional distribution of goods and nautical activities. Such times occurred ~5000 years B.P., ~4200–4000 years B.P., ~3200–2800 years B.P., ~2300–2200 years B.P., and more recently. Periods comparable to these are also identified by altered proportions of pollen, isotopic and compositional components in different radiocarbon-dated Holocene cores recovered elsewhere in the Nile delta, the Levantine region to the east and north of Egypt, and in the Faiyum depression south of the delta.
Ein Hilfsangebot für die, die immer schon alle die interessanten Werke der neulateinischen Epik aus Italien lesen wollten, die heute so bequem im Internet stehen, aber nie die Zeit dafür fanden: Rund 50 wenig bekannte Epen aus fünf Jahrhunderten werden in griffiger Zusammenfassung des Inhalts geboten, mit grundlegenden Verständnishilfen und Hinweisen auf die besonders gelungenen wie auch auf weniger geglückte Stellen.
Die Sammlung erweitert und ergänzt die bereits gedruckt erschienene Zusammenstellung „Ludwig Braun, Pedisequa Camenae. Zur Begleitung durch kaum bekannte Meisterwerke der neulateinischen Epik Italiens. Noctes Neolatinae 38, Hildesheim/Zürich/New York 2020.“
Cancer is one of the major causes of mortality in developed countries. In 2020, there were more than 19.3 million new cases of tumor malignancies worldwide, with more than 10 million deaths. The high rates of cancer cases and mortality necessitate extensive research and the development of novel cancer treatments and antitumor agents. In most cases, conventional treatment strategies for tumor therapy are based on chemotherapeutic treatment, which is supplemented with radiotherapy and/or surgical resection of solid tumors [1]. The use of chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer has significant side effects, the most dangerous of which is toxicity [2] [3].
Modern methods of treating tumors focus on specific drug delivery to the tumor site, actively targeting the tumor cells, as well as the reduction of side effects. One of the most promising current approaches is based on oncolytic viruses. Antitumor properties of viruses were documented at the beginning of the 20th century when some cancer patients recovered after acute viral infections, particularly influenza [4]. Vaccinia virus (VACV) is a member of the Poxviridae family, has natural antitumor properties, and provides a good basis for generating efficient recombinant oncolytic strains. Furthermore, VACV has never been shown to integrate into the host genome [5]. VACV is likely one of the safest and well-studied viruses due to extensive research being done in molecular biology and pathophysiology to investigate its potential as a vaccine for smallpox eradication programs. It has been administered to over 200 million people worldwide. VACV antitumor therapeutic effectiveness has been established in xenograft models with a variety of tumor types for human and canine cancers. Furthermore, recombinant oncolytic VACVs expressing genes encoding light-emitting proteins are a big improvement in a treatment strategy that combines tumor-specific therapies and diagnostics.
Oncolytic virus treatments are effective in xenograft cancer models in mice, however, the significant improvements found in mice do not always translate to human cancer patients. These therapies should be tested in dogs with spontaneous cancer not only to offer well translatable information regarding the possible efficiency of viral therapy for human cancers but also to improve the health of our household pets as well. Spontaneous canine tumors are starting to be regarded as an essential model of human cancers that can reproduce the tumor microenvironment and immune response of cancer patients [6]. Just as data obtained in dog experiments can improve cancer therapy for human patients, these findings can also be used to improve treatment protocols in canine patients.
Hundreds of studies and dozens of reviews have been published regarding the antitumor effects of various recombinants of VACV, but information on the anticancer features of initial, genetically-unmodified “naïve” VACV is still limited. In the first studies, we compared different wild-type, non-modified strains of VACV and tested their oncolytic properties on a panel of various cancer cells derived from different organs. In addition, we also tested a protection system based on the “Trojan horse” concept - using a combination of human Adipose tissue-derived Stem Cells (hADSC) and three different wild-type single plaque purified Vaccinia virus strains: W1, L1, and T1. We showed that all tested human cell lines (FaDu, MDA MB 231, HNT-13, HNT-35, and PC-3) are permissive to L0, W0, T0, L1, W1, and L1 infection. Furthermore, we tested the cytotoxicity of VACV in different cancer cell lines (A549, PC-3, MDA-MB 231, FaDu, HNT-13, HNT-25, and HNT-35). All strains lysed the cells, which was most visible at 96 hpi. We also showed that all tested strains could efficiently infect and multiply in hADSC at a high level. In our in vivo study, we tested the therapeutic efficacy of the wild-type Vaccinia viruses L1, W1, and T1 alone or in combination with hADSC. Wild-type VACV strains were tested for their oncolytic efficiency in human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) in a xenograft model. Treatment of A549 tumors with different doses of L1 and W1 as well as with a L1/ADSC or W1/ADSC combination led to significant tumor regression compared to the PBS control. Additionally, the treatment with L1 and W1 and the combination of L1/ADSC and W1/ADSC was well tolerated by the animals. In the case of the wild-type Tian Tan strain, results were not obtained due to the high cytotoxicity of this strain. Therefore, it should be attenuated for further studies.
In the second part of the current study, we investigated the oncolytic effect of C1-opt1, W1 opt1, and L3-opt1 strains based on the wild-type Copenhagen, Wyeth, and Lister vaccines with additional expression of turboFP635. Replication and cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that all 3 viruses were able to infect, replicate in and kill canine tumor cell lines STSA-1 and CT1258 in a virus dose- and time- dependent fashion. Cytotoxicity and replication assays were also performed on cultured canine Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (cAdMSC). The results showed that the cells were lysed much slower than the tumor cells. It suggests that these cells can harbour the virus for a long-term period, allowing the virus to spread into the body and there is enough time to reach the primary tumor or metastases before the cell carrier is destroyed. The viral replication in cAdMSC in our study was lower than in canine cancer cells (STSA-1 and CT1258) at the same MOI. After being studied in cell culture, C1 opt1 and their combination with cAdMSC (C1-opt1/cAdMSC) were used in canine STSA 1 tumor bearing nude mice. We tested the oncolytic effect of the C1-opt1 virus alone and in combination with cAdMSC in the canine STSA-1 xenograft mouse model. Altogether, our findings have shown that both C1-opt1 and cAdMSC/C1-opt1 significantly reduced tumor size or eliminated the tumor. There was no significant difference between C1-opt1 alone and cAdMSC/C1-opt1. The virus particles were mostly found within the tumor after 24 dpi, some amount of virus particles were found in the lungs of mice injected with a combination of cAdMSC/C1-opt1 but not in the group injected with virus alone (cAdMSC might get stuck in the lungs and cause virus propagation there).
Taken together, this study provided a proof-of-concept that hADSC/cAdMSC can be used as a carrier system for the “Trojan horse” concept. However, it should be confirmed in another experimental model system, such as canine patients. Moreover, these findings suggest that wild-type, non-modified strains of Vaccinia virus isolates can be considered promising candidates for oncolytic virotherapy, especially in combination with mesenchymal stem cells.
Um den jahrtausendealten Weg der Menschheit vom Papyrus über Buchdruck und siliziumbasierte Halbleiter in Richtung noch leistungsfähigerer Technologien zu gehen und weiterhin Heureka-Momente zu schaffen, bieten Kohlenstoffnanoröhren ein weites Forschungsfeld. Besonders die halbleitenden Charakteristika von SWNTs sowie die Manipulation dieser durch Dotierung bergen viele Möglichkeiten für zukünftige Anwendungen in moderner Elektrotechnologie. Der Weg zu einer industriellen Implementierung von SWNTs in neuartigen optoelektronischen Bauteilen ließe sich durch eine Ausweitung des Wissens bezüglich SWNTs und der dotierungsbasierten Anpassung ihrer Eigenschaften ebnen.
Mit dieser Erkenntniserweiterung als Zielsetzung wurden im Rahmen dieser Dissertation halbleitende, einwandige (6,5)-Kohlenstoffnanoröhren als chiralitätsreine, polymerstabilisierte Proben untersucht. Die ultrakurzzeitaufgelöste Spektroskopie der SWNTs erfolgte an organischen Suspensionen wie auch Dünnschichtfilmen, die je mittels eines gewissen Quantums an Gold(III)-chlorid dotiert worden waren. So konnten die ablaufenden Dynamiken auf einer ps-Zeitskala untersucht werden.
In Kapitel 4 konnte mittels transienter Absorptionsexperimente an redoxchemisch p-dotierter SWNT-Suspensionen zunächst gezeigt werden, dass sich die bei optischer Anregung gebildeten Trionen nicht analog zu Exzitonen diffusiv entlang der Nanoröhre bewegen, sondern lokalisiert vorliegen. Die längere trionischen Zerfallsdauer nach X$_1$- verglichen mit X$_1^+$-resonanter Anregung zeugt außerdem davon, dass das Trion aus dem Exziton gespeist wird. Der Einfluss der Dotierung auf die Zerfallsdynamiken von X$_1$ und X$_1^+$ wurde an SWNT-Dünnschichtfilmen untersucht. Das Photobleichsignal des Exzitons verschiebt hypsochrom und zerfällt schneller mit zunehmender Ladungsträgerdichte durch höherer Gold(III)-chloridkonzentrationen. Dies resultiert aus dem verringerten Abstand zwischen den Ladungsträgern, welche als nichtstrahlende Löschstellen fungieren. Für das X$_1^+$-PB ist ein ähnliches Verhalten zu beobachten. Dabei wird dieses Signal mit weiter steigender Dotierung von einer der H-Bande zuzuordnenden Photoabsorption überlagert. Diese lässt sich in einer starken Sättigung der Dotierung wie auch einer hohen Bandkantenverschiebung begründen.
In Kapitel 5 wurde die Größe der Exzitonen und Trionen in dotierten SWNT-Dünnschichtfilmen mittels des Phasenraumfüllmodells bestimmt. Dabei lag besonderes Augenmerk auf der Kompensation des PB/PA-Überlapps, dem schnellen Zerfall, einem Ausgleich von Differenzen zwischen Anrege- und Absorptionsspektrum sowie dem Anteil intrinsischer/dotierter Nanorohrsegmente, um korrigierte Größen $\xi_\mathrm{k}$ zu erhalten. Für die Trionengröße wurde zusätzlich der Überlapp der Absorptionsbanden einbezogen, um korrigierte Werte $\xi_{\mathrm{T,k}}$ zu bestimmen. $\xi_\mathrm{k}$ beträgt in der intrinsischen Form 6$\pm$2\,nm und bleibt bis zu einer Ladungsträgerdichte $n_{\mathrm{LT}}<0.10$\,nm$^{-1}$ etwa gleich, anschließend ist ein Absinken bis auf etwa 4\,nm bei $n_{\mathrm{LT}}\approx0.20$\,nm$^{-1}$ zu beobachten. Für diesen Trend ist die Überlagerung von Exziton- und H-Bande verantwortlich, da so der Faktor zur Bestimmung des Anteils intrinsischer Nanorohrsegmente an der SWNT verfälscht wird. Die Abweichung der intrinsischen Größe von den in der Literatur berichteten 13$\pm$3\,nm ist möglicherweise auf Unterschiede in der Probenpräparation zurückzuführen. Für die Trionengröße ergibt sich bei steigender Dotierung ein ähnliches Verhalten: Sie beträgt für $n_{\mathrm{LT}}<0.20$\,nm$^{-1}$ 1.83$\pm$0.47\,nm, was in der Größenordnung in guter Übereinstimmung mit der Literatur ist. Für höhere Dotierungen sinkt $\xi_{\mathrm{T,k}}$ bis auf 0.92$\pm$0.26nm ab. Dies erklärt sich dadurch, dass bei höherer $n_{\mathrm{LT}}$ die H-Bande das Spektrum dominiert, sodass der Einfluss der Absorptionsbandenüberlagerung nicht mehr vollständig durch den entsprechenden Korrekturfaktor kompensiert werden kann.
Kapitel 6 beschäftigte sich anstelle redoxchemischer Dotierung der nanoskaligen Halbleiter mit der (spektro-)elektrochemischen Untersuchung von Vorläufern molekularer Radikale. SWV-Messungen weisen dabei darauf hin, dass die Pyrene Pyr1-Pyr3 entsprechend der Anzahl ihrer Substituenten bei Reduktion Mono-, Bi- beziehungsweise Tetraradikale bilden. Die strukturelle Ähnlichkeit der Moleküle äußert sich in gleichen Reduktionspotentialen wie auch ähnlichen potentialabhängigen Absorptionsspektren. Während nur marginale Unterschiede in den PL-Spektren der neutralen und reduzierten Spezies festgestellt werden konnte, lieferte das zeitkorrelierte Einzelphotonenzählen aufschlussreichere Ergebnisse: So wird die Fluoreszenzlebensdauer stark von der Polarität der Umgegbung beeinflusst - bereits die Zugabe des Leitsalzes führt hier zu Änderungen. Die durchschnittliche Fluoreszenzlebensdauer $\tau_{\mathrm{av}}$ sinkt außerdem mit Reduktion und Radikalbildung; für höhere Emissionswellenlängen ist $\tau_{\mathrm{av}}$ außerdem höher. Insgesamt verdeutlichten die Experimente die gute Abschirmung zwischen Pyrenkern und Naphthalimidsubstituenten der Moleküle sowie die Sensibilität gegenüber dem Medium durch TICT, das Vorhandensein von Bi- und Tetraradikalen kann allerdings nicht vollständig belegt werden, wofür EPR-Messugen notwendig wären.
The Amduat is one of the most important Netherworld Books which was recorded in various kinds of Ancient Egyptian sources since the beginning of the 18th dynasty, especially the walls of the royal tombs. The main theme of the Amduat is the journey of the sun god through the underworld where the solar bark and its crew is the central scene of the journey. The study focuses on finding the reasons of choosing the crew’s members who manage the sun bark’s journey in the Amduat. It also aims at illustrating the functions and responsibilities of each crew member. Following a historical approach, the study analyzes the Pyramid Texts and Coffin Texts as the most important documents before the New Kingdom, and proceeding to the inscriptions and writings of the monuments which contain portrayals and inscriptions of the Amduat in the New Kingdom. Furthermore, it sheds some light on the solar cycle’s main features and primary aspects, and tries to scrutinize the date, meaning, and symbolisms of the Amduat and its indications in the earlier sources.